以川北河为例的北京河流生态景观设计研究
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摘要
目前，我国大部分河流存在环境破坏和生态景观进一步恶化等问题。要解决这些问题，单一粗放的治理模式已不可能奏效。为科学改善河流生态景观，健全河流功能，以生态景观理论和方法指导河流建设成为当今世界对河流发展的共识。
北京河流生态景观建设仍处于不断的摸索研究之中，要实现北京河流科学系统的环境保护与功能开发，实现河流可持续发展，探索和完善北京河流生态景观设计的理论与方法是十分必要的。
在景观设计学、城市规划和生态学等学科的相关理论指导下，在明确生态景观与河流生态景观概念基础上，来探索河流生态景观设计的产生、发展与不足。通过探讨生态景观的生成历程、设计理论与方法，进一步论证生态景观设计在本质上是一个人类改善、协调与管理自然环境和社会环境的过程，是在特定空间尺度上对多种资源在功能、结构与格局等方面的合理配置，是以实现人与自然的和谐相处及人类社会的可持续发展为目的。从而揭示了以可持续发展和人水和谐为核心的河流生态景观思想源于生态景观理念。本研究详论了北京地区和国内外河流生态景观的发展过程、理论及方法，并分析了河流生态景观设计的现状与存在问题，认为我国河流生态景观设计在系统性和科学性等方面有待完善。
本研究归纳出北京河流治理的历史进程及北京河流生态景观的现状，探讨了北京河流生态景观建设的社会需求，分析了北京河流与生态景观的关系及相互作用。以生态景观和河流生态景观的设计理论与方法为基础，从科学性和系统性的角度研究北京河流生态景观设计，提出了北京河流生态景观设计的目标、原则和内容，解析了北京河流乡土景观和生态景观廊道的内涵。通过对自然河床滩地、水空间、生态护岸、湿地、生态公益林、生物多样性、水资源保护与利用、历史文化保护与利用、空间场所感塑造、自然景观恢复与利用、亲水景观空间营造、滨水区交通网络、安全性设计、游憩空间利用方式及设施、空间组织、游憩空间景观主要模式、生态缓冲带的构成、河流生态景观廊道连续性、河流生态景观廊道的生态保护与恢复、河流生态景观廊道的空间体系、河流生态景观廊道的环境影响因子及自然性设计等方面内容的研究，归纳出北京河流生态景观设计体系应由生态景观空间安全格局设计、生态设计、乡土景观保护与利用设计、游憩空间设计及生态景观廊道设计五个方面组成。
以北京河流生态景观设计理论和方法为指导，结合川北河生态景观的现状和存在问题，确定以生态空间格局塑造和生态环境的恢复与保护为河流设计内在核心、以自然与人文景观作为河流价值外在体现的川北河生态景观设计理念。提出水系空间格局、生态护坡、湿地恢复与保护、水资源保护与利用、生态公益林、生物多样性、乡土景观分区与设计、游憩空间构成及生态景观廊道等方面的设计方法；并评价川北河生态景观实施的生态效益和建设风险。川北河生态景观设计是北京河流生态景观设计研究在实际应用方面的探索。
本研究为系统性解决北京河流生态景观保护与利用问题提供了有价值的设计理论、方法和技术支持。
At present，most rivers in China are facing severe problems caused by the destruction ofriver environment and further deterioration of ecological landscape. The previouslysingle andextensive approachesare impossible to solve these problems. To improve the ecologicallandscape and complete the functions of river scientifically, it is a consensus on developing theriver based the guidance of ecological landscape theory and methods.
Nowadays, the construction of ecological landscape of Beijing rivers is still in exploration.To realize the environmental protection and function development of Beijingriversscientifically and systematically, and achieve the sustainable development, it is necessary tofurther develop and perfect the theory and methods of ecological landscape