北京市典型道路空气中挥发性有机物污染特征与模拟
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摘要
我国高速增长的机动车保有量对城市交通道路环境的空气质量造成严重影响。挥发性有机物(VOCs)是城市交通道路的主要污染物之一。由于受机动车队特征与流量、街道地形特征和气象条件等因素的影响,城市交通道路空气中VOCs的浓度水平呈现一定的动态变化。深入分析不同条件下道路VOCs的污染特征、排放强度与扩散规律,对交通道路VOCs的有效控制具有重要的现实意义。
本文选取交通道路空气中VOCs的主要代表物非甲烷烃(NMHCs)及苯系物(BTEX)为研究对象,考察了不同季节北京市和广州市开阔道路、交叉道路和街道峡谷等3种典型街道中NMHCs和BTEX污染物的浓度变化特征。结果表明,北京市夏季道路空气中的NMHCs和BTEX浓度高于其他三个季节的相应浓度。不同类型交通道路的NMHCs和BTEX浓度则呈现街道峡谷>交叉道路>开阔道路的特征。夏季NMHCs除早晚时段出现峰值外,正午时段浓度也明显升高,这与夏季正午气温高机动车燃油挥发性排放增加有关。广州市夏季NMHCs的浓度水平明显高于北京市同期的NMHCs的浓度,这与广州夏季高温天气造成的NMHCs挥发增强及日照时间长造成的植物源NMHCs排放增多有关。广州市不同类型道路BTEX浓度的相对关系与北京市的情况不同,呈现开阔道路>街道峡谷>交叉道路的特征,这与所选取开阔道路为广州市城区主干道有关。
污染物的相关性分析结果表明,北京市交通道路空气中NMHCs与BTEX及BTEX各组分浓度之间均存在较好的正相关关系。NMHCs和各BTEX浓度与各自的背景值相关性很高,表明城市整体的污染物浓度水平对道路空气中的污染物浓度影响较大；交通流量与BTEX相关性相对较弱,这与B/T值在多数情况下大于1的结果相符。冬季时期BTEX的背景浓度降低,在交通道路BTEX浓度中的贡献减小,因此3种类型道路空气的B/T值均小于1,即空气中BTEX污染物主要来自局部道路交通。
通过基于参数敏感性分析的MOBILE6.2简化方案,计算了北京市机动车的NMHCs和苯排放因子,并采用CALINE4和OSPM等模型分别模拟了开阔道路和交叉道路以及街道峡谷中NMHCs和苯的扩散过程。结果表明,在MOBILE6.2的各项输入参数中,评估年份、温度、登记分布、里程分布、平均速度、I/M项目和雷氏蒸汽压属于机动车非甲烷烃和苯排放因子的敏感性参数；芳香烃含量、苯含量和E300则是机动车苯排放因子的敏感性参数。通过基于参数敏感性分析的MOBILE6.2输入简化方案计算得到的北京市机动车NMHCs和苯排放因子仍具有较高的准确度。采用CALINE4模拟城市中心区的线源污染扩散时,车流量、风速和风向为道路空气污染扩散的敏感性参数。CALINE4对开阔道路和交叉道路非甲烷烃和苯浓度的模拟值与实测值具有较好的相关性。采用OSPM模拟城市街道峡谷内的机动车污染扩散时,风速和风向为污染扩散的敏感性参数。OSPM模型对街道峡谷非甲烷烃和苯浓度的模拟值与实测值具有较好的相关性,但当对照点的苯浓度较高时,OSPM的最终模拟值出现正向偏差。
The high-speed growth of motor vehicles in the urban areas in China imposed a severe impact on the local air quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of major pollutants in the atmosphere of the urban traffic roads. The levels of VOCs can be influenced by the traffic fleet profiles, street geometry and meteological conditions, therefore show some dynamics. Further understanding of the characteristics of the VOCs, their emission factors and the disperstion patterns would help much the effective control of the VOCs from road traffic.
Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) as one of the major groups in VOCs as well as the group of benzene, toluene, Ethylbenzene and xylene as BTEX were chosen in this study for investigating the dynamics of NMHCs and BTEX in the three typical roads in Beijing and Guangzhou, namely open roads, intersections and street canyons. The results show that the levels of NMHCs and BTEX in the traffic atmosphere in Beiing in summer were noticeably higher than those in the other three seasons. The levels of NMHCs and BTEX followed the order of street canyons>intersections>open roads. Except for the two rush periods, the levels of NMHCs in summer also increased during the noon time. This can be attributed to an increase in the evaporation of the fuel with high temperatures near noon time. The levels of NMHCs in the summer in Guangzhou were notable higher than those in Beijing. This can be explained by the fact that the evaporation of NMHCs was enhanced with high temperatures in the summer of Guangzhou and the more sun light led to more emission of NMHCs from the plants. The levels of BTEX in Guangzhou was in the order of open roads>street canyons>intersections, differing from the order found in Beijing. This can be due to the selection of the main road as the open road in Guangzhou.
Based on the results of the correlation analysis of the pollutants, the levels of NMHCs and BTEX had a close positive correlation, which was also ture among the BTEX components. The NMHCs and BTEX had close correlations with their backgrounds, suggesting that the local backgrounds contributed largely to tested concentrations. The correlation between the levels of the pollutants and the traffic volume was low, which was consistent with the B/T values of<1in most cases. The background values of BTEX in the winter decreased and its contribution dropped. The ratios of B/T were thus seen<1, suggesting that BTEX in that period was of a local origin.
A parameter sensitivity-based simplified MOBILE6.2was used to calculate the emission factors of NMHCs and benzene for the traffic roads in Beijing, and then CALINE4and OSPM packages were adopted to model the dispersion of NMHCs and benzene in the road atmosphere. The results showed that, among the input parameters of MOBILE6.2package, calendar year, temperature, registration distribution, vehicle mileage traveled, arerage speed, I/M program and Reid vapor pressure were sensitive for the modeling of the emissions of NMHCs and benzene. Aromatic content, benzene content and E300were found to be sensitive parameters only for the calculation of benzene emission. The calculation results by using the simplified MOBILE6.2based on the parameter sensitivity analysis still had a high accuracy for the modeling of NMHCs and benzene.
When using CALINE4for the modeling of the dispersion of a line-source pollution, traffic volume, wind speed and wind direction were the sensitive parameters in determining the dispersion of the air pollutants. The modeling results of NMHCs and benzene from CALINE4agreed well with the tested values. In terms of OSPM model, wind speed and direction was shown as sensitive parameters in the modeling of traffic emission dispersions in the street canyons. The correlation between the modeled NMHCs and benzene agreed well with the measured. When the concentrations of benzene in the control site increased, a positive deviation of the modeling value was expected.
本文选取交通道路空气中VOCs的主要代表物非甲烷烃(NMHCs)及苯系物(BTEX)为研究对象,考察了不同季节北京市和广州市开阔道路、交叉道路和街道峡谷等3种典型街道中NMHCs和BTEX污染物的浓度变化特征。结果表明,北京市夏季道路空气中的NMHCs和BTEX浓度高于其他三个季节的相应浓度。不同类型交通道路的NMHCs和BTEX浓度则呈现街道峡谷>交叉道路>开阔道路的特征。夏季NMHCs除早晚时段出现峰值外,正午时段浓度也明显升高,这与夏季正午气温高机动车燃油挥发性排放增加有关。广州市夏季NMHCs的浓度水平明显高于北京市同期的NMHCs的浓度,这与广州夏季高温天气造成的NMHCs挥发增强及日照时间长造成的植物源NMHCs排放增多有关。广州市不同类型道路BTEX浓度的相对关系与北京市的情况不同,呈现开阔道路>街道峡谷>交叉道路的特征,这与所选取开阔道路为广州市城区主干道有关。
污染物的相关性分析结果表明,北京市交通道路空气中NMHCs与BTEX及BTEX各组分浓度之间均存在较好的正相关关系。NMHCs和各BTEX浓度与各自的背景值相关性很高,表明城市整体的污染物浓度水平对道路空气中的污染物浓度影响较大；交通流量与BTEX相关性相对较弱,这与B/T值在多数情况下大于1的结果相符。冬季时期BTEX的背景浓度降低,在交通道路BTEX浓度中的贡献减小,因此3种类型道路空气的B/T值均小于1,即空气中BTEX污染物主要来自局部道路交通。
