新城疫病毒山东流行株分子演化及抗原性变异分析
|
摘要
新城疫(Newcastle disease, ND)是危害中国养禽业最重要的疫病之一。由ND引起的死亡、呼吸道症状和产蛋下降等十分严重,即使一些经过多次免疫、抗体水平较高的鸡群,仍时有发病。因此,了解NDV的流行动态,掌握我国流行的NDV的基因特性及生物学特性,探讨病毒变异对抗原性的影响,及时制定科学合理的防疫措施,对防控ND在家禽中的大流行具有重要意义。
2006～2013年间,在山东省家禽NDV流行病学监测过程中从不同宿主家禽中分离并鉴定55株NDV,利用蚀斑纯化技术在鸡胚成纤维细胞上完成了49株NDV的纯化,进行了1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)、最小致死量致死鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)和6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)生物学毒力测定,证实有44株强毒,5株中等毒力,6株弱毒。通过对不同宿主红细胞(RBC)凝集试验表明,9株鸭源NDV均能凝集4种RBC,而鸡源NDV仅6株基因Ⅱ型NDV能凝集四种RBC,而其它鸡源和鸽源NDV强毒均不能凝集马RBC。
通过对NDV流行毒F、HN等基因测序、同源性比较和基因分型,结果表明：55株NDV中,有43株基因Ⅶ型,5株Ⅵ型,6株基因Ⅱ型,1株基因Ⅸ型,基因Ⅶ型仍然为主要的流行毒株,且主要为d亚型。同源性比较证实,Ⅶ型NDV流行株与疫苗株LaSota等的同源性愈来愈低,不足80%；即便同属于基因Ⅶd亚型依然存在由点突变形成的累积性变化,且这种规律伴随着年代的增加愈来愈明显。通过对NP、P、M、F、HN和L6个编码基因和各段非编码区核苷酸绘制系统进化树,不同基因的分类结果基本相同,说明NDV在基因的遗传演化规律方面是一致的。
选择16个NDV流行株和3个经典株(LaSota、Clone30和F48E9),分别制备单因子血清,利用血凝抑制(HI)进行交叉反应,比较了流行株与疫苗毒LaSota株和中国经典强毒F48E9间的抗原性交叉反应,结果显示我国鸡群中流行的基因Ⅶ型流行毒与LaSota之间的相关指数为：0.31≤R≤0.66,证实流行病毒株已在抗原性上逐渐偏离疫苗LaSota株。免疫攻毒保护试验证明,基因Ⅶ型毒株免疫组攻毒后的临床症状、病毒分离率及排毒量均显著低于传统疫苗组(LaSota)。
综上所述,NDV的分子变异是编码基因与非编码序列同步性变异的结果。基因Ⅶd亚型NDV是山东省家禽中的优势流行株,其F和HN基因氨基酸的突变具有累积性；传统疫苗LaSota与流行毒抗原性已出现较大差异,基因Ⅶd亚型疫苗在免疫保护、抑制病毒复制等方面具有更好的效果。
Newcastle (Newcastle disease, ND) is one of China's most prominent disease hazards in the poultry industry. The death, respiratory symptoms and decreased egg production caused by ND are very common, even in chickens after repeated immunization. Therefore, to understand the epidemic dynamic of NDV, genetic characteristics and biological characteristics of grasp of China's popular NDV, to explore the effect of virus antigenicity, formulate scientific and reasonable prevention measures, has important significance for the prevention and control of ND outbreak.
Between2006to2013,55NDV isolates have been isolated and identified from different hosts in Shandong Province during the epidemiological surveillance of poultry. Then, fourty-nine NDV isolates which had successfully purified by plaque-purification in chicken embryo fibroblasts, were conducted and determined biological virulence include1-day-old chicks intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI), the minimum lethal dose lethal embryo mean death time (MDT) and6-week-old chickens intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI). The results showed that55NDV, there are44of virulent, five moderate virulence, six of attenuated.. Through the different host red blood cell (RBC) agglutination tests showed that9strains isolated from duck and only6Chicken NDV genotype II NDV can agglutination four kinds of RBC, while other sources NDV from chicken and pigeon don't have the character of agglutination horse RBC.
Sequencing, genotyping and gene homology analysis were conducted on the F and HN genes of55isolates. The results showed that55strains belonged to four genotypes (Ⅱ, IX,Ⅵ, and Ⅶ),6isolates belonged to genotype Ⅱ,5strains (isolated from pigeon) to genotype VI,1isolate to IX, and the others to subtype Ⅶd. Amino acid sequence comparison confirmed that the strains between the same genotype with high homology, while homology rate of less than80%between genotype II LaSota strain and advantages. Meanwhile, even in the same genotype, there were still changes of point mutation accumulation, and this rule accompanied by an increase of more and more obvious. Genetic evolution analysis based on6coding genes and non-coding genes indicated that variation of NDV occurred throughout the genome.
16epidemic NDV isolates and three classic strain (LaSota, Clone30and F48E9) were respectively prepared for definite factor positive sera by SPF chicken, and carried out the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) cross-reaction tests. The results showed that the relevant index of chickens popular genotype Ⅶ strains and LaSota is:0.31≤R≤0.66, confirmed pandemic strain were gradually deviated from antigenically LaSota vaccine strain. Protective efficacy tests proved that genotype VII strains immunohistochemistry symptoms, virus isolation rate and detoxification after the attack were significantly lower than the traditional vaccine (LaSota).
In summary, the synchronous variation of the non-coding sequences and encoding genes results in the NDV molecular variation. Subtype Ⅶd NDVs are advantages epidemic stains in Shandong Province, with cumulative mutation of amino acids in functional F and HN genes; tradition LaSota vaccine and popular virus have appeared quite different antigenic, and genetic Ⅶd subtype vaccine have a better protection effect in inhibition of virus replication.
2006～2013年间,在山东省家禽NDV流行病学监测过程中从不同宿主家禽中分离并鉴定55株NDV,利用蚀斑纯化技术在鸡胚成纤维细胞上完成了49株NDV的纯化,进行了1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)、最小致死量致死鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)和6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)生物学毒力测定,证实有44株强毒,5株中等毒力,6株弱毒。通过对不同宿主红细胞(RBC)凝集试验表明,9株鸭源NDV均能凝集4种RBC,而鸡源NDV仅6株基因Ⅱ型NDV能凝集四种RBC,而其它鸡源和鸽源NDV强毒均不能凝集马RBC。
通过对NDV流行毒F、HN等基因测序、同源性比较和基因分型,结果表明：55株NDV中,有43株基因Ⅶ型,5株Ⅵ型,6株基因Ⅱ型,1株基因Ⅸ型,基因Ⅶ型仍然为主要的流行毒株,且主要为d亚型。同源性比较证实,Ⅶ型NDV流行株与疫苗株LaSota等的同源性愈来愈低,不足80%；即便同属于基因Ⅶd亚型依然存在由点突变形成的累积性变化,且这种规律伴随着年代的增加愈来愈明显。通过对NP、P、M、F、HN和L6个编码基因和各段非编码区核苷酸绘制系统进化树,不同基因的分类结果基本相同,说明NDV在基因的遗传演化规律方面是一致的。
选择16个NDV流行株和3个经典株(LaSota、Clone30和F48E9),分别制备单因子血清,利用血凝抑制(HI)进行交叉反应,比较了流行株与疫苗毒LaSota株和中国经典强毒F48E9间的抗原性交叉反应,结果显示我国鸡群中流行的基因Ⅶ型流行毒与LaSota之间的相关指数为：0.31≤R≤0.66,证实流行病毒株已在抗原性上逐渐偏离疫苗LaSota株。免疫攻毒保护试验证明,基因Ⅶ型毒株免疫组攻毒后的临床症状、病毒分离率及排毒量均显著低于传统疫苗组(LaSota)。
综上所述,NDV的分子变异是编码基因与非编码序列同步性变异的结果。基因Ⅶd亚型NDV是山东省家禽中的优势流行株,其F和HN基因氨基酸的突变具有累积性；传统疫苗LaSota与流行毒抗原性已出现较大差异,基因Ⅶd亚型疫苗在免疫保护、抑制病毒复制等方面具有更好的效果。
Newcastle (Newcastle disease, ND) is one of China's most prominent disease hazards in the poultry industry. The death, respiratory symptoms and decreased egg production caused by ND are very common, even in chickens after repeated immunization. Therefore, to understand the epidemic dynamic of NDV, genetic characteristics and biological characteristics of grasp of China's popular NDV, to explore the effect of virus antigenicity, formulate scientific and reasonable prevention measures, has important significance for the prevention and control of ND outbreak.
Between2006to2013,55NDV isolates have been isolated and identified from different hosts in Shandong Province during the epidemiological surveillance of poultry. Then, fourty-nine NDV isolates which had successfully purified by plaque-purification in chicken embryo fibroblasts, were conducted and determined biological virulence include1-day-old chicks intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI), the minimum lethal dose lethal embryo mean death time (MDT) and6-week-old chickens intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI). The results showed that55NDV, there are44of virulent, five moderate virulence, six of attenuated.. Through the different host red blood cell (RBC) agglutination tests showed that9strains isolated from duck and only6Chicken NDV genotype II NDV can agglutination four kinds of RBC, while other sources NDV from chicken and pigeon don't have the character of agglutination horse RBC.
