桥隧工程安全监测的光纤光栅传感理论及关键技术研究
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摘要
随着我国现代化建设的不断深入,桥梁和隧道工程建设快速发展,且工程建设重点逐渐向复杂地区转移,与此同时施工环境逐渐恶劣,地质条件越发复杂,桥梁与隧道工程建设施工期与服役期的安全事故频发,并造成严重的人员伤亡与经济损失。针对灾害类型及事故特点,研究适用于桥梁与隧道工程安全监测的传感理论与技术,是解决桥隧工程安全难题的有效方法。光纤光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG)传感技术以其材质、精度、组网能力等优势,为解决该难题提供了可行的途径,但目前桥隧工程安全监测领域,植入光纤光栅的智能土工材料研究较少,传感器件大多仅考虑普通光纤光栅轴向均匀应变特性,器件选择与传感特性研究较为单一,微型化与高精度的光纤光栅传感器研究不够完善,不能满足复杂环境下桥隧工程实时监测的需要。
针对上述问题,本文以桥梁与隧道工程安全监测为应用背景,研究光纤光栅传感理论与关键技术,以桥隧工程中不同灾害类型的工程现场应用及模型试验为依托,在分析光纤光栅轴向应变传感模型的基础上,根据桥隧工程的应用需求,采用有限元法优化设计了微型化、高精度光纤光栅传感器系列；发挥光纤光栅可植入性强的巨大优势,研究光纤光栅与土工格栅的在线复合工艺,研制了集测量与加固于一体的智能土工格栅及其二维、三维变形场传感方法；以新型光纤光栅的传感特性为突破口,研究了复杂空间应力条件下啁啾、相移光纤光栅的光谱变化规律,实现了光纤光栅传感器在桥隧工程现场及模型试验中应用,最后基于支持向量回归机对缺失数据进行修补,进一步提高系统的智能性与可靠性。本文的主要研究工作如下：
1、根据桥隧工程某些应用场合对小体积、多参数传感器的需求,在分析光纤光栅传输理论与传感模型的基础上,基于有限元力学仿真,对多参数光纤光栅传感器进行优化设计,研制了高精度、微型化的光纤光栅传感器系列,包括：应变损失小的表贴式光纤光栅应变传感器、高精度的光纤光栅位移传感器、与被测介质匹配良好的微型光纤光栅土压力计、适用于裂隙与管道流速实时监测的光纤光栅流速计,详细研究了不同参数传感器的传感原理与性能特性,为桥隧工程安全监测特殊场合的应用提供有效的技术手段。
2、针对桥隧工程的智能土工材料研究的不足,以桥隧工程中用于结构加固的土工格栅为载体,结合光纤光栅易植入、局部检测精度高、成本低等的优势,通过研究光纤光栅与土工格栅的在线植入工艺,研制了集测量与加固于一体的智能土工格栅；组建基于自修复FBG传感网络的智能土工格栅传感系统,并开展智能土工格栅拉伸性能试验,验证光纤光栅对格栅拉伸的响应特性。在此基础上重点研究了基于离散曲率的土工格栅变形传感方法,实现了基于智能土工材料的桥隧工程中二维及三维变形场传感,通过仿真与实验验证了其可行性,本章研究填补了具有空间变形场自传感功能的桥隧工程智能型土工材料的研究空白。
3、针对均匀光纤光栅在空间复杂应力下容易发生光谱畸变,造成无法实现复杂应力的测量,且轴向应变测量严重失真的难题,以啁啾光纤光栅(Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating, CFBG)与相移光纤光栅(Phase Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating, PSFBG)这两种典型的非均匀光纤光栅空间应力传感特性为突破点,通过分析啁啾、相移光纤光栅这两种新型光纤光栅传感器件的空间“力—光”特性,研究其在轴向均匀与非均匀受力、不同大小径向力、不同径向力分布角度等复杂空间应力下光谱形状、中心波长、带宽、反射率等光谱信息的响应规律,获取了基于非均匀光纤光栅的复杂空间应力测量方法,并拓宽了新型光纤光栅器件的应用领域。
4、针对桥梁与隧道工程中传统传感方式监测精度低、匹配性差的缺陷,组建了基于高精度与微型化光纤光栅传感器系列的光纤光栅传感系统,并应用于桥梁与隧道工程现场及模型试验中。针对桥梁与隧道工程中不同的事故类型与应用场合,分别对隧道支护变形、桥梁节段接缝位移、动水注浆裂隙流场流速、海底隧道围岩压力等不同物理参数进行实时监测,分析这些监测参数对隧道变形、桥梁下挠、突水等灾害治理、围岩应力释放等过程的响应规律,验证系统中光纤光栅传感器系列的实用效果。
5、针对监测过程中的光纤光栅传感系统由于光谱畸变或传感器损坏可能造成关键点数据突然缺失的问题,研究基于支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的缺失数据修补方法,首先根据其他传感器及影响因素与待修补传感器的相关性,建立数据缺失前待修补传感器数据与各影响因素的非线性函数关系模型,随后,根据该模型以其他传感器及影响因素为测试集输入,计算待修补传感器的缺失数据,实现对改点缺失数据的估计与修补,进一步提高安全监测中光纤光栅传感系统的智能性与可靠性。
With the deepening of the modernization construction in China, Bridge and Tunnel Engineering constructions develop rapidly, and engineering field transfer to those areas with more complex geological conditions gradually. Under this situation, more and more geological disasters and safety accidents occurs during the construction periods or service periods in Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, which lead to disastrous consequences. Study on safety monitoring theory and technology based on different disasters and accidents provide an effective solution to Bridge and Tunnel Engineering safety problem. Relying on the advantages in materials, accuracy, capacity of