通过基于参数敏感性分析的MOBILE6.2简化方案,计算了北京市机动车的NMHCs和苯排放因子,并采用CALINE4和OSPM等模型分别模拟了开阔道路和交叉道路以及街道峡谷中NMHCs和苯的扩散过程。结果表明,在MOBILE6.2的各项输入参数中,评估年份、温度、登记分布、里程分布、平均速度、I/M项目和雷氏蒸汽压属于机动车非甲烷烃和苯排放因子的敏感性参数；芳香烃含量、苯含量和E300则是机动车苯排放因子的敏感性参数。通过基于参数敏感性分析的MOBILE6.2输入简化方案计算得到的北京市机动车NMHCs和苯排放因子仍具有较高的准确度。采用CALINE4模拟城市中心区的线源污染扩散时,车流量、风速和风向为道路空气污染扩散的敏感性参数。CALINE4对开阔道路和交叉道路非甲烷烃和苯浓度的模拟值与实测值具有较好的相关性。采用OSPM模拟城市街道峡谷内的机动车污染扩散时,风速和风向为污染扩散的敏感性参数。OSPM模型对街道峡谷非甲烷烃和苯浓度的模拟值与实测值具有较好的相关性,但当对照点的苯浓度较高时,OSPM的最终模拟值出现正向偏差。
The high-speed growth of motor vehicles in the urban areas in China imposed a severe impact on the local air quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of major pollutants in the atmosphere of the urban traffic roads. The levels of VOCs can be influenced by the traffic fleet profiles, street geometry and meteological conditions, therefore show some dynamics. Further understanding of the characteristics of the VOCs, their emission factors and the disperstion patterns would help much the effective control of the VOCs from road traffic.
Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) as one of the major groups in VOCs as well as the group of benzene, toluene, Ethylbenzene and xylene as BTEX were chosen in this study for investigating the dynamics of NMHCs and BTEX in the three typical roads in Beijing and Guangzhou, namely open roads, intersections and street canyons. The results show that the levels of NMHCs and BTEX in the traffic atmosphere in Beiing in summer were noticeably higher than those in the other three seasons. The levels of NMHCs and BTEX followed the order of street canyons>intersections>open roads. Except for the two rush periods, the levels of NMHCs in summer also increased during the noon time. This can be attributed to an increase in the evaporation of the fuel with high temperatures near noon time. The levels of NMHCs in the summer in Guangzhou were notable higher than those in Beijing. This can be explained by the fact that the evaporation of NMHCs was enhanced with high temperatures in the summer of Guangzhou and the more sun light led to more emission of NMHCs from the plants. The levels of BTEX in Guangzhou was in the order of open roads>street canyons>intersections, differing from the order found in Beijing. This can be due to the selection of the main road as the open road in Guangzhou.
Based on the results of the correlation analysis of the pollutants, the levels of NMHCs and BTEX had a close positive correlation, which was also ture among the BTEX components. The NMHCs and BTEX had close correlations with their backgrounds, suggesting that the local backgrounds contributed largely to tested concentrations. The correlation between the levels of the pollutants and the traffic volume was low, which was consistent with the B/T values of<1in most cases. The background values of BTEX in the winter decreased and its contribution dropped. The ratios of B/T were thus seen<1, suggesting that BTEX in that period was of a local origin.
A parameter sensitivity-based simplified MOBILE6.2was used to calculate the emission factors of NMHCs and benzene for the traffic roads in Beijing, and then CALINE4and OSPM packages were adopted to model the dispersion of NMHCs and benzene in the road atmosphere. The results showed that, among the input parameters of MOBILE6.2package, calendar year, temperature, registration distribution, vehicle mileage traveled, arerage speed, I/M program and Reid vapor pressure were sensitive for the modeling of the emissions of NMHCs and benzene. Aromatic content, benzene content and E300were found to be sensitive parameters only for the calculation of benzene emission. The calculation results by using the simplified MOBILE6.2based on the parameter sensitivity analysis still had a high accuracy for the modeling of NMHCs and benzene.
When using CALINE4for the modeling of the dispersion of a line-source pollution, traffic volume, wind speed and wind direction were the sensitive parameters in determining the dispersion of the air pollutants. The modeling results of NMHCs and benzene from CALINE4agreed well with the tested values. In terms of OSPM model, wind speed and direction was shown as sensitive parameters in the modeling of traffic emission dispersions in the street canyons. The correlation between the modeled NMHCs and benzene agreed well with the measured. When the concentrations of benzene in the control site increased, a positive deviation of the modeling value was expected.
引文
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