基于背景噪声的地下结构随时间变化监测和成像研究
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摘要
应用近年来迅速发展的基于背景噪声的方法,本文开展了地下介质随时间变化监测和地下结构层析成像两方面的研究工作。
在基于背景噪声监测地下介质结构随时间变化的研究方面,本文发展了基于三分量资料的方法技术,并应用该方法对汶川Ms8.0地震震中区、芦山Ms7.0级地震震中区及周边的地下结构随时间变化进行了研究,获得了速度结构变化的时空特征,取得了如下认识：
1、发展的基于三分量背景噪声的波速变化测量方法,使噪声互相关的分量组合由只用垂直分量资料时的单分量组合增加到九个,通过多分量组合的叠加极大地提高了波速变化的测量精度和计算结果的稳定性；采用分周期(频带)测量的方法,可以有效约束波速变化的赋存深度；
2、利用靠近汶川震中的紫坪铺水库台网6个台站和区域台网离震中最近的YZP台2004年-2011年的三分量波形,测量了1-8s周期(反映地下约数百米至10km深度)的波速变化,结果表明,在汶川地震前长达4年的时间里波速变化一直保持平稳；
3、在汶川地震发生时所有的周期(1-2s、2-4s和4-8s)均观测到了明显的同震波速降低,其中2-4s周期范围(敏感深度约为1-4km)观测到的波速降低最大,约为0.2%；
4、汶川地震后波速逐渐恢复,在震后的前几十天里波速呈现近似对数形态的快速恢复特征,之后三年(一直到观测结束时间)波速恢复过程非常缓慢,波速降低基本固定在一恒定值(周期2-4s和4-8s波速降低分别为0.13%和0.08%)可能说明断层区内部介质结构在地震中产生了永久性破坏；
5、汶川地震震中区周边同震波速变化的空间分布结果显示,不同周期波速变化的平面分布不同,但一个基本特征是靠近汶川地震地表破裂带附近的同震波速降低较大；
6、根据本研究结果并结合人工地震测深和小区域层析成像资料对汶川地震引起震中区介质结构波速变化的物理机制进行了分析,认为主要机制为浅层地壳和断层区内部结构破坏与震后孔隙弹性回弹；
7、研究结果还首次观测到了与水库蓄水过程相关的波速变化,紫坪铺水库蓄水后,1-2s周期范围(约数百米至2km深度的浅层地壳)的波速变化与库区水位变化呈明显的负相关,但震后的波速变化对库区水位变化比震前更为敏感,其机制可能为：汶川地震造成浅层地壳裂隙张开,导致了岩石渗透性和水的流动性显著增强,进而引起了对水位变化更为敏感的波速变化；
8、利用芦山地震周边约200km范围内的13个宽频带台站三分量数据研究了震中区及周边的地壳介质波速变化,结果显示,芦山地震震中区1-2s周期的同震波速降低为0.03%,远小于汶川震中区的波速降低,表明同震波速变化幅度可能在很大程度上取决于地震震级大小；
9、在芦山震中区以外的较大范围里(震中半径200km),观测到超过震前波速扰动的小幅同震波速变化信号,其中还存在同震波速增加现象,这些同震变化是否反映真实地下介质变化信息尚需进一步确认。
在利用背景噪声对地下结构成像的研究方面,本文应用固定和流动台网272个台站的高密度连续观测资料反演了中国东北和华北北部地区7-50s周期瑞雷波相速度和各向异性(反映从浅部地壳至约100km深度),取得了以下主要认识：
1、周期7s相速度结构(大约反映5-10km深度)受地表地质构造影响强烈,低速异常边界不仅清晰地勾绘出松辽盆地这样的大型盆地,而且海拉尔、二连、下辽河和三江这些较小规模的盆地在速度图上也有所显示；在该层一些盆地区显示出较强的各向异性,特别是松辽和下辽河盆地区呈现出强烈的(?)NNE-NE向各向异性,这一结果可能反映上述盆地形成演化过程中的伸展构造背景；
2、周期12-25s相速度图像反映中下地壳至上地幔顶部结构,速度异常基本呈北东向展布,与区内地表地形和断裂带展布方向一致,反映深浅结构存在对应关系；郯庐断裂带附近各向异性快波方向与断裂走向相近,揭示出深大断裂对区域构造的影响；周期为25s的瑞雷波相速度和各向异性在重力梯度带两侧均有显著差异,反映了研究区莫霍面深度的变化；
3、更长周期相速度(35s和50s周期)反映岩石圈地幔深度结构,结果显示长白山、大同火山和松辽盆地下方为低速异常,还发现二连盆地到渤海湾区域下方存在显著弧形低速异常,该异常可能与重力梯度带的形成演化有关。华北克拉通边界南北两侧的各向异性差异减小,可能是二者中生代以来有相似构造演化史的表现。
本文获得的研究结果有多方面的重要意义：
1、地震引起的介质结构变化规律深化了对地震孕育、发生过程及致灾机理的认识,从而对防震减灾有着重要的科学意义；
2、水库蓄水对地壳浅层波速变化的影响为水库诱发地震的机理提供了科学依据,从而对有效地指导人类相关的工程活动有重要的价值；
3、中国东北地区岩石圈瑞雷波相速度结构和各向异性反演结果为研究俯冲板块对上覆岩石圈的作用打下基础。
This thesis focuses on two main types of applications related to ambient noise: monitoring the temporal changes of subsurface velocity and imaging the structures of crust and upper mantle. On noise-based seismic monitoring, a new method of measuring velocity change was developed using three-component ambient noise, and applied to the epicentral area of the Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake and Lushan Ms7.0earthquake to investigate the spatial and temporal changes of crustal velocity. The new understandings are listed as following:
1. In our new method based on three-component, the velocity changes are measured from nine component combinations, rather than one component combination in the case of that only vertical component data are used. The average of all nine components increases the stability and accuracy of the velocity change measurements. The measurement of velocity changes in different sub-bands gives constrains on the depth of velocity change.