Sequencing, genotyping and gene homology analysis were conducted on the F and HN genes of55isolates. The results showed that55strains belonged to four genotypes (Ⅱ, IX,Ⅵ, and Ⅶ),6isolates belonged to genotype Ⅱ,5strains (isolated from pigeon) to genotype VI,1isolate to IX, and the others to subtype Ⅶd. Amino acid sequence comparison confirmed that the strains between the same genotype with high homology, while homology rate of less than80%between genotype II LaSota strain and advantages. Meanwhile, even in the same genotype, there were still changes of point mutation accumulation, and this rule accompanied by an increase of more and more obvious. Genetic evolution analysis based on6coding genes and non-coding genes indicated that variation of NDV occurred throughout the genome.
16epidemic NDV isolates and three classic strain (LaSota, Clone30and F48E9) were respectively prepared for definite factor positive sera by SPF chicken, and carried out the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) cross-reaction tests. The results showed that the relevant index of chickens popular genotype Ⅶ strains and LaSota is:0.31≤R≤0.66, confirmed pandemic strain were gradually deviated from antigenically LaSota vaccine strain. Protective efficacy tests proved that genotype VII strains immunohistochemistry symptoms, virus isolation rate and detoxification after the attack were significantly lower than the traditional vaccine (LaSota).
In summary, the synchronous variation of the non-coding sequences and encoding genes results in the NDV molecular variation. Subtype Ⅶd NDVs are advantages epidemic stains in Shandong Province, with cumulative mutation of amino acids in functional F and HN genes; tradition LaSota vaccine and popular virus have appeared quite different antigenic, and genetic Ⅶd subtype vaccine have a better protection effect in inhibition of virus replication.
引文
[1]Alexander DJ, R.J.Manvell, J.P.Lowings, K.M.Forest, M.S.Collins, P.H.Russell, J.E.Smith. Antigenic diversity and similarities detected in avian paramyxovirus type 1 isolates using monoclonal antibodies. Avian Pathol,1997,26:399-418.
[2]Alexander DJ, Chettle NJ, Parsons G. Resistance of chickens to challenge with the virulent Herts 33 strain of Newcastle disease virus induced by prior infection with serologically distinct avian paramyxoviruses. Res Vet Sci,1979,26(2):198-201.
[3]Liu XF, Wan HQ, Ni XX, Wu YT, Liu WB. Pathotypical and genotypical characterization of strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in chicken and goose flocks in some regions of China during 1985-2001. Arch Virol,2003,148(7):1387-1403.
[4]Barlic-Maganja D, Krapez U, Mankoc S, Toplak I, Rojs OZ. Fusion and matrix protein gene sequence analysis of paramyxoviruses of type 1(PMV-1) isolated from pigeons in Slovenia. Virus Genes,2005,31(3):265-273.
[5]Chen S, Hao H, Wang X, Du E, Liu H, Yang T, Liu Y, Fu X, Zhang P, Yang Z. Genomic characterisation of a lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strain HX01 isolated from sick pigs in China. Virus Genes,2013,46(2):264-270.
[6]Kumanan K, Mathivanan B, Vijayarani K, Gandhi AA, Ramadass P, Nachimuthu K. Biological and molecular characterization of Indian isolates of Newcastle disease virus from pigeons. Acta Virol, 2005,49(2):105-109.
[7]孙杰,刁有祥,李建侠,等.10株鸭源新城疫病毒的分离鉴定及F基因遗传进化分析.畜牧兽医学报,2010,41(8)：1054-1060.
[8]王永坤,田慧芳,周继宏,等.鹅副黏病毒病的研究.中国家禽,1998,20(4)：3-5.
[9]徐怀英,秦卓明,王友令,等.中国水禽新城疫病毒F和HN基因变异的相关性研究.畜牧兽医学报,2009,40(3)：394-401.
[10]Choi KS, Kye SJ, Kim JY, Damasco VR, Sorn S, Lee YJ, Choi JG, Kang HM, Kim KI, Song BM, Lee HS. Molecular epidemiological investigation of velogenic Newcastle disease viruses from village chickens in Cambodia. Virus Genes,2013.
[11 Ruenphet S, Jahangir A, Shoham D, Takehara K. Situation of serum antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in slaughter-age ostriches after vaccination campaign in Japan. J Vet Med Sci,2012, 74(4):477-480.
[12]Ruenphet S, Satoh K, Tsujimura M, Hasegawa T, Takehara K. Strategies of newcastle disease vaccination for commercial ostrich farms in Japan. J Vet Med Sci,2012,74(7):905-908.
[13]Wang X, Gong Z, Zhao L, Wang J, Sun G, Liu Y, Tao P, Zhang H, Li S, Jiang F, Hu Y, Zhang X. Complete genome sequences of newcastle disease virus strains isolated from three different poultry species in china. Genome Announc,2013,1(4).
[14]Yuan X, Wang Y, Li J, Yu K, Yang J, Xu H, Zhang Y, Ai H, Wang J. Surveillance and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus in seafowl from coastal areas of China in 2011. Virus Genes,2013,46(2):377-382.
[15]Peeters BP, Gruijthuijsen YK, de Leeuw OS, Gielkens AL. Genome replication of Newcastle disease virus:involvement of the rule-of-six. Arch Virol,2000,145(9):1829-1845.
[16]Phillips RJ, Samson AC, Emmerson PT. Nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminus of Newcastle disease virus and assembly of the complete genomic sequence:agreement with the "rule of six". Arch Virol.,1998,143(10):1993-2002.
[17]Florman AL. Hemagglutination with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1947, 64(4):458-463.
[18]Winslow BJ, R.P.Hanson, E.Upton, C.A.brandly. Agglutination of mammalian erythrocytes by Newcastle disease virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1950(74):174-178.
[19]Schirrmacher V. In situ analysis of tumor-specific CTL effector and memory responses elicited by tumor vaccination. int J Oncol,1999,15(2):217-227.
[20]Phuangsab A, Lorence RM, Reichard KW, Peeples ME, Walter RJ. Newcastle disease virus therapy of human tumor xenografts:antitumor effects of local or systemic administration. Cancer Lett,2001, 172(1):27-36.
[21]邱吉庆,金宁一,连海,等.新城疫病毒HN基因对荷C6胶质瘤Wistar大鼠的治疗.世界肿瘤杂志,2004,3(1)：33-35.
[22]孙迎春,金宁一,米志强,等.新城疫病毒HN基因对肝癌细胞SMMC7721的细胞毒性研究. 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志,2005,12(3)：193-196.
[23]连海,金宁一,李霄,等.鸡贫血病毒VP3基因与人IL-18基因的共表达对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402的作用.中国生物制品学杂志.2006,19(3)：229-232.
[24]李亚琳.新城疫病毒抑制肝星状细胞活化的初步研究.重庆医科大学学报,2013,38(5)：494-496.
[25]博强,仇旭升,陈素娟,等.不同NDV株V蛋白多克隆抗体的制备和初步应用.中国预防兽医学报,2013,35(9):702-706.
[26]Cao Y, Gu M, Zhang X, Liu W, Liu X. Complete Genome Sequences of Two Newcastle Disease Virus Strains of Genotype Ⅷ. Genome Announc,2013,1(1).
[27]Ebrahimi MM, Shahsavandi S, Moazenijula G, Shamsara M. Phylogeny and evolution of Newcastle disease virus genotypes isolated in Asia during 2008-2011. Virus Genes,2012,45(1):63-68.
[28]Forrester NL, Widen SG, Wood TG, Travassos da Rosa AP, Ksiazek TG, Vasilakis N, Tesh RB. Identification of a new newcastle disease virus isolate from Indonesia represents an ancestral lineage of class II genotype ⅩⅢ. Virus Genes,2013,47(1):168-172.
[29]Alamares JG, Li J, Iorio RM. Monoclonal antibody routinely used to identify avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus binds to an epitope at the carboxy terminus of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein and recognizes individual mesogenic and velogenic strains. J Clin Microbiol,2005,43(8):4229-4233.
[30]Lee YJ, Sung HW, Choi JG, Kim JH, Song CS. Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in South Korea using sequencing of the fusion protein cleavage site region and phylogenetic relationships. Avian Pathol.2004,33(5):482-491.
[31]Munir M, Cortey M, Abbas M, Qureshi ZU, Afzal F, Shabbir MZ, Khan MT, Ahmed S, Ahmad S, Baule C, Stahl K, Zohari S. Berg M. Biological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a novel genetic group of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in commercial poultry and from backyard poultry flocks in Pakistan. Infect Genet Evol,2012,12(5):1010-1019.
[32]Bogoyavlenskiy A, Berezin V, Prilipov A, Usachev E, Lyapina O, Korotetskiy I, Zaitceva I, Asanova S, Kydyrmanov A, Daulbaeva K, Shakhvorostova L, Sayatov M, King D. Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan during 1998.2000.2001,2003,2004. and 2005 were caused by viruses of the genotypes Ⅶb and Ⅶd. Virus Genes,2009,39(1):94-101.