multiplexing, Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology is regarded as one of the most feasible methods for the safety monitoring of Bridge and Tunnel Engineering. However, there are some drawback exsits in Bridge and Tunnel safety monitoring areas. Firstly, little research focuses on smart geotextiles embedded within FBG. Additionally, the investigation of sensing characteristics of new-type fiber grating elements are relatively onefold, as most research only study the uniform fiber Bragg grating sensing characteristic under equally axial strain. Thirdly, the design of FBG sensors with both small size and high precision is imperfect. Therefore, currently FBG sensing technology cannot meet the requirements of real-time monitoring in many applications in Bridge and Tunnel Engineering.
In response to above problems, detailed research concerning fiber Bragg grating sensing theory and key technology for Bridges and Tunnels Engineering safety monitoring are carried out in this dissertation. Based on the application of model tests and engineering projects, FBG axial strain sensing model is analyzed firstly, followed by the optimal design of a series of precision and miniature FBG sensors based on Finite Element Method (FEM) according to the requirement of measurement. And then, online embedding technologies which combine FBG into Geogrid are studied, and smart Geogrid embedded within FBG are developed to realize reinforcement and self-sensing. Deformation sensing algorithm based on discrete curvature is utilized to realize2-Dimensional or3-Dimensional deformation field sensing. In order to explore application of new-type fiber grating as well as realize complex spatial load precision measurement, the spectral characteristics of chirped fiber Bragg grating and phase shifted fiber Bragg grating under complex spatial load are studied systematically. Finally, applications of fiber Bragg grating technology for real tunnel as well as model tests are introduced, and missing data repair methods based on support vector machine (SVM) is used to improve intelligence and reliability of FBG sensing system. The major research is organized as followings:
1. According to the needs of sensor with small-size and multi-parameter, precision and miniature FBG sensors for different measurands are designed and optimized by Finite Element Method simulation, including surface-mounted FBG strain sensor with less strain transfer loss, FBG crack/displacement senor with high-precision, miniaturized FBG soil-pressure sensor which has better match characteristic with soil medium; a target-type FBG flow velocity sensor which is suitable for both fracture and pipe flow velocity monitoring. On the basis of FBG strain sensing principles, all the sensing model and sensing properties of those sensors are studied theoretically and experimentally.