2. We use seismic data recorded by six short-period stations in the Zipingpu Reservoir Seismic Network and one broadband station YZP from2004to2011to measure the velocity change in the period of1-8s (wide range of depth sensitivity from hundreds of meters to about10km). The results show that temporal velocity change has remained steady up to four years before the Wenchuan earthquake.
3. The seismic velocity dramatically decreased at the time of the main shock in all period bands. The largest coseismic deduction,～0.2%, is observed in the period band of2-4s (approximate depth of1-4km).
4. The seismic velocity overall recovers in approximate logarithmic form in first tens of days after the main shock. The velocity reduction is almost constant following the initial postseismic recovery. The velocity reductions for more than3years after the main shock in the period band of2-4s and4-8s are0.13%and0.08%, respectively.
5. In different periods, the lateral distributions of coseismic velocity change are different, but the most significant coseismic changes occurred around the two surface ruptures of the mainshock.
6. Based on our measurements and seismic reflection and local tomography data, we infer that the observed temporal changes in the top4km are likely associated with a combined effect of damages in shallow sedimentary rocks and around active faults.
7. In this study, we first found that the variation in the seismic velocities related to the reservoir impoundment. After the start of reservoir impoundment of the Zipingpu Reservoir, a clear negative correlation between velocity change in the period of1-2s and the water level was observed. The variation in the seismic velocity after the Wenchuan earthquake is significantly increased as compared with before the main shock. We hypothesize that opening of fractures in shallow crust by strong shaking of main shock may significantly increase permeability or water mobility, which could in turn enhance the impact of water level on velocity change.
8. We use three-component waveforms recorded by13broadband stations about200km around the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake to study the temporal and spatial velocity changes caused by this event. The results show that the seismic velocity in the period of1-2s near the Lushan epicenter is reduced about0.03%, far less than the velocity reduction in the Wenchuan epicenter, which reflect that coseismic velocity changes may largely depend on the magnitude of earthquake.
9. We find that even far from the Lushan epicenter (about200km) there are slightly coseismic velocity changes, including the increases of velocity, which are significant compared to the preseismic velocity perturbations. Whether these changes reflect the true coseismic subsurface changes needs further confirmation.