[33]Diel DG. Susta L, Cardenas Garcia S, Killian ML, Brown CC, Miller PJ. Afonso CL. Complete genome and clinicopathological characterization of a virulent Newcastle disease virus isolate from South America. J Clin Microbiol.2012.50(2):378-387.
[34]Guo H, Liu X, Han Z, Shao Y. Chen J. Zhao S. Kong X. Liu S. Phylogenetic analysis and comparison of eight strains of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) isolated in China between 2010 and 2012. Arch Virol,2013,158(6):1121-1131.
[35]Vidanovic D, Sekler M, Asanin R, Milic N, Nisavic J, Petrovic T, Savic V. Characterization of velogenic Newcastle disease viruses isolated from dead wild birds in Serbia during 2007. J Wildl Dis,2011,47(2):433-441.
[36]Mase M, Murayama K, Karino A, Inoue T. Analysis of the fusion protein gene of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Japan. J Vet Med Sci,2011,73(1):47-54.
[37]Qiu X, Sun Q, Wu S, Dong L, Hu S, Meng C, Wu Y, Liu X. Entire genome sequence analysis of genotype IX Newcastle disease viruses reveals their early-genotype phylogenetic position and recent-genotype genome size. Virol J,2011,8:117.
[38]Ruenphet S. Jahangir A, Shoham D, Morikawa K. Miyoshi Y, Hanawa E, Okamura M, Nakamura M, Takehara K. Surveillance and characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from northern pintail (Anas acuta) in Japan during 2006-09. Avian Dis,2011,55(2):230-235.
[39]Kim BY, Lee DH, Kim MS, Jang JH, Lee YN, Park JK, Yuk SS, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Exchange of Newcastle disease viruses in Korea:the relatedness of isolates between wild birds, live bird markets, poultry farms and neighboring countries. Infect Genet Evol,2012,12(2):478-482.
[40]Ahmad-Raus R, Ali AM, Tan WS, Salleh HM, Eshaghi M, Yusoff K. Localization of the antigenic sites of newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Res Vet Sci, 2009,86(1):174-182.
[41]Maminiaina OF, Gil P, Briand FX, Albina E, Keita D. Andriamanivo HR, Chevalier V, Lancelot R, Martinez D, Rakotondravao R, Rajaonarison JJ, Koko M. Andriantsimahavandy AA, Jestin V, Servan de Almeida R. Newcastle disease virus in Madagascar:identification of an original genotype possibly deriving from a died out ancestor of genotype IV. PLoS ONE,2010,5(11):e13987.
[42]Lwamba HC, Alvarez R. Wise MG. Yu Q. Halvorson D, Njenga MK, Seal BS. Comparison of the full-length genome sequence of avian metapneumovirus subtype C with other paramyxoviruses. Virus Res,2005,107(1):83-92.
[43]Millar NS, Chambers P, Emmerson PT. Nucleotide sequence of the fusion and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein genes of Newcastle disease virus, strain Ulster: molecular basis for variations in pathogenicity between strains. J. Gen. Virol,1988,69:613-620.
[44]Araneta MR, Kamens DR, Zau AC, Gastanaga VM, Schlangen KM, Hiliopoulos KM, Gray GC. Conception and pregnancy during the Persian Gulf War:the risk to women veterans. Ann Epidemiol, 2004,14(2):109-116.
[45]Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Hirota H, Gotoh B, Kuma K, Miyata T, Nagai Y. Newcastle disease virus evolution. Ⅱ. Lack of gene recombination in generating virulent and avirulent strains. Virology, 1989,169(2):273-282.
[46]Yusoff K, Nesbit M, McCartney H, Meulemans G, Alexander DJ, Collins MS, Emmerson PT, Samson AC. Location of neutralizing epitopes on the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus strain Beaudette C. J Gen Virol,1989,70 (Pt 11):3105-3109.
[47]Chen L, Gorman JJ, McKimm-Breschkin J, Lawrence LJ, Tulloch PA, Smith BJ, Colman PM, Lawrence MC. The structure of the fusion glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus suggests a novel paradigm for the molecular mechanism of membrane fusion. Structure,2001,9(3):255-266.
[48]Sakaguchi T, Toyoda T, Gotoh B, Inocencio NM, Kuma K, Miyata T, Nagai Y. Newcastle disease virus evolution. I. Multiple lineages defined by sequence variability of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene. Virology,1989,169(2):260-272.
[49]Connaris H, Takimoto T, Russell R, Crennel S, Moustafa I, Portner A. Probing the sialic acid binding site of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of newcastle disease virus:identification of key amino acids involved in cell binding, catalysis, and fusion. Journal of virology,2002,76(4): 1816-1824.
[50]Crennell S, Takimoto T, Portner A, Taylor G. Crystal strcture of the multifunctional paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. Nature structure Biology,2000,7(11):1068-1074.
[51]Yusoff K, Nesbit M, McCartney H, Emmerson PT, Samson AC. Mapping of three antigenic sites on the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virus Res,1988,11(4): 319-333.
[52]王志玉,王战勇,于修平.糖化作用对新城疫病毒HN糖蛋白功能的影响.病毒学报,2002,18(2)：155-161.
[53]McGinnes L, Sergel T, Morrison T. Mutations in the transmembrane domain of the HN protein of newcastle disease virus affect the structure and activity of the protein, virology,1993,196(1): 101-110.
[54]orio RM, Glickman RL. Fusion mutants of Newcastle disease virus selected with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. J Virol,1992,66(11):6626-6633.
[55]Peeples ME, Bratt MA. UV irradiation analysis of complementation between, and replication of, RNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol,1982,41(3): 965-973.
[56]Wang L, Suo X, Chen FY, Zheng SJ. Expression of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) M protein from a recombinant plasmid prolongs the survival of NDV-infected chicken embryos and enhances the virus replication. Acta Virol,2009,53(2):105-110.
[57]Jang J, Hong SH, Choi D, Choi KS, Kang S, Kim IH. Overexpression of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) V protein enhances NDV production kinetics in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2010,85(5):1509-1520.
[58]仇旭升,孟春春,于洋,等.新城疫病毒P/V/W基因编码产物功能结构域的分析及定位.生物技术通报,2011(1)：191-196.
[59]Hamaguchi M, Yoshida T, Nishikawa K, Naruse H, Nagai Y. Transcriptive complex of Newcastle disease virus. I. Both L and P proteins are required to constitute an active complex. Virology,1983, 128(1):105-117.
[60]Malik YS, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Detection of three avian respiratory viruses by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J Vet Diagn Invest,2004,16(3): 244-248.
[61]Chong YL, Padhi A, Hudson PJ, Poss M. The effect of vaccination on the evolution and population dynamics of avian paramyxovirus-1. PLoS Pathog,2010,6(4):e1000872.
[62]Miller PJ, Decanini EL, Afonso CL. Newcastle disease:evolution of genotypes and the related diagnostic challenges. Infect Genet Evol,2010,10(1):26-35.
[63]巩艳艳,崔治中.细胞培养上新城疫病毒HN基因在抗体免疫选择压作用下的抗原表位变异.中国科学(C辑：生命科学),2009(12)：1175-1180.
[64]秦卓明.徐怀英.欧阳文军.等.新城疫病毒毒株交叉鸡胚中和指数及其与F和HN基因变异的相关性.微生物学报.2008,48(2)：226-233.
[65]Chare ER, Gould EA, Holmes EC. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a low rate of homologous recombination in negative-sense RNA viruses. J Gen Virol,2003,84(10):2691-2703.
[66]Qin Z, Sun L, Ma B, Cui Z, Zhu Y, Kitamura Y, Liu W. F gene recombination between genotype Ⅱ and VII Newcastle disease virus. Virus Research,2008,131(2):299-303.
[67]Afonso CL. Not so fast on recombination analysis of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol 2008, 82(18):9303.
[68]Yin Y, Cortey M, Zhang Y, Cui S, Dolz R, Wang J, Gong Z. Molecular characterization of Newcastle disease viruses in Ostriches (Struthio camelus L.):further evidences of recombination within avian paramyxovirus type 1. Vet Microbiol,2011.149(3-4):324-329.
[69]Song Q, Cao Y, Li Q, Gu M, Zhong L, Hu S, Wan H, Liu X. Artificial recombination may influence the evolutionary analysis of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol,2011,85(19):10409-10414.
[70]de Leeuw OS, Koch G, Hartog L, Ravenshorst N, Peeters BP. Virulence of Newcastle disease virus is determined by the cleavage site of the fusion protein and by both the stem region and globular head of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein. J Gen Virol,2005,86(Pt 6):1759-1769.
[71]Peeters B, Verbruggen P, Nelissen F, de Leeuw O. The P gene of Newcastle disease virus does not encode an accessory X protein. J Gen Virol.2004,85(Pt 8):2375-2378.
[72]Tan LT, Xu HY, Wang YL, Qin ZM. Sun L, Liu WJ, Cui ZZ. Molecular Characterization of Three New Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Variants Isolated in China. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2008.46(2):750-753.
[73]Huang Z, Panda A, Elankumaran S, Govindarajan D, Rockemann DD, Samal SK. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus determines tropism and virulence. J Virol,2004,78(8):4176-4184.