2. In response to the deficiency of smart Geosynthetics, the Geogrid which is originally used for structure reinforcement in civil engineering is adopted as carrier material to embed optical fiber Bragg grating in. By studying online embeding technologies of FBG into Geogrid, the smart Geogrid which can be used for reinforcement and monitoring is developed, self-restore FBG sensing network are studied for the FBG sensing system in smart Geogrid to improve the reliability. And then, the stretching experiment of smart Geogrid is implemented to indicate its stretching property. Additionally, the deformation sensing algorithm based on discrete curvature is studied as the methods to realize2-Dimensional or3-Dimensional deformation field sensing, and feasibility of the method are verified by both numerical simulations and lab experiments. The research fills the blank of smart Geosynthetics with spatial deformation self-sensing capability in Bridges and Tunnels Engineering.
3. Under non-uniform load stress, the spectrum of uniform fiber Bragg grating is prone to be distorted, which make it is not only impossible to realize accurate measurement of complex spatial load, but also could not obtain axial strain. According to this problem two non-uniform fiber Bragg grating-chirped fiber Bragg grating and phase shifted fiber Bragg grating-are selected as new-type fiber grating sensing elements. The spectral characteristics of these two kinds of fiber Bragg grating under complex spatial load stress including axial uniform and non-uniform stress, radial load with different values as well as distribution angels are studied systematically. Variation of spectral shapes, central wavelength, bandwidth, and reflectivity under complex spatial load stress are acquired. Relative research results explore application of new-type fiber grating as well as provide theoretical foundation for complex spatial load measurement based on non-uniform fiber Bragg grating.
4. According to the defects that the traditional sensing technology used Bridges and Tunnels Engineering is low in accuracy and poor in mechanical matching characteristics with structure to be measured, the FBG sensing system based on the optimal designed FBG sensor has been constructed and used in engineering projects and model tests to monitor the variation of key physical parameters in real-time. Regarding to different disasters and accidents, the tunnel support deformation, shear displacement of bridge's segment joints, fracture flow velocity in process of dynamic water grouting, and pressure of surrounding rock are monitored by FBG sensing system to study the response of these physical parameters to tunnel deformation, bridge deflection, water inrush disaster, and tunnel stability.
5. As data acquired by FBG sensing system might miss due to FBG spectrum distorted or FBG sensor failure in the process of monitoring, the missing data repair method based on SVM is studied. Firstly, based on correlation between the broken sensor and other sensors or relative factors, the nonlinear function relation model between broken sensor's data and other relative factors are established. Then the function, which utilizes other sensors' data and other relative factors as input, is adopted to calculate the failed sensor's data. Finally, the calculated data will be treated as missing data for analysis. This method further improved the intelligence and the reliability of FBG sensing system.