On noise-based imaging, we use the continuous seismic waveforms from a dense array including272broadband stations to invert the Rayleigh wave phase velocity and azimuth anisotropy at period ranging from7to50s in northeast China. We obtain following new understandings:
1. The Rayleigh phase velocity structure in the period of7s is strongly affected by the surface geological structures. The boundaries of low-velocity anomalies not only clearly map the large basins such as the Songliao Basin, but also display small basins, such as Hailar, Erlian, Xialiaohe and Sanjiang Basin. There are strong azimuthal anisotropy in the Songliao and Xialiaohe Basin, which may reflect the background of extensional tectonics in the formation and evolution of the basins.
2. The maps of phase velocity in the period of12-25s reflect the structure from middle-lower crust to uppermost mantle. The velocity anomalies are generally NE trending in accordance with the surface topography and fault strike. The direction of the fast wave near the Tanlu fault is similar with the strike, which may show the important effect of large fault on regional geology. The Rayleigh wave phase velocity and anisotropy both show significant differences on the two sides of the Gravity Lineament, which may reflect different Moho depths.
3. In longer period (35s and50s), the inversion results of lithospheric mantle reveal there are low-velocity anomalies beneath the Changbaishan and Datong volcanoes and Songliao Basin. We also find there is a significant arc-like low-velocity body beneath from Erlian Basin to Bohai Bay, which may be associated with the formation and evolution of the Gravity Lineament. The difference of the azimuthal anisotropy between two sides of the north boundary of North China Craton is reduced, which may manifest the similar evolution history of both sides since the Mesozoic.
The results obtained in this paper have some important implications:
1. The results of temporal-spatial variations of seismic velocity caused by earthquakes could deepen the understanding of the preparation, occurrence, interaction and hazards of earthquakes.
2. The study of seismic velocity changes around reservoir area can provide observational evidence of reservoir-induced earthquakes and also can guide human engineering practice effectively.
3. The inversion of Rayleigh wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy in northeastern China can lay a foundation for studying the effect of subducting Pacific slab on the structure of lithosphere.
在基于背景噪声监测地下介质结构随时间变化的研究方面,本文发展了基于三分量资料的方法技术,并应用该方法对汶川Ms8.0地震震中区、芦山Ms7.0级地震震中区及周边的地下结构随时间变化进行了研究,获得了速度结构变化的时空特征,取得了如下认识：
1、发展的基于三分量背景噪声的波速变化测量方法,使噪声互相关的分量组合由只用垂直分量资料时的单分量组合增加到九个,通过多分量组合的叠加极大地提高了波速变化的测量精度和计算结果的稳定性；采用分周期(频带)测量的方法,可以有效约束波速变化的赋存深度；
2、利用靠近汶川震中的紫坪铺水库台网6个台站和区域台网离震中最近的YZP台2004年-2011年的三分量波形,测量了1-8s周期(反映地下约数百米至10km深度)的波速变化,结果表明,在汶川地震前长达4年的时间里波速变化一直保持平稳；