[74]Panda A, Elankumaran S, Krishnamurthy S, Huang Z, Samal SK. Loss of N-linked glycosylation from the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein alters virulence of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol. 2004,78(10):4965-4975.
[75]Romer-Oberdorfer A, Veits J, Werner O, Mettenleiter TC. Enhancement of pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus by alteration of specific amino acid residues in the surface glycoproteins F and HN. Avian Dis.2006,50(2):259-263.
[76]Mebatsion T, Verstegen S, De Vaan LT. Romer-Oberdorfer A, Schrier CC. A recombinant newcastle disease virus with low-level V protein expression is immunogenic and lacks pathogenicity for chicken embryos. J Virol.2001,75(1):420-428.
[77]司富龙,鲁会军.金宁一,等.新城疫病毒V蛋白研究进展.动物医学进展,2013(6)：160-163.
[78]Dortmans JC, Rottier PJ, Koch G, Peeters BP. The viral replication complex is associated with the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol,2010,84(19):10113-10120.
[79]Collins MS, Strong I, Alexander DJ. Pathogenicity and phylogenetic evaluation of the variant Newcastle disease viruses termed "pigeon PMV-I viruses" based on the nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene. Arch Virol,1996,141(3-4):635-647.
[80]甘天喻,刘晓文,甘军纪,等.新城疫和鸡痘疫苗基础免疫对重组鸡痘活疫苗免疫效力的影响.中国家禽,2013(19)：19-21.
[81]Morgan RW, Gelb J, Jr., Pope CR, Sondermeijer PJ. Efficacy in chickens of a herpesvirus of turkeys recombinant vaccine containing the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus:onset of protection and effect of maternal antibodies. Avian Dis,1993.37(4):1032-1040.
[82]Hu S, Ma H, Wu Y, Liu W, Wang X. Liu Y, Liu X. A vaccine candidate of attenuated genotype Ⅶ Newcastle disease virus generated by reverse genetics. Vaccine,2009,27(6):904-910.
[83]胡顺林,孙庆,吴艳涛,等.用反向遗传技术致弱基因Ⅶd型鹅源新城疫病毒ZJI株.微生物学报,2007,47(2)：197-200.
[84]李东伟,刘怀然,刘培欣,刘胜旺,孔宪刚,华育平.黑龙江部分地区野鸟源新城疫病毒HN、P基因的克隆和序列分析.中国预防兽医学报,2010(3)：228-231.
[85]Wang Y. Duan Z, Hu S, Kai Y, Wang X, Song Q, Zhong L. Sun Q, Wu Y, Liu X. Lack of detection of host associated differences in Newcastle disease viruses of genotype Vlld isolated from chickens and geese. Virol J,2012,9:197.
[86]Hu Z, Hu J. Hu S. Liu X, Wang X, Zhu J. Strong innate immune response and cell death in chicken splenocytes infected with genotype Vlld Newcastle disease virus. Virol J,2012,9:208.
[87]Miller PJ, Kim LM, Ip HS, Afonso CL. Evolutionary dynamics of Newcastle disease virus. Virology, 2009,391(1):64-72.
[88]Kim SH. Nayak S, Paldurai A, Nayak B, Samuel A, Aplogan GL, Awoume KA, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF, Collins PL, Samal SK. Complete genome sequence of a novel Newcastle disease virus strain isolated from a chicken in West Africa. J Virol,2012.86(20):11394-11395.
[89]梁蓉,黄高昇.陈协群,等.人成纤维样基质细胞系对HL-60细胞增殖和VEGF表达的影响.中国实验血液学杂志,2003,11(5)：476-479.
[90]Kournikakis B, Fildes J. Titration of avirulent Newcastle disease virus by the plaque assay method. JVirol Methods,1988,20(4)：285-293.
[91]Umino Y, Kohama T, Sugiura A. Plaque formation of Newcastle disease virus in primary chicken kidney cells. Behring Inst Mitt,1991(89):59-66.
[92]Reeve P, Poste G. Studies on the cytopathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus:Relationship between virulence, polyaryocytosis and plaque size. J Gen Virol,1971(11):17-24.
[93]王志亮,刘华雷.新城疫.北京:中国农业出版社,2012:24-25.
[94]Krishnamurthy S, Samal SK. Nucleotide sequences of the trailer, nucleocapsid protein gene and intergenic regions of Newcastle disease virus strain Beaudette C and completion of the entire genome sequence. J Gen Virol,1998,79 (Pt 10):2419-2424.
[95]Suzu S, Sakai Y, Shioda T, Shibuta H. Nucleotide sequence of the bovine parainfluenza 3 virus genome:the genes of the F and HN glycoproteins. Nucleic Acids Res,1987,15(7):2945-2958.
[96]Chen L, Colman PM. Cosgrove LJ. Lawrence MC. Lawrence LJ, Tulloch PA. German JJ. Cloning, expression, and crystallization of the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virology,2001, 290(2):290-299.
[97]Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Imai K, Inocencio NM. Gotoh B, Hamaguchi M, Nagai Y. Structural comparison of the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein between virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. Virology,1987,158(1):242-247.
[98]Panshin A, Shihmanter E, Weisman Y, Orvell C, Lipkind M. Variability of antigenic epitopes of the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis,1998,21(1):51-63.
[99]Gravel KA, Morrison TG. Interacting domains of the HN and F proteins of newcastle disease virus. J Virol,2003,77(20):11040-11049.
[100]Meulemans G, Gonze M, Carlier MC, Petit P, Burny A, Long L. Protective effects of HN and F glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies on experimental Newcastle disease. Avian Pathol,1986, 15(4):761-768.
[101]Khattar SK, Yan Y, Panda A, Collins PL. Samal SK. A Y526Q mutation in the Newcastle disease virus HN protein reduces its functional activities and attenuates virus replication and pathogenicity. J Virol,2009,83(15):7779-7782.
[102]Mirza AM, Iorio RM. A mutation in the stalk of the newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein prevents triggering of the F protein despite allowing efficient HN-F complex formation. J Virol,2013,87(15):8813-8815.
[103]Sanchez-Felipe L, Villar E, Munoz-Barroso I. Entry of Newcastle Disease Virus into the host cell: Role of acidic pH and endocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta,2013.
[104]Qin ZM, Tan LT, Xu HY, Ma BC, Wang YL, Yuan XY, Liu WJ. Pathotypical characterization and molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus isolates from different hosts in China from 1996 to 2005. J Clin Microbiol,2008,46(2):601-611.
[105]B L, E W, J H, A B-P, EF K, O W, G M, PH J, AP M, AL G, I C, J D. Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years in western Europe were caused by an old (VI) and a novel genotype (VII). Arch Virol, 1998,143(1):49-64.
[106]曹殿军,郭鑫.我国部分地区NDV的分子流行病学研究.中国预防兽医学报,2001,23(1)：29-32.
[107]秦卓明,马保臣,何叶峰,等.新城疫病毒HN和F基因遗传变异相关性的研究.微生物学报,2006,46(2)：227-232.
[108]段旭基,张鹏,吴朋朋,等.秦岭北麓关中地区野鸟源基因Ⅸ型新城疫病毒病原学监测及分离株毒力测定.中国兽医学报,2013,33(8)：1163-1169.
[109]刘秀梵.我国新城疫病毒的分子流行病学及新疫苗研制.中国家禽,2010,32(21)：1-4.
[110]吴双,胡增磊,王伟伟,等.2006～2008年华东地区新城疫病毒HN基因序列分析.中国动物传染病学报,2010,18(2)：61-66.
[111]Mahon PJ, Mirza AM, Iorio RM. Role of the two sialic acid binding sites on the newcastle disease virus HN protein in triggering the interaction with the F protein required for the promotion of fusion. J Virol,2011,85(22):12079-12082.
[112]McGinnes LW, Morrison TG. Inhibition of receptor binding stabilizes Newcastle disease virus HN and F protein-containing complexes. J Virol,2006,80(6):2894-2903.
[113]Romer-Oberdorfer A. Werner O, Veits J, Mebatsion T. Mettenleiter TC. Contribution of the length of the HN protein and the sequence of the F protein cleavage site to Newcastle disease virus pathogenicity. J Gen Virol,2003,84(Pt 11):3121-3129.
[114]Mohan CM, Dey S, Kumanan K. Molecular changes of the fusion protein gene of chicken embryo fibroblast-adapted velogenic Newcastle disease virus:effect on its pathogenicity. Avian Dis,2005, 49(1):56-62.
[115]Samal S, Khattar SK, Kumar S, Collins PL, Samal SK. Coordinate deletion of N-glycans from the heptad repeats of the fusion F protein of Newcastle disease virus yields a hyperfusogenic virus with increased replication, virulence, and immunogenicity. J Virol,2012,86(5):2501-2511.
[116]Alexander DJ. Avian Paramyxoviridae--recent developments. Vet Microbiol,1990,23(1-4):
[117]Courtney SC, Susta L, Gomez D, Hines NL, Pedersen JC, Brown CC, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Highly divergent virulent isolates of Newcastle disease virus from the Dominican Republic are members of a new genotype that may have evolved unnoticed for over 2 decades. J Clin Microbiol,2013,51(2): 508-517.