针对上述问题,本文以桥梁与隧道工程安全监测为应用背景,研究光纤光栅传感理论与关键技术,以桥隧工程中不同灾害类型的工程现场应用及模型试验为依托,在分析光纤光栅轴向应变传感模型的基础上,根据桥隧工程的应用需求,采用有限元法优化设计了微型化、高精度光纤光栅传感器系列；发挥光纤光栅可植入性强的巨大优势,研究光纤光栅与土工格栅的在线复合工艺,研制了集测量与加固于一体的智能土工格栅及其二维、三维变形场传感方法；以新型光纤光栅的传感特性为突破口,研究了复杂空间应力条件下啁啾、相移光纤光栅的光谱变化规律,实现了光纤光栅传感器在桥隧工程现场及模型试验中应用,最后基于支持向量回归机对缺失数据进行修补,进一步提高系统的智能性与可靠性。本文的主要研究工作如下：
1、根据桥隧工程某些应用场合对小体积、多参数传感器的需求,在分析光纤光栅传输理论与传感模型的基础上,基于有限元力学仿真,对多参数光纤光栅传感器进行优化设计,研制了高精度、微型化的光纤光栅传感器系列,包括：应变损失小的表贴式光纤光栅应变传感器、高精度的光纤光栅位移传感器、与被测介质匹配良好的微型光纤光栅土压力计、适用于裂隙与管道流速实时监测的光纤光栅流速计,详细研究了不同参数传感器的传感原理与性能特性,为桥隧工程安全监测特殊场合的应用提供有效的技术手段。
2、针对桥隧工程的智能土工材料研究的不足,以桥隧工程中用于结构加固的土工格栅为载体,结合光纤光栅易植入、局部检测精度高、成本低等的优势,通过研究光纤光栅与土工格栅的在线植入工艺,研制了集测量与加固于一体的智能土工格栅；组建基于自修复FBG传感网络的智能土工格栅传感系统,并开展智能土工格栅拉伸性能试验,验证光纤光栅对格栅拉伸的响应特性。在此基础上重点研究了基于离散曲率的土工格栅变形传感方法,实现了基于智能土工材料的桥隧工程中二维及三维变形场传感,通过仿真与实验验证了其可行性,本章研究填补了具有空间变形场自传感功能的桥隧工程智能型土工材料的研究空白。
3、针对均匀光纤光栅在空间复杂应力下容易发生光谱畸变,造成无法实现复杂应力的测量,且轴向应变测量严重失真的难题,以啁啾光纤光栅(Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating, CFBG)与相移光纤光栅(Phase Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating, PSFBG)这两种典型的非均匀光纤光栅空间应力传感特性为突破点,通过分析啁啾、相移光纤光栅这两种新型光纤光栅传感器件的空间“力—光”特性,研究其在轴向均匀与非均匀受力、不同大小径向力、不同径向力分布角度等复杂空间应力下光谱形状、中心波长、带宽、反射率等光谱信息的响应规律,获取了基于非均匀光纤光栅的复杂空间应力测量方法,并拓宽了新型光纤光栅器件的应用领域。
4、针对桥梁与隧道工程中传统传感方式监测精度低、匹配性差的缺陷,组建了基于高精度与微型化光纤光栅传感器系列的光纤光栅传感系统,并应用于桥梁与隧道工程现场及模型试验中。针对桥梁与隧道工程中不同的事故类型与应用场合,分别对隧道支护变形、桥梁节段接缝位移、动水注浆裂隙流场流速、海底隧道围岩压力等不同物理参数进行实时监测,分析这些监测参数对隧道变形、桥梁下挠、突水等灾害治理、围岩应力释放等过程的响应规律,验证系统中光纤光栅传感器系列的实用效果。
5、针对监测过程中的光纤光栅传感系统由于光谱畸变或传感器损坏可能造成关键点数据突然缺失的问题,研究基于支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的缺失数据修补方法,首先根据其他传感器及影响因素与待修补传感器的相关性,建立数据缺失前待修补传感器数据与各影响因素的非线性函数关系模型,随后,根据该模型以其他传感器及影响因素为测试集输入,计算待修补传感器的缺失数据,实现对改点缺失数据的估计与修补,进一步提高安全监测中光纤光栅传感系统的智能性与可靠性。
With the deepening of the modernization construction in China, Bridge and Tunnel Engineering constructions develop rapidly, and engineering field transfer to those areas with more complex geological conditions gradually. Under this situation, more and more geological disasters and safety accidents occurs during the construction periods or service periods in Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, which lead to disastrous consequences. Study on safety monitoring theory and technology based on different disasters and accidents provide an effective solution to Bridge and Tunnel Engineering safety problem. Relying on the advantages in materials, accuracy, capacity of multiplexing, Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology is regarded as one of the most feasible methods for the safety monitoring of Bridge and Tunnel Engineering. However, there are some drawback exsits in Bridge and Tunnel safety monitoring areas. Firstly, little research focuses on smart geotextiles embedded within FBG. Additionally, the investigation of sensing characteristics of new-type fiber grating elements are relatively onefold, as most research only study the uniform fiber Bragg grating sensing characteristic under equally axial strain. Thirdly, the design of FBG sensors with both small size and high precision is imperfect. Therefore, currently FBG sensing technology cannot meet the requirements of real-time monitoring in many applications in Bridge and Tunnel Engineering.
In response to above problems, detailed research concerning fiber Bragg grating sensing theory and key technology for Bridges and Tunnels Engineering safety monitoring are carried out in this dissertation. Based on the application of model tests and engineering projects, FBG axial strain sensing model is analyzed firstly, followed by the optimal design of a series of precision and miniature FBG sensors based on Finite Element Method (FEM) according to the requirement of measurement. And then, online embedding technologies which combine FBG into Geogrid are studied, and smart Geogrid embedded within FBG are developed to realize reinforcement and self-sensing. Deformation sensing algorithm based on discrete curvature is utilized to realize2-Dimensional or3-Dimensional deformation field sensing. In order to explore application of new-type fiber grating as well as realize complex spatial load precision measurement, the spectral characteristics of chirped fiber Bragg grating and phase shifted fiber Bragg grating under complex spatial load are studied systematically. Finally, applications of fiber Bragg grating technology for real tunnel as well as model tests are introduced, and missing data repair methods based on support vector machine (SVM) is used to improve intelligence and reliability of FBG sensing system. The major research is organized as followings:
1. According to the needs of sensor with small-size and multi-parameter, precision and miniature FBG sensors for different measurands are designed and optimized by Finite Element Method simulation, including surface-mounted FBG strain sensor with less strain transfer loss, FBG crack/displacement senor with high-precision, miniaturized FBG soil-pressure sensor which has better match characteristic with soil medium; a target-type FBG flow velocity sensor which is suitable for both fracture and pipe flow velocity monitoring. On the basis of FBG strain sensing principles, all the sensing model and sensing properties of those sensors are studied theoretically and experimentally.
2. In response to the deficiency of smart Geosynthetics, the Geogrid which is originally used for structure reinforcement in civil engineering is adopted as carrier material to embed optical fiber Bragg grating in. By studying online embeding technologies of FBG into Geogrid, the smart Geogrid which can be used for reinforcement and monitoring is developed, self-restore FBG sensing network are studied for the FBG sensing system in smart Geogrid to improve the reliability. And then, the stretching experiment of smart Geogrid is implemented to indicate its stretching property. Additionally, the deformation sensing algorithm based on discrete curvature is studied as the methods to realize2-Dimensional or3-Dimensional deformation field sensing, and feasibility of the method are verified by both numerical simulations and lab experiments. The research fills the blank of smart Geosynthetics with spatial deformation self-sensing capability in Bridges and Tunnels Engineering.
3. Under non-uniform load stress, the spectrum of uniform fiber Bragg grating is prone to be distorted, which make it is not only impossible to realize accurate measurement of complex spatial load, but also could not obtain axial strain. According to this problem two non-uniform fiber Bragg grating-chirped fiber Bragg grating and phase shifted fiber Bragg grating-are selected as new-type fiber grating sensing elements. The spectral characteristics of these two kinds of fiber Bragg grating under complex spatial load stress including axial uniform and non-uniform stress, radial load with different values as well as distribution angels are studied systematically. Variation of spectral shapes, central wavelength, bandwidth, and reflectivity under complex spatial load stress are acquired. Relative research results explore application of new-type fiber grating as well as provide theoretical foundation for complex spatial load measurement based on non-uniform fiber Bragg grating.
4. According to the defects that the traditional sensing technology used Bridges and Tunnels Engineering is low in accuracy and poor in mechanical matching characteristics with structure to be measured, the FBG sensing system based on the optimal designed FBG sensor has been constructed and used in engineering projects and model tests to monitor the variation of key physical parameters in real-time. Regarding to different disasters and accidents, the tunnel support deformation, shear displacement of bridge's segment joints, fracture flow velocity in process of dynamic water grouting, and pressure of surrounding rock are monitored by FBG sensing system to study the response of these physical parameters to tunnel deformation, bridge deflection, water inrush disaster, and tunnel stability.
5. As data acquired by FBG sensing system might miss due to FBG spectrum distorted or FBG sensor failure in the process of monitoring, the missing data repair method based on SVM is studied. Firstly, based on correlation between the broken sensor and other sensors or relative factors, the nonlinear function relation model between broken sensor's data and other relative factors are established. Then the function, which utilizes other sensors' data and other relative factors as input, is adopted to calculate the failed sensor's data. Finally, the calculated data will be treated as missing data for analysis. This method further improved the intelligence and the reliability of FBG sensing system.
引文
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