3、在汶川地震发生时所有的周期(1-2s、2-4s和4-8s)均观测到了明显的同震波速降低,其中2-4s周期范围(敏感深度约为1-4km)观测到的波速降低最大,约为0.2%；
4、汶川地震后波速逐渐恢复,在震后的前几十天里波速呈现近似对数形态的快速恢复特征,之后三年(一直到观测结束时间)波速恢复过程非常缓慢,波速降低基本固定在一恒定值(周期2-4s和4-8s波速降低分别为0.13%和0.08%)可能说明断层区内部介质结构在地震中产生了永久性破坏；
5、汶川地震震中区周边同震波速变化的空间分布结果显示,不同周期波速变化的平面分布不同,但一个基本特征是靠近汶川地震地表破裂带附近的同震波速降低较大；
6、根据本研究结果并结合人工地震测深和小区域层析成像资料对汶川地震引起震中区介质结构波速变化的物理机制进行了分析,认为主要机制为浅层地壳和断层区内部结构破坏与震后孔隙弹性回弹；
7、研究结果还首次观测到了与水库蓄水过程相关的波速变化,紫坪铺水库蓄水后,1-2s周期范围(约数百米至2km深度的浅层地壳)的波速变化与库区水位变化呈明显的负相关,但震后的波速变化对库区水位变化比震前更为敏感,其机制可能为：汶川地震造成浅层地壳裂隙张开,导致了岩石渗透性和水的流动性显著增强,进而引起了对水位变化更为敏感的波速变化；
8、利用芦山地震周边约200km范围内的13个宽频带台站三分量数据研究了震中区及周边的地壳介质波速变化,结果显示,芦山地震震中区1-2s周期的同震波速降低为0.03%,远小于汶川震中区的波速降低,表明同震波速变化幅度可能在很大程度上取决于地震震级大小；
9、在芦山震中区以外的较大范围里(震中半径200km),观测到超过震前波速扰动的小幅同震波速变化信号,其中还存在同震波速增加现象,这些同震变化是否反映真实地下介质变化信息尚需进一步确认。
在利用背景噪声对地下结构成像的研究方面,本文应用固定和流动台网272个台站的高密度连续观测资料反演了中国东北和华北北部地区7-50s周期瑞雷波相速度和各向异性(反映从浅部地壳至约100km深度),取得了以下主要认识：
1、周期7s相速度结构(大约反映5-10km深度)受地表地质构造影响强烈,低速异常边界不仅清晰地勾绘出松辽盆地这样的大型盆地,而且海拉尔、二连、下辽河和三江这些较小规模的盆地在速度图上也有所显示；在该层一些盆地区显示出较强的各向异性,特别是松辽和下辽河盆地区呈现出强烈的(?)NNE-NE向各向异性,这一结果可能反映上述盆地形成演化过程中的伸展构造背景；
2、周期12-25s相速度图像反映中下地壳至上地幔顶部结构,速度异常基本呈北东向展布,与区内地表地形和断裂带展布方向一致,反映深浅结构存在对应关系；郯庐断裂带附近各向异性快波方向与断裂走向相近,揭示出深大断裂对区域构造的影响；周期为25s的瑞雷波相速度和各向异性在重力梯度带两侧均有显著差异,反映了研究区莫霍面深度的变化；
3、更长周期相速度(35s和50s周期)反映岩石圈地幔深度结构,结果显示长白山、大同火山和松辽盆地下方为低速异常,还发现二连盆地到渤海湾区域下方存在显著弧形低速异常,该异常可能与重力梯度带的形成演化有关。华北克拉通边界南北两侧的各向异性差异减小,可能是二者中生代以来有相似构造演化史的表现。
本文获得的研究结果有多方面的重要意义：
1、地震引起的介质结构变化规律深化了对地震孕育、发生过程及致灾机理的认识,从而对防震减灾有着重要的科学意义；
2、水库蓄水对地壳浅层波速变化的影响为水库诱发地震的机理提供了科学依据,从而对有效地指导人类相关的工程活动有重要的价值；
3、中国东北地区岩石圈瑞雷波相速度结构和各向异性反演结果为研究俯冲板块对上覆岩石圈的作用打下基础。
This thesis focuses on two main types of applications related to ambient noise: monitoring the temporal changes of subsurface velocity and imaging the structures of crust and upper mantle. On noise-based seismic monitoring, a new method of measuring velocity change was developed using three-component ambient noise, and applied to the epicentral area of the Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake and Lushan Ms7.0earthquake to investigate the spatial and temporal changes of crustal velocity. The new understandings are listed as following:
1. In our new method based on three-component, the velocity changes are measured from nine component combinations, rather than one component combination in the case of that only vertical component data are used. The average of all nine components increases the stability and accuracy of the velocity change measurements. The measurement of velocity changes in different sub-bands gives constrains on the depth of velocity change.
2. We use seismic data recorded by six short-period stations in the Zipingpu Reservoir Seismic Network and one broadband station YZP from2004to2011to measure the velocity change in the period of1-8s (wide range of depth sensitivity from hundreds of meters to about10km). The results show that temporal velocity change has remained steady up to four years before the Wenchuan earthquake.