[118]Herczeg J, Wehmann E, Bragg RR, Travassos Dias PM, Hadjiev G, Werner O, Lomniczi B. Two novel genetic groups (Ⅶb and Ⅷ) responsible for recent Newcastle disease outbreaks in Southern Africa, one (Ⅶb) of which reached Southern Europe. Arch Virol,1999,144(11):2087-2099.
[119]Seal BS, Wise MG, Pedersen JC, Senne DA, Alvarez R, Scott MS, King DJ, Yu Q, Kapczynski DR. Genomic sequences of low-virulence avian paramyxovirus-1 (Newcastle disease virus) isolates obtained from live-bird markets in North America not related to commonly utilized commercial vaccine strains. Vet Microbiol,2005,106(1-2):7-16.
[120]Snoeck CJ, Owoade AA, Couacy-Hymann E, Alkali BR, Okwen MP, Adeyanju AT, Komoyo GF, Nakoune E, Le Faou A, Muller CP. High genetic diversity of Newcastle disease virus in poultry in West and Central Africa:cocirculation of genotype XIV and newly defined genotypes ⅩⅦ and ⅩⅧ. J Clin Microbiol,2013,51(7):2250-2260.
[121]Wang LC, Pan CH, Severinghaus LL, Liu LY, Chen CT, Pu CE, Huang D, Lir JT, Chin SC, Cheng MC, Lee SH, Wang CH. Simultaneous detection and differentiation of Newcastle disease and avian influenza viruses using oligonucleotide microarrays. Vet Microbiol,2008,127(3-4):217-226.
[122]Al-Garib SO, Gielkens AL, Gruys DE, Hartog L, Koch G. Immunoglobulin class distribution of systemic and mucosal antibody responses to Newcastle disease in chickens. Avian Dis,2003,47(1):
[123]Liu H, Chen F, Zhao Y, Zheng D, Li J, Xu T, Qi L, Wang Z. Genomic characterization of the first class I Newcastle disease virus isolated from the mainland of China. Virus Genes,2010,40(3): 365-371.
[124]Huang Y, Wan HQ, Liu HQ, Wu YT, Liu XF. Genomic sequence of an isolate of Newcastle disease virus isolated from an outbreak in geese:a novel six nucleotide insertion in the non-coding region of the nucleoprotein gene. Brief Report. Arch Virol,2004,149(7):1445-1457.
[125]Phillips RJ, Samson ACR, Emmerson PT. Nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminus of Newcastle disease virus and assembly of the complete genomic sequence agreement with the rule of six. Archives of Virology 1998,143:1993-2002.
[126]Chambers P, Millar NS, Bingham RW, Emmerson PT. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA to Newcastle disease virus, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the junction between the genes encoding the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase and the large protein. J Gen Virol,1986,67 (Pt 3): 475-486.
[127]Yan Y, Rout SN, Kim SH, Samal SK. Role of untranslated regions of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene in replication and pathogenicity of newcastle disease virus. J Virol,2009,83(11):5943-5946.
[128]Zhang S, Wang X, Zhao C, Liu D, Hu Y, Zhao J, Zhang G. Phylogenetic and pathotypical analysis of two virulent Newcastle disease viruses isolated from domestic ducks in China. PLoS One,2011, 6(9):e25000.
[129]Samuel A, Nayak B, Paldurai A, Xiao S, Aplogan GL, Awoume KA, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF, Collins PL, Samal SK. Phylogenetic and pathotypic characterization of newcastle disease viruses circulating in west Africa and efficacy of a current vaccine. J Clin Microbiol,2013,51(3):771-781.
[130]T.A K, C.A R, S.F R, A A, J.L W, P.J M, C.L A. Phylogenetic and biological characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol,2010,48(5):1892-1894.
[131]Newcastle disease//World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties O Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Mammals, Birds and Bees).2008: 576-589.
[132]Nishikawa K, Isomura S, Suzuki S, Watanabe E, Hamaguchi M, Yoshida T, Nagai Y. Monoclonal antibodies to the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. Biological characterization and use for strain comparisons. Virology,1983,130(2):318-330.
[133]Pantua HD, McGinnes LW, Peeples ME, Morrison TG. Requirements for the assembly and release of Newcastle disease virus-like particles. J Virol,2006,80(22):11062-11073.
[134]Seal BS, Crawford JM, Sellers HS, Locke DP, King DJ. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the Paramyxoviridae. Virus Res,2002,83(1-2):119-129.
[135]Seal BS, King DJ, Meinersmann RJ. Molecular evolution of the Newcastle disease virus matrix protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae. Virus Res,2000,66(1): 1-11.
[136]傅光华,黄瑜,程龙飞,等.7株新城疫病毒V基因遗传变异与病毒的基因分型.福建农林大学学报：自然科学版,2012,41(1)：73-77.
[137]Yan Y, Samal SK. Role of intergenic sequences in newcastle disease virus RNA transcription and pathogenesis. J Virol,2008,82(3):1323-1331.
[138]吴双,黄伟平,王伟伟,等.2008年江苏地区基因Ⅶd亚型新城疫病毒遗传变异分析.畜牧兽医学报,2009,40(12)：1782-1787.
[139]石跃,刘怀然,刘培欣,等.一株野鸭源基因Ⅲ型新城疫病毒主要生物学特性及基因组序列测定分析.中国预防兽医学报,2011,33(5)：391-394.
[140]刘秀梵,胡顺林.新城疫病毒的进化及其新型疫苗的研制.中国兽药杂志,2010,44(1)：12-18.
[2]Alexander DJ, Chettle NJ, Parsons G. Resistance of chickens to challenge with the virulent Herts 33 strain of Newcastle disease virus induced by prior infection with serologically distinct avian paramyxoviruses. Res Vet Sci,1979,26(2):198-201.
[3]Liu XF, Wan HQ, Ni XX, Wu YT, Liu WB. Pathotypical and genotypical characterization of strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in chicken and goose flocks in some regions of China during 1985-2001. Arch Virol,2003,148(7):1387-1403.
[4]Barlic-Maganja D, Krapez U, Mankoc S, Toplak I, Rojs OZ. Fusion and matrix protein gene sequence analysis of paramyxoviruses of type 1(PMV-1) isolated from pigeons in Slovenia. Virus Genes,2005,31(3):265-273.
[5]Chen S, Hao H, Wang X, Du E, Liu H, Yang T, Liu Y, Fu X, Zhang P, Yang Z. Genomic characterisation of a lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strain HX01 isolated from sick pigs in China. Virus Genes,2013,46(2):264-270.
[6]Kumanan K, Mathivanan B, Vijayarani K, Gandhi AA, Ramadass P, Nachimuthu K. Biological and molecular characterization of Indian isolates of Newcastle disease virus from pigeons. Acta Virol, 2005,49(2):105-109.
[7]孙杰,刁有祥,李建侠,等.10株鸭源新城疫病毒的分离鉴定及F基因遗传进化分析.畜牧兽医学报,2010,41(8)：1054-1060.
[8]王永坤,田慧芳,周继宏,等.鹅副黏病毒病的研究.中国家禽,1998,20(4)：3-5.
[9]徐怀英,秦卓明,王友令,等.中国水禽新城疫病毒F和HN基因变异的相关性研究.畜牧兽医学报,2009,40(3)：394-401.
[10]Choi KS, Kye SJ, Kim JY, Damasco VR, Sorn S, Lee YJ, Choi JG, Kang HM, Kim KI, Song BM, Lee HS. Molecular epidemiological investigation of velogenic Newcastle disease viruses from village chickens in Cambodia. Virus Genes,2013.
[11 Ruenphet S, Jahangir A, Shoham D, Takehara K. Situation of serum antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in slaughter-age ostriches after vaccination campaign in Japan. J Vet Med Sci,2012, 74(4):477-480.
[12]Ruenphet S, Satoh K, Tsujimura M, Hasegawa T, Takehara K. Strategies of newcastle disease vaccination for commercial ostrich farms in Japan. J Vet Med Sci,2012,74(7):905-908.
[13]Wang X, Gong Z, Zhao L, Wang J, Sun G, Liu Y, Tao P, Zhang H, Li S, Jiang F, Hu Y, Zhang X. Complete genome sequences of newcastle disease virus strains isolated from three different poultry species in china. Genome Announc,2013,1(4).
[14]Yuan X, Wang Y, Li J, Yu K, Yang J, Xu H, Zhang Y, Ai H, Wang J. Surveillance and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus in seafowl from coastal areas of China in 2011. Virus Genes,2013,46(2):377-382.
[15]Peeters BP, Gruijthuijsen YK, de Leeuw OS, Gielkens AL. Genome replication of Newcastle disease virus:involvement of the rule-of-six. Arch Virol,2000,145(9):1829-1845.
[16]Phillips RJ, Samson AC, Emmerson PT. Nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminus of Newcastle disease virus and assembly of the complete genomic sequence:agreement with the "rule of six". Arch Virol.,1998,143(10):1993-2002.
[17]Florman AL. Hemagglutination with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1947, 64(4):458-463.
