科尔沁沙地草原沙化时空变化特征遥感监测及驱动力分析
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摘要
荒漠化被认为是当今人类面临的最严重的环境与社会问题之一。我国是受荒漠化影响最严重的国家之一，且荒漠化多发生于发展落后、气候环境恶劣的草原区。作为人口众多、耕地资源有限的国家，如何管理和利用好所拥有的全球面积第二大的草地资源，对中国来说有着格外重要的意义。近年来，面对日益严重的荒漠化进程和草地退化形势，国家及各级政府实施了一系列的生态保护及恢复工程，这些政策、工程的实施效果如何以及是否需要调整等问题，迫切需要准确、及时地掌握我国各地区的荒漠化发展变化过程，尤其是治理工程实施前后荒漠化的发展变化差异。对荒漠化进行监测的前提和基础是建立科学、可操作的荒漠化评价体系，但是，目前的荒漠化评价体系仍然存在目的不明确、指标间信息交叉冗余，且多为定性或间接性指标，特别是针对草原沙化的评价指标体系过少，忽略草原类型差异以及基于遥感技术的指标体系发展不足等。
本研究的主要目的就是，在充分收集、分析、总结前人研究成果的基础上，对目前常用的荒漠化评价指标进行应用、对比、分析，在野外考察的基础上，对各指标的草原沙化信息提取能力进行评价。在此基础上，以科尔沁沙地为例，结合研究区草原类型等特征，建立适合于研究区的草原沙化遥感监测评价体系。并以此为基础，对覆盖研究区的1985年、1992年、2001年以及2013年四期Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像进行草原沙化等信息提取，深入分析科尔沁沙地草原沙化自上世纪80年代以来的变化特征，并对其驱动因素进行定性和定量分析，主要研究内容和结果如下：
1．其他土地覆盖类型的提取及掩膜
从土地利用/土地覆盖变化角度对草原沙化进行研究，能够在获取草原沙化信息的同时，得出沙地的转入来源及转出方向，有利于分析草原沙化过程，研究其驱动因素。在对草原沙化信息提取之前，首先基于各种植被指数、穗帽变换、光谱混合分析、决策树等方法，对研究区其他主要土地覆盖类型进行分层识别、提取、掩膜，在有效提高地物提取精度的同时，有利于突出研究重点，减少草原沙化信息提取的复杂性，提高解译精度。
2．草原沙化遥感监测指标的挑选及评价体系的建立
对目前常用的基于植被盖度的荒漠化评价指标进行应用，并与裸沙面积百分比指标进行对比、分析，发现，基于植被盖度的荒漠化评价指标容易高估草原沙化程度较轻或未沙化区域，且高估程度与土壤面积百分比呈正比关系，总体精度仅59.38%，而基于裸沙面积百分比的草原沙化评价则可有效避免这种问题，总体精度达80.99%，两种指标只是在土壤面积百分比越接近0的区域才趋于一致。本研究以裸沙面积百分比为主要评价指标，结合前人研究成果及研究区沙化特征，建立了科尔沁沙地草原沙化遥感监测评价体系，并以像元分解法作为获取裸沙面积百分比的主要方法。
3．科尔沁沙地草原沙化特征
科尔沁沙地西南部集中了科尔沁主要中、重度沙化草地，行政区划上涉及翁牛特旗、奈曼旗、库伦旗、敖汉旗。特别是翁牛特旗五分地镇-乌兰镇以东、西拉木伦河以南以及教来河以西，三线构成的三角地带聚集了科尔沁沙地的大部分中、重度草原沙化草地，特别是重度沙化草地。轻度、中度及重度沙化草地分别占研究区总面积的9%、4%及3%，三者面积之和约占研究区总面积的16%，在研究时段内，轻、中、重三级沙化草地及沙化草地总面积均呈先增后减的变化趋势；轻度、中度沙化草地变化拐点在1992年，重度沙化草地及沙化草地总面积变化拐点在2001年。总体上，科尔沁草原沙化状况呈现先发展后逆转的趋势，1985~1992年间为发展（重度沙化草地面积年增长率达5.91%），1992~2013年间为逆转，且逆转速度在2001~2013年间最快（重度沙化草地面积年减少率在1992~2001年为0.51%，在2001~2013年为2.92%），时空变化上，翁牛特旗东北部、奈曼旗以及库伦旗北部是草原沙化动态变化最为活跃的区域；
4．驱动力上，本文研究时段内，科尔沁沙地暖干化趋势明显，且科尔沁沙地年内降水分布极其不均，冬春两季风大水少，所以气候背景上不利于草地沙化的逆转。人为因素上，人口、耕地面积及牲畜数量不断增长，特别是2002~2011年间，耕地面积、有效灌溉面积及牲畜存栏量增长迅速，但是，经本文监测显示，科尔沁沙地1992年~2001年，已呈现逆转趋势，特别是在2001~2013年间，逆转面积及逆转速率均较大，说明一些生态保护及恢复政策的实施有效地促进了草原植被恢复及草地沙化逆转。另外，经因子分析可知，在1987~2000时段内，人为干扰是研究区草原沙化发生发展的主要因子，而在2001~2012年，自然因素和人为因素对草原沙化影响相近，人为因素中，耕地面积的增加是主要影响因素。
Desertification, land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from climaticvariations and/or human activities, is treated as one of the most critical environmental hazards, since theincreasing rate of it implies a clear manifestation of human interaction and climatic-change processes onthe environment. As one of the seriously affected countries with a long-term and large-scaledesertification problem, China is not immune to this environmental hazard. Since the direct economicloss of desertification in China is about128.14billion RMB each year in the late20th century,desertification is often termed as the main and most serious form of the degradation. With a populationof over1.3billion and limited farmland, it is a survival issue for China to tap and manage the grasslandefficiently and sustainable, since it has the second-largest grassland area of about400million hectaresof which accounts for41.41%of the country’s territory. Facing the worsening degradation of grasslands,state and local governments in China have implemented a series of ecological protection projects, theeffect of which has become contentious at all levels of government and a topic of public concern.Grassland desertification is the most direct indicator of the effect of the grazing ban. Monitoring andaccurate assessment of the status and changing trend of grassland desertification is instrumental indeveloping effective policies to combat grassland degradation, for understanding the changing trend ofgrassland degradation.