3. The seismic velocity dramatically decreased at the time of the main shock in all period bands. The largest coseismic deduction,～0.2%, is observed in the period band of2-4s (approximate depth of1-4km).
4. The seismic velocity overall recovers in approximate logarithmic form in first tens of days after the main shock. The velocity reduction is almost constant following the initial postseismic recovery. The velocity reductions for more than3years after the main shock in the period band of2-4s and4-8s are0.13%and0.08%, respectively.
5. In different periods, the lateral distributions of coseismic velocity change are different, but the most significant coseismic changes occurred around the two surface ruptures of the mainshock.
6. Based on our measurements and seismic reflection and local tomography data, we infer that the observed temporal changes in the top4km are likely associated with a combined effect of damages in shallow sedimentary rocks and around active faults.
7. In this study, we first found that the variation in the seismic velocities related to the reservoir impoundment. After the start of reservoir impoundment of the Zipingpu Reservoir, a clear negative correlation between velocity change in the period of1-2s and the water level was observed. The variation in the seismic velocity after the Wenchuan earthquake is significantly increased as compared with before the main shock. We hypothesize that opening of fractures in shallow crust by strong shaking of main shock may significantly increase permeability or water mobility, which could in turn enhance the impact of water level on velocity change.
8. We use three-component waveforms recorded by13broadband stations about200km around the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake to study the temporal and spatial velocity changes caused by this event. The results show that the seismic velocity in the period of1-2s near the Lushan epicenter is reduced about0.03%, far less than the velocity reduction in the Wenchuan epicenter, which reflect that coseismic velocity changes may largely depend on the magnitude of earthquake.
9. We find that even far from the Lushan epicenter (about200km) there are slightly coseismic velocity changes, including the increases of velocity, which are significant compared to the preseismic velocity perturbations. Whether these changes reflect the true coseismic subsurface changes needs further confirmation.
On noise-based imaging, we use the continuous seismic waveforms from a dense array including272broadband stations to invert the Rayleigh wave phase velocity and azimuth anisotropy at period ranging from7to50s in northeast China. We obtain following new understandings:
1. The Rayleigh phase velocity structure in the period of7s is strongly affected by the surface geological structures. The boundaries of low-velocity anomalies not only clearly map the large basins such as the Songliao Basin, but also display small basins, such as Hailar, Erlian, Xialiaohe and Sanjiang Basin. There are strong azimuthal anisotropy in the Songliao and Xialiaohe Basin, which may reflect the background of extensional tectonics in the formation and evolution of the basins.
2. The maps of phase velocity in the period of12-25s reflect the structure from middle-lower crust to uppermost mantle. The velocity anomalies are generally NE trending in accordance with the surface topography and fault strike. The direction of the fast wave near the Tanlu fault is similar with the strike, which may show the important effect of large fault on regional geology. The Rayleigh wave phase velocity and anisotropy both show significant differences on the two sides of the Gravity Lineament, which may reflect different Moho depths.
3. In longer period (35s and50s), the inversion results of lithospheric mantle reveal there are low-velocity anomalies beneath the Changbaishan and Datong volcanoes and Songliao Basin. We also find there is a significant arc-like low-velocity body beneath from Erlian Basin to Bohai Bay, which may be associated with the formation and evolution of the Gravity Lineament. The difference of the azimuthal anisotropy between two sides of the north boundary of North China Craton is reduced, which may manifest the similar evolution history of both sides since the Mesozoic.
The results obtained in this paper have some important implications:
1. The results of temporal-spatial variations of seismic velocity caused by earthquakes could deepen the understanding of the preparation, occurrence, interaction and hazards of earthquakes.
2. The study of seismic velocity changes around reservoir area can provide observational evidence of reservoir-induced earthquakes and also can guide human engineering practice effectively.
3. The inversion of Rayleigh wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy in northeastern China can lay a foundation for studying the effect of subducting Pacific slab on the structure of lithosphere.
引文
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