[18]Winslow BJ, R.P.Hanson, E.Upton, C.A.brandly. Agglutination of mammalian erythrocytes by Newcastle disease virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1950(74):174-178.
[19]Schirrmacher V. In situ analysis of tumor-specific CTL effector and memory responses elicited by tumor vaccination. int J Oncol,1999,15(2):217-227.
[20]Phuangsab A, Lorence RM, Reichard KW, Peeples ME, Walter RJ. Newcastle disease virus therapy of human tumor xenografts:antitumor effects of local or systemic administration. Cancer Lett,2001, 172(1):27-36.
[21]邱吉庆,金宁一,连海,等.新城疫病毒HN基因对荷C6胶质瘤Wistar大鼠的治疗.世界肿瘤杂志,2004,3(1)：33-35.
[22]孙迎春,金宁一,米志强,等.新城疫病毒HN基因对肝癌细胞SMMC7721的细胞毒性研究. 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志,2005,12(3)：193-196.
[23]连海,金宁一,李霄,等.鸡贫血病毒VP3基因与人IL-18基因的共表达对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402的作用.中国生物制品学杂志.2006,19(3)：229-232.
[24]李亚琳.新城疫病毒抑制肝星状细胞活化的初步研究.重庆医科大学学报,2013,38(5)：494-496.
[25]博强,仇旭升,陈素娟,等.不同NDV株V蛋白多克隆抗体的制备和初步应用.中国预防兽医学报,2013,35(9):702-706.
[26]Cao Y, Gu M, Zhang X, Liu W, Liu X. Complete Genome Sequences of Two Newcastle Disease Virus Strains of Genotype Ⅷ. Genome Announc,2013,1(1).
[27]Ebrahimi MM, Shahsavandi S, Moazenijula G, Shamsara M. Phylogeny and evolution of Newcastle disease virus genotypes isolated in Asia during 2008-2011. Virus Genes,2012,45(1):63-68.
[28]Forrester NL, Widen SG, Wood TG, Travassos da Rosa AP, Ksiazek TG, Vasilakis N, Tesh RB. Identification of a new newcastle disease virus isolate from Indonesia represents an ancestral lineage of class II genotype ⅩⅢ. Virus Genes,2013,47(1):168-172.
[29]Alamares JG, Li J, Iorio RM. Monoclonal antibody routinely used to identify avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus binds to an epitope at the carboxy terminus of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein and recognizes individual mesogenic and velogenic strains. J Clin Microbiol,2005,43(8):4229-4233.
[30]Lee YJ, Sung HW, Choi JG, Kim JH, Song CS. Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in South Korea using sequencing of the fusion protein cleavage site region and phylogenetic relationships. Avian Pathol.2004,33(5):482-491.
[31]Munir M, Cortey M, Abbas M, Qureshi ZU, Afzal F, Shabbir MZ, Khan MT, Ahmed S, Ahmad S, Baule C, Stahl K, Zohari S. Berg M. Biological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a novel genetic group of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in commercial poultry and from backyard poultry flocks in Pakistan. Infect Genet Evol,2012,12(5):1010-1019.
[32]Bogoyavlenskiy A, Berezin V, Prilipov A, Usachev E, Lyapina O, Korotetskiy I, Zaitceva I, Asanova S, Kydyrmanov A, Daulbaeva K, Shakhvorostova L, Sayatov M, King D. Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan during 1998.2000.2001,2003,2004. and 2005 were caused by viruses of the genotypes Ⅶb and Ⅶd. Virus Genes,2009,39(1):94-101.
[33]Diel DG. Susta L, Cardenas Garcia S, Killian ML, Brown CC, Miller PJ. Afonso CL. Complete genome and clinicopathological characterization of a virulent Newcastle disease virus isolate from South America. J Clin Microbiol.2012.50(2):378-387.
[34]Guo H, Liu X, Han Z, Shao Y. Chen J. Zhao S. Kong X. Liu S. Phylogenetic analysis and comparison of eight strains of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) isolated in China between 2010 and 2012. Arch Virol,2013,158(6):1121-1131.
[35]Vidanovic D, Sekler M, Asanin R, Milic N, Nisavic J, Petrovic T, Savic V. Characterization of velogenic Newcastle disease viruses isolated from dead wild birds in Serbia during 2007. J Wildl Dis,2011,47(2):433-441.
[36]Mase M, Murayama K, Karino A, Inoue T. Analysis of the fusion protein gene of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Japan. J Vet Med Sci,2011,73(1):47-54.
[37]Qiu X, Sun Q, Wu S, Dong L, Hu S, Meng C, Wu Y, Liu X. Entire genome sequence analysis of genotype IX Newcastle disease viruses reveals their early-genotype phylogenetic position and recent-genotype genome size. Virol J,2011,8:117.
[38]Ruenphet S. Jahangir A, Shoham D, Morikawa K. Miyoshi Y, Hanawa E, Okamura M, Nakamura M, Takehara K. Surveillance and characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from northern pintail (Anas acuta) in Japan during 2006-09. Avian Dis,2011,55(2):230-235.
[39]Kim BY, Lee DH, Kim MS, Jang JH, Lee YN, Park JK, Yuk SS, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Exchange of Newcastle disease viruses in Korea:the relatedness of isolates between wild birds, live bird markets, poultry farms and neighboring countries. Infect Genet Evol,2012,12(2):478-482.
[40]Ahmad-Raus R, Ali AM, Tan WS, Salleh HM, Eshaghi M, Yusoff K. Localization of the antigenic sites of newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Res Vet Sci, 2009,86(1):174-182.
[41]Maminiaina OF, Gil P, Briand FX, Albina E, Keita D. Andriamanivo HR, Chevalier V, Lancelot R, Martinez D, Rakotondravao R, Rajaonarison JJ, Koko M. Andriantsimahavandy AA, Jestin V, Servan de Almeida R. Newcastle disease virus in Madagascar:identification of an original genotype possibly deriving from a died out ancestor of genotype IV. PLoS ONE,2010,5(11):e13987.
[42]Lwamba HC, Alvarez R. Wise MG. Yu Q. Halvorson D, Njenga MK, Seal BS. Comparison of the full-length genome sequence of avian metapneumovirus subtype C with other paramyxoviruses. Virus Res,2005,107(1):83-92.
[43]Millar NS, Chambers P, Emmerson PT. Nucleotide sequence of the fusion and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein genes of Newcastle disease virus, strain Ulster: molecular basis for variations in pathogenicity between strains. J. Gen. Virol,1988,69:613-620.
[44]Araneta MR, Kamens DR, Zau AC, Gastanaga VM, Schlangen KM, Hiliopoulos KM, Gray GC. Conception and pregnancy during the Persian Gulf War:the risk to women veterans. Ann Epidemiol, 2004,14(2):109-116.
[45]Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Hirota H, Gotoh B, Kuma K, Miyata T, Nagai Y. Newcastle disease virus evolution. Ⅱ. Lack of gene recombination in generating virulent and avirulent strains. Virology, 1989,169(2):273-282.
[46]Yusoff K, Nesbit M, McCartney H, Meulemans G, Alexander DJ, Collins MS, Emmerson PT, Samson AC. Location of neutralizing epitopes on the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus strain Beaudette C. J Gen Virol,1989,70 (Pt 11):3105-3109.
[47]Chen L, Gorman JJ, McKimm-Breschkin J, Lawrence LJ, Tulloch PA, Smith BJ, Colman PM, Lawrence MC. The structure of the fusion glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus suggests a novel paradigm for the molecular mechanism of membrane fusion. Structure,2001,9(3):255-266.
[48]Sakaguchi T, Toyoda T, Gotoh B, Inocencio NM, Kuma K, Miyata T, Nagai Y. Newcastle disease virus evolution. I. Multiple lineages defined by sequence variability of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene. Virology,1989,169(2):260-272.
[49]Connaris H, Takimoto T, Russell R, Crennel S, Moustafa I, Portner A. Probing the sialic acid binding site of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of newcastle disease virus:identification of key amino acids involved in cell binding, catalysis, and fusion. Journal of virology,2002,76(4): 1816-1824.
[50]Crennell S, Takimoto T, Portner A, Taylor G. Crystal strcture of the multifunctional paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. Nature structure Biology,2000,7(11):1068-1074.
[51]Yusoff K, Nesbit M, McCartney H, Emmerson PT, Samson AC. Mapping of three antigenic sites on the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virus Res,1988,11(4): 319-333.
[52]王志玉,王战勇,于修平.糖化作用对新城疫病毒HN糖蛋白功能的影响.病毒学报,2002,18(2)：155-161.
[53]McGinnes L, Sergel T, Morrison T. Mutations in the transmembrane domain of the HN protein of newcastle disease virus affect the structure and activity of the protein, virology,1993,196(1): 101-110.
[54]orio RM, Glickman RL. Fusion mutants of Newcastle disease virus selected with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. J Virol,1992,66(11):6626-6633.
[55]Peeples ME, Bratt MA. UV irradiation analysis of complementation between, and replication of, RNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol,1982,41(3): 965-973.