We selected18counties and cities in Horqin Sandy Land as the study area. Based on a series ofLandsat TM/ETM+/OLI images, field observations and expert review, a Horqin grassland sandydesertification classification and grading system was constructed. Then, spectral mixture analysis (SMA)and a decision-tree method were used to interpret images of the study area from four years:1985,1992,2001and2013. The following results were obtained:
1.Based on relevant desertification classification indicator studies, China’s national standard andfield inspection and verification, combined with the land use, grassland type and basic desertificationcharacteristics of the study area, we classified the land cover of the study area into nine categories.Finally, we conducted seminars and demonstration projects for experts to substantiate the scientificvalidity, operability and interpretability of the remote sensing images. Combining the sample plots andquadrat data, the grassland type and general environment of the study area, we further determined theappropriate gradation system for remote sensing of grassland desertification in Ningxia
2.Before producing unmixed pixels, a mask was made for farmland, human settlements, water,forest and other land uses based on visual interpretation, the MNDWI, NDVI, TC and the NDII, amongother methods.
3.Comparison and selection of methods: Linear spectral mixture model retrivals the occupation ofbare sand, vegetation index retrivals the vegetation coverage. We find that the desertification level inhigh soil coverage area often be overrated while be evaluated by vegetation coverage. However,evaluation based on bare sand area can effectively avoid this kind of problem with high interpretation accuracy.
4.Spatial distribution characteristics：The moderately desertified grassland and severely desertifiedgrassland mainly distributed in the southwest of Horqin Sandy Land, where involves Wengniute Banner,Naiman Banner, Kulun Banner and Aohan Banner in administrative division. And the severelydesertified grassland especially located in the tringle region that forms by Wufendi-Wulan in WengniuteBanner, Xar Moron River and Jiaolai River.
5.Area statistical characteristics：The landcover in the study area is mainly covered by grassland,which accounts for70%of its territory. Among the grassland, non-, slightly, moderately and severelydesertified grassland accounts for55%,9%,4%and3%of its territory, separately.
6.Spatio-temporal variation characteristics: From1985to1992, the grassland desertification degree“reversed” and “obviously reversed” mainly distributed in the central part of Bairin Left Banner and thenorthern part of Bairin Right Banner, while “developed” and “seriously developed” mainly distributedin the northeast part of Wengniute Banner, northwest part of Naiman Banner and west of Kailu County.From1992to2001,“reversed” and “obviously reversed” mainly interspersed among Naiman Baner, thenorthern part of Aohan Banner and the eastern part of Ar Horqin Banner, while “developed” and“seriously developed” mainly distributed in the middle-east part of Wengniute Banner, northeast part ofKulun Banner et al. From2001to2013, the grassland sandy desertification in Horqin Sandy Land wasmainly “reversed” and “obviously reversed”, except some “developed” and “seriously developed” inKeerqinzuoyihou Banner，central part of Kulun Banner and Bairin Right Banner.
7.Driving factors: During the research period in this paper, the warm desiccation tendency wasquite obvious. The coupling relation between wind and precipitation not benefit the reversion of thegrassland sandy desertification. Furthermore, the growing number of population, livestock and farmlandarea also blocked the reversion trend of grassland sandy desertification. However, the results in thispaper suggested that the grassland sandy desertification turned in a reversion trend since1992, andespecially clear reversed between2001and2013. These results show that the grazing ban, together withother ecological engineering measures, has helped reverse desertification and promote the restoration ofgrassland vegetation.
本研究的主要目的就是，在充分收集、分析、总结前人研究成果的基础上，对目前常用的荒漠化评价指标进行应用、对比、分析，在野外考察的基础上，对各指标的草原沙化信息提取能力进行评价。在此基础上，以科尔沁沙地为例，结合研究区草原类型等特征，建立适合于研究区的草原沙化遥感监测评价体系。并以此为基础，对覆盖研究区的1985年、1992年、2001年以及2013年四期Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像进行草原沙化等信息提取，深入分析科尔沁沙地草原沙化自上世纪80年代以来的变化特征，并对其驱动因素进行定性和定量分析，主要研究内容和结果如下：
1．其他土地覆盖类型的提取及掩膜
从土地利用/土地覆盖变化角度对草原沙化进行研究，能够在获取草原沙化信息的同时，得出沙地的转入来源及转出方向，有利于分析草原沙化过程，研究其驱动因素。在对草原沙化信息提取之前，首先基于各种植被指数、穗帽变换、光谱混合分析、决策树等方法，对研究区其他主要土地覆盖类型进行分层识别、提取、掩膜，在有效提高地物提取精度的同时，有利于突出研究重点，减少草原沙化信息提取的复杂性，提高解译精度。
2．草原沙化遥感监测指标的挑选及评价体系的建立
对目前常用的基于植被盖度的荒漠化评价指标进行应用，并与裸沙面积百分比指标进行对比、分析，发现，基于植被盖度的荒漠化评价指标容易高估草原沙化程度较轻或未沙化区域，且高估程度与土壤面积百分比呈正比关系，总体精度仅59.38%，而基于裸沙面积百分比的草原沙化评价则可有效避免这种问题，总体精度达80.99%，两种指标只是在土壤面积百分比越接近0的区域才趋于一致。本研究以裸沙面积百分比为主要评价指标，结合前人研究成果及研究区沙化特征，建立了科尔沁沙地草原沙化遥感监测评价体系，并以像元分解法作为获取裸沙面积百分比的主要方法。
3．科尔沁沙地草原沙化特征
科尔沁沙地西南部集中了科尔沁主要中、重度沙化草地，行政区划上涉及翁牛特旗、奈曼旗、库伦旗、敖汉旗。特别是翁牛特旗五分地镇-乌兰镇以东、西拉木伦河以南以及教来河以西，三线构成的三角地带聚集了科尔沁沙地的大部分中、重度草原沙化草地，特别是重度沙化草地。轻度、中度及重度沙化草地分别占研究区总面积的9%、4%及3%，三者面积之和约占研究区总面积的16%，在研究时段内，轻、中、重三级沙化草地及沙化草地总面积均呈先增后减的变化趋势；轻度、中度沙化草地变化拐点在1992年，重度沙化草地及沙化草地总面积变化拐点在2001年。总体上，科尔沁草原沙化状况呈现先发展后逆转的趋势，1985~1992年间为发展（重度沙化草地面积年增长率达5.91%），1992~2013年间为逆转，且逆转速度在2001~2013年间最快（重度沙化草地面积年减少率在1992~2001年为0.51%，在2001~2013年为2.92%），时空变化上，翁牛特旗东北部、奈曼旗以及库伦旗北部是草原沙化动态变化最为活跃的区域；
4．驱动力上，本文研究时段内，科尔沁沙地暖干化趋势明显，且科尔沁沙地年内降水分布极其不均，冬春两季风大水少，所以气候背景上不利于草地沙化的逆转。人为因素上，人口、耕地面积及牲畜数量不断增长，特别是2002~2011年间，耕地面积、有效灌溉面积及牲畜存栏量增长迅速，但是，经本文监测显示，科尔沁沙地1992年~2001年，已呈现逆转趋势，特别是在2001~2013年间，逆转面积及逆转速率均较大，说明一些生态保护及恢复政策的实施有效地促进了草原植被恢复及草地沙化逆转。另外，经因子分析可知，在1987~2000时段内，人为干扰是研究区草原沙化发生发展的主要因子，而在2001~2012年，自然因素和人为因素对草原沙化影响相近，人为因素中，耕地面积的增加是主要影响因素。
Desertification, land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from climaticvariations and/or human activities, is treated as one of the most critical environmental hazards, since theincreasing rate of it implies a clear manifestation of human interaction and climatic-change processes onthe environment. As one of the seriously affected countries with a long-term and large-scaledesertification problem, China is not immune to this environmental hazard. Since the direct economicloss of desertification in China is about128.14billion RMB each year in the late20th century,desertification is often termed as the main and most serious form of the degradation. With a populationof over1.3billion and limited farmland, it is a survival issue for China to tap and manage the grasslandefficiently and sustainable, since it has the second-largest grassland area of about400million hectaresof which accounts for41.41%of the country’s territory. Facing the worsening degradation of grasslands,state and local governments in China have implemented a series of ecological protection projects, theeffect of which has become contentious at all levels of government and a topic of public concern.Grassland desertification is the most direct indicator of the effect of the grazing ban. Monitoring andaccurate assessment of the status and changing trend of grassland desertification is instrumental indeveloping effective policies to combat grassland degradation, for understanding the changing trend ofgrassland degradation.
We selected18counties and cities in Horqin Sandy Land as the study area. Based on a series ofLandsat TM/ETM+/OLI images, field observations and expert review, a Horqin grassland sandydesertification classification and grading system was constructed. Then, spectral mixture analysis (SMA)and a decision-tree method were used to interpret images of the study area from four years:1985,1992,2001and2013. The following results were obtained:
1.Based on relevant desertification classification indicator studies, China’s national standard andfield inspection and verification, combined with the land use, grassland type and basic desertificationcharacteristics of the study area, we classified the land cover of the study area into nine categories.Finally, we conducted seminars and demonstration projects for experts to substantiate the scientificvalidity, operability and interpretability of the remote sensing images. Combining the sample plots andquadrat data, the grassland type and general environment of the study area, we further determined theappropriate gradation system for remote sensing of grassland desertification in Ningxia
2.Before producing unmixed pixels, a mask was made for farmland, human settlements, water,forest and other land uses based on visual interpretation, the MNDWI, NDVI, TC and the NDII, amongother methods.
3.Comparison and selection of methods: Linear spectral mixture model retrivals the occupation ofbare sand, vegetation index retrivals the vegetation coverage. We find that the desertification level inhigh soil coverage area often be overrated while be evaluated by vegetation coverage. However,evaluation based on bare sand area can effectively avoid this kind of problem with high interpretation accuracy.
4.Spatial distribution characteristics：The moderately desertified grassland and severely desertifiedgrassland mainly distributed in the southwest of Horqin Sandy Land, where involves Wengniute Banner,Naiman Banner, Kulun Banner and Aohan Banner in administrative division. And the severelydesertified grassland especially located in the tringle region that forms by Wufendi-Wulan in WengniuteBanner, Xar Moron River and Jiaolai River.
5.Area statistical characteristics：The landcover in the study area is mainly covered by grassland,which accounts for70%of its territory. Among the grassland, non-, slightly, moderately and severelydesertified grassland accounts for55%,9%,4%and3%of its territory, separately.
6.Spatio-temporal variation characteristics: From1985to1992, the grassland desertification degree“reversed” and “obviously reversed” mainly distributed in the central part of Bairin Left Banner and thenorthern part of Bairin Right Banner, while “developed” and “seriously developed” mainly distributedin the northeast part of Wengniute Banner, northwest part of Naiman Banner and west of Kailu County.From1992to2001,“reversed” and “obviously reversed” mainly interspersed among Naiman Baner, thenorthern part of Aohan Banner and the eastern part of Ar Horqin Banner, while “developed” and“seriously developed” mainly distributed in the middle-east part of Wengniute Banner, northeast part ofKulun Banner et al. From2001to2013, the grassland sandy desertification in Horqin Sandy Land wasmainly “reversed” and “obviously reversed”, except some “developed” and “seriously developed” inKeerqinzuoyihou Banner，central part of Kulun Banner and Bairin Right Banner.
7.Driving factors: During the research period in this paper, the warm desiccation tendency wasquite obvious. The coupling relation between wind and precipitation not benefit the reversion of thegrassland sandy desertification. Furthermore, the growing number of population, livestock and farmlandarea also blocked the reversion trend of grassland sandy desertification. However, the results in thispaper suggested that the grassland sandy desertification turned in a reversion trend since1992, andespecially clear reversed between2001and2013. These results show that the grazing ban, together withother ecological engineering measures, has helped reverse desertification and promote the restoration ofgrassland vegetation.
引文
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