[56]Wang L, Suo X, Chen FY, Zheng SJ. Expression of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) M protein from a recombinant plasmid prolongs the survival of NDV-infected chicken embryos and enhances the virus replication. Acta Virol,2009,53(2):105-110.
[57]Jang J, Hong SH, Choi D, Choi KS, Kang S, Kim IH. Overexpression of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) V protein enhances NDV production kinetics in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2010,85(5):1509-1520.
[58]仇旭升,孟春春,于洋,等.新城疫病毒P/V/W基因编码产物功能结构域的分析及定位.生物技术通报,2011(1)：191-196.
[59]Hamaguchi M, Yoshida T, Nishikawa K, Naruse H, Nagai Y. Transcriptive complex of Newcastle disease virus. I. Both L and P proteins are required to constitute an active complex. Virology,1983, 128(1):105-117.
[60]Malik YS, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Detection of three avian respiratory viruses by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J Vet Diagn Invest,2004,16(3): 244-248.
[61]Chong YL, Padhi A, Hudson PJ, Poss M. The effect of vaccination on the evolution and population dynamics of avian paramyxovirus-1. PLoS Pathog,2010,6(4):e1000872.
[62]Miller PJ, Decanini EL, Afonso CL. Newcastle disease:evolution of genotypes and the related diagnostic challenges. Infect Genet Evol,2010,10(1):26-35.
[63]巩艳艳,崔治中.细胞培养上新城疫病毒HN基因在抗体免疫选择压作用下的抗原表位变异.中国科学(C辑：生命科学),2009(12)：1175-1180.
[64]秦卓明.徐怀英.欧阳文军.等.新城疫病毒毒株交叉鸡胚中和指数及其与F和HN基因变异的相关性.微生物学报.2008,48(2)：226-233.
[65]Chare ER, Gould EA, Holmes EC. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a low rate of homologous recombination in negative-sense RNA viruses. J Gen Virol,2003,84(10):2691-2703.
[66]Qin Z, Sun L, Ma B, Cui Z, Zhu Y, Kitamura Y, Liu W. F gene recombination between genotype Ⅱ and VII Newcastle disease virus. Virus Research,2008,131(2):299-303.
[67]Afonso CL. Not so fast on recombination analysis of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol 2008, 82(18):9303.
[68]Yin Y, Cortey M, Zhang Y, Cui S, Dolz R, Wang J, Gong Z. Molecular characterization of Newcastle disease viruses in Ostriches (Struthio camelus L.):further evidences of recombination within avian paramyxovirus type 1. Vet Microbiol,2011.149(3-4):324-329.
[69]Song Q, Cao Y, Li Q, Gu M, Zhong L, Hu S, Wan H, Liu X. Artificial recombination may influence the evolutionary analysis of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol,2011,85(19):10409-10414.
[70]de Leeuw OS, Koch G, Hartog L, Ravenshorst N, Peeters BP. Virulence of Newcastle disease virus is determined by the cleavage site of the fusion protein and by both the stem region and globular head of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein. J Gen Virol,2005,86(Pt 6):1759-1769.
[71]Peeters B, Verbruggen P, Nelissen F, de Leeuw O. The P gene of Newcastle disease virus does not encode an accessory X protein. J Gen Virol.2004,85(Pt 8):2375-2378.
[72]Tan LT, Xu HY, Wang YL, Qin ZM. Sun L, Liu WJ, Cui ZZ. Molecular Characterization of Three New Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Variants Isolated in China. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2008.46(2):750-753.
[73]Huang Z, Panda A, Elankumaran S, Govindarajan D, Rockemann DD, Samal SK. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus determines tropism and virulence. J Virol,2004,78(8):4176-4184.
[74]Panda A, Elankumaran S, Krishnamurthy S, Huang Z, Samal SK. Loss of N-linked glycosylation from the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein alters virulence of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol. 2004,78(10):4965-4975.
[75]Romer-Oberdorfer A, Veits J, Werner O, Mettenleiter TC. Enhancement of pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus by alteration of specific amino acid residues in the surface glycoproteins F and HN. Avian Dis.2006,50(2):259-263.
[76]Mebatsion T, Verstegen S, De Vaan LT. Romer-Oberdorfer A, Schrier CC. A recombinant newcastle disease virus with low-level V protein expression is immunogenic and lacks pathogenicity for chicken embryos. J Virol.2001,75(1):420-428.
[77]司富龙,鲁会军.金宁一,等.新城疫病毒V蛋白研究进展.动物医学进展,2013(6)：160-163.
[78]Dortmans JC, Rottier PJ, Koch G, Peeters BP. The viral replication complex is associated with the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol,2010,84(19):10113-10120.
[79]Collins MS, Strong I, Alexander DJ. Pathogenicity and phylogenetic evaluation of the variant Newcastle disease viruses termed "pigeon PMV-I viruses" based on the nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene. Arch Virol,1996,141(3-4):635-647.
[80]甘天喻,刘晓文,甘军纪,等.新城疫和鸡痘疫苗基础免疫对重组鸡痘活疫苗免疫效力的影响.中国家禽,2013(19)：19-21.
[81]Morgan RW, Gelb J, Jr., Pope CR, Sondermeijer PJ. Efficacy in chickens of a herpesvirus of turkeys recombinant vaccine containing the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus:onset of protection and effect of maternal antibodies. Avian Dis,1993.37(4):1032-1040.
[82]Hu S, Ma H, Wu Y, Liu W, Wang X. Liu Y, Liu X. A vaccine candidate of attenuated genotype Ⅶ Newcastle disease virus generated by reverse genetics. Vaccine,2009,27(6):904-910.
[83]胡顺林,孙庆,吴艳涛,等.用反向遗传技术致弱基因Ⅶd型鹅源新城疫病毒ZJI株.微生物学报,2007,47(2)：197-200.
[84]李东伟,刘怀然,刘培欣,刘胜旺,孔宪刚,华育平.黑龙江部分地区野鸟源新城疫病毒HN、P基因的克隆和序列分析.中国预防兽医学报,2010(3)：228-231.
[85]Wang Y. Duan Z, Hu S, Kai Y, Wang X, Song Q, Zhong L. Sun Q, Wu Y, Liu X. Lack of detection of host associated differences in Newcastle disease viruses of genotype Vlld isolated from chickens and geese. Virol J,2012,9:197.
[86]Hu Z, Hu J. Hu S. Liu X, Wang X, Zhu J. Strong innate immune response and cell death in chicken splenocytes infected with genotype Vlld Newcastle disease virus. Virol J,2012,9:208.
[87]Miller PJ, Kim LM, Ip HS, Afonso CL. Evolutionary dynamics of Newcastle disease virus. Virology, 2009,391(1):64-72.
[88]Kim SH. Nayak S, Paldurai A, Nayak B, Samuel A, Aplogan GL, Awoume KA, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF, Collins PL, Samal SK. Complete genome sequence of a novel Newcastle disease virus strain isolated from a chicken in West Africa. J Virol,2012.86(20):11394-11395.
[89]梁蓉,黄高昇.陈协群,等.人成纤维样基质细胞系对HL-60细胞增殖和VEGF表达的影响.中国实验血液学杂志,2003,11(5)：476-479.
[90]Kournikakis B, Fildes J. Titration of avirulent Newcastle disease virus by the plaque assay method. JVirol Methods,1988,20(4)：285-293.
[91]Umino Y, Kohama T, Sugiura A. Plaque formation of Newcastle disease virus in primary chicken kidney cells. Behring Inst Mitt,1991(89):59-66.
[92]Reeve P, Poste G. Studies on the cytopathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus:Relationship between virulence, polyaryocytosis and plaque size. J Gen Virol,1971(11):17-24.
[93]王志亮,刘华雷.新城疫.北京:中国农业出版社,2012:24-25.
[94]Krishnamurthy S, Samal SK. Nucleotide sequences of the trailer, nucleocapsid protein gene and intergenic regions of Newcastle disease virus strain Beaudette C and completion of the entire genome sequence. J Gen Virol,1998,79 (Pt 10):2419-2424.
[95]Suzu S, Sakai Y, Shioda T, Shibuta H. Nucleotide sequence of the bovine parainfluenza 3 virus genome:the genes of the F and HN glycoproteins. Nucleic Acids Res,1987,15(7):2945-2958.
[96]Chen L, Colman PM. Cosgrove LJ. Lawrence MC. Lawrence LJ, Tulloch PA. German JJ. Cloning, expression, and crystallization of the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Virology,2001, 290(2):290-299.
[97]Toyoda T, Sakaguchi T, Imai K, Inocencio NM. Gotoh B, Hamaguchi M, Nagai Y. Structural comparison of the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein between virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. Virology,1987,158(1):242-247.
[98]Panshin A, Shihmanter E, Weisman Y, Orvell C, Lipkind M. Variability of antigenic epitopes of the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis,1998,21(1):51-63.
[99]Gravel KA, Morrison TG. Interacting domains of the HN and F proteins of newcastle disease virus. J Virol,2003,77(20):11040-11049.
[100]Meulemans G, Gonze M, Carlier MC, Petit P, Burny A, Long L. Protective effects of HN and F glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies on experimental Newcastle disease. Avian Pathol,1986, 15(4):761-768.
[101]Khattar SK, Yan Y, Panda A, Collins PL. Samal SK. A Y526Q mutation in the Newcastle disease virus HN protein reduces its functional activities and attenuates virus replication and pathogenicity. J Virol,2009,83(15):7779-7782.
[102]Mirza AM, Iorio RM. A mutation in the stalk of the newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein prevents triggering of the F protein despite allowing efficient HN-F complex formation. J Virol,2013,87(15):8813-8815.
[103]Sanchez-Felipe L, Villar E, Munoz-Barroso I. Entry of Newcastle Disease Virus into the host cell: Role of acidic pH and endocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta,2013.
[104]Qin ZM, Tan LT, Xu HY, Ma BC, Wang YL, Yuan XY, Liu WJ. Pathotypical characterization and molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus isolates from different hosts in China from 1996 to 2005. J Clin Microbiol,2008,46(2):601-611.
[105]B L, E W, J H, A B-P, EF K, O W, G M, PH J, AP M, AL G, I C, J D. Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years in western Europe were caused by an old (VI) and a novel genotype (VII). Arch Virol, 1998,143(1):49-64.
[106]曹殿军,郭鑫.我国部分地区NDV的分子流行病学研究.中国预防兽医学报,2001,23(1)：29-32.
[107]秦卓明,马保臣,何叶峰,等.新城疫病毒HN和F基因遗传变异相关性的研究.微生物学报,2006,46(2)：227-232.
[108]段旭基,张鹏,吴朋朋,等.秦岭北麓关中地区野鸟源基因Ⅸ型新城疫病毒病原学监测及分离株毒力测定.中国兽医学报,2013,33(8)：1163-1169.
[109]刘秀梵.我国新城疫病毒的分子流行病学及新疫苗研制.中国家禽,2010,32(21)：1-4.
[110]吴双,胡增磊,王伟伟,等.2006～2008年华东地区新城疫病毒HN基因序列分析.中国动物传染病学报,2010,18(2)：61-66.
[111]Mahon PJ, Mirza AM, Iorio RM. Role of the two sialic acid binding sites on the newcastle disease virus HN protein in triggering the interaction with the F protein required for the promotion of fusion. J Virol,2011,85(22):12079-12082.
[112]McGinnes LW, Morrison TG. Inhibition of receptor binding stabilizes Newcastle disease virus HN and F protein-containing complexes. J Virol,2006,80(6):2894-2903.
[113]Romer-Oberdorfer A. Werner O, Veits J, Mebatsion T. Mettenleiter TC. Contribution of the length of the HN protein and the sequence of the F protein cleavage site to Newcastle disease virus pathogenicity. J Gen Virol,2003,84(Pt 11):3121-3129.
[114]Mohan CM, Dey S, Kumanan K. Molecular changes of the fusion protein gene of chicken embryo fibroblast-adapted velogenic Newcastle disease virus:effect on its pathogenicity. Avian Dis,2005, 49(1):56-62.
[115]Samal S, Khattar SK, Kumar S, Collins PL, Samal SK. Coordinate deletion of N-glycans from the heptad repeats of the fusion F protein of Newcastle disease virus yields a hyperfusogenic virus with increased replication, virulence, and immunogenicity. J Virol,2012,86(5):2501-2511.
[116]Alexander DJ. Avian Paramyxoviridae--recent developments. Vet Microbiol,1990,23(1-4):
[117]Courtney SC, Susta L, Gomez D, Hines NL, Pedersen JC, Brown CC, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Highly divergent virulent isolates of Newcastle disease virus from the Dominican Republic are members of a new genotype that may have evolved unnoticed for over 2 decades. J Clin Microbiol,2013,51(2): 508-517.
[118]Herczeg J, Wehmann E, Bragg RR, Travassos Dias PM, Hadjiev G, Werner O, Lomniczi B. Two novel genetic groups (Ⅶb and Ⅷ) responsible for recent Newcastle disease outbreaks in Southern Africa, one (Ⅶb) of which reached Southern Europe. Arch Virol,1999,144(11):2087-2099.
[119]Seal BS, Wise MG, Pedersen JC, Senne DA, Alvarez R, Scott MS, King DJ, Yu Q, Kapczynski DR. Genomic sequences of low-virulence avian paramyxovirus-1 (Newcastle disease virus) isolates obtained from live-bird markets in North America not related to commonly utilized commercial vaccine strains. Vet Microbiol,2005,106(1-2):7-16.
[120]Snoeck CJ, Owoade AA, Couacy-Hymann E, Alkali BR, Okwen MP, Adeyanju AT, Komoyo GF, Nakoune E, Le Faou A, Muller CP. High genetic diversity of Newcastle disease virus in poultry in West and Central Africa:cocirculation of genotype XIV and newly defined genotypes ⅩⅦ and ⅩⅧ. J Clin Microbiol,2013,51(7):2250-2260.
[121]Wang LC, Pan CH, Severinghaus LL, Liu LY, Chen CT, Pu CE, Huang D, Lir JT, Chin SC, Cheng MC, Lee SH, Wang CH. Simultaneous detection and differentiation of Newcastle disease and avian influenza viruses using oligonucleotide microarrays. Vet Microbiol,2008,127(3-4):217-226.
[122]Al-Garib SO, Gielkens AL, Gruys DE, Hartog L, Koch G. Immunoglobulin class distribution of systemic and mucosal antibody responses to Newcastle disease in chickens. Avian Dis,2003,47(1):
[123]Liu H, Chen F, Zhao Y, Zheng D, Li J, Xu T, Qi L, Wang Z. Genomic characterization of the first class I Newcastle disease virus isolated from the mainland of China. Virus Genes,2010,40(3): 365-371.
[124]Huang Y, Wan HQ, Liu HQ, Wu YT, Liu XF. Genomic sequence of an isolate of Newcastle disease virus isolated from an outbreak in geese:a novel six nucleotide insertion in the non-coding region of the nucleoprotein gene. Brief Report. Arch Virol,2004,149(7):1445-1457.
[125]Phillips RJ, Samson ACR, Emmerson PT. Nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminus of Newcastle disease virus and assembly of the complete genomic sequence agreement with the rule of six. Archives of Virology 1998,143:1993-2002.
[126]Chambers P, Millar NS, Bingham RW, Emmerson PT. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA to Newcastle disease virus, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the junction between the genes encoding the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase and the large protein. J Gen Virol,1986,67 (Pt 3): 475-486.
[127]Yan Y, Rout SN, Kim SH, Samal SK. Role of untranslated regions of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene in replication and pathogenicity of newcastle disease virus. J Virol,2009,83(11):5943-5946.
[128]Zhang S, Wang X, Zhao C, Liu D, Hu Y, Zhao J, Zhang G. Phylogenetic and pathotypical analysis of two virulent Newcastle disease viruses isolated from domestic ducks in China. PLoS One,2011, 6(9):e25000.
[129]Samuel A, Nayak B, Paldurai A, Xiao S, Aplogan GL, Awoume KA, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF, Collins PL, Samal SK. Phylogenetic and pathotypic characterization of newcastle disease viruses circulating in west Africa and efficacy of a current vaccine. J Clin Microbiol,2013,51(3):771-781.
[130]T.A K, C.A R, S.F R, A A, J.L W, P.J M, C.L A. Phylogenetic and biological characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol,2010,48(5):1892-1894.
[131]Newcastle disease//World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties O Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Mammals, Birds and Bees).2008: 576-589.
[132]Nishikawa K, Isomura S, Suzuki S, Watanabe E, Hamaguchi M, Yoshida T, Nagai Y. Monoclonal antibodies to the HN glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. Biological characterization and use for strain comparisons. Virology,1983,130(2):318-330.
[133]Pantua HD, McGinnes LW, Peeples ME, Morrison TG. Requirements for the assembly and release of Newcastle disease virus-like particles. J Virol,2006,80(22):11062-11073.
[134]Seal BS, Crawford JM, Sellers HS, Locke DP, King DJ. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the Paramyxoviridae. Virus Res,2002,83(1-2):119-129.
[135]Seal BS, King DJ, Meinersmann RJ. Molecular evolution of the Newcastle disease virus matrix protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae. Virus Res,2000,66(1): 1-11.
[136]傅光华,黄瑜,程龙飞,等.7株新城疫病毒V基因遗传变异与病毒的基因分型.福建农林大学学报：自然科学版,2012,41(1)：73-77.
[137]Yan Y, Samal SK. Role of intergenic sequences in newcastle disease virus RNA transcription and pathogenesis. J Virol,2008,82(3):1323-1331.
[138]吴双,黄伟平,王伟伟,等.2008年江苏地区基因Ⅶd亚型新城疫病毒遗传变异分析.畜牧兽医学报,2009,40(12)：1782-1787.
[139]石跃,刘怀然,刘培欣,等.一株野鸭源基因Ⅲ型新城疫病毒主要生物学特性及基因组序列测定分析.中国预防兽医学报,2011,33(5)：391-394.
[140]刘秀梵,胡顺林.新城疫病毒的进化及其新型疫苗的研制.中国兽药杂志,2010,44(1)：12-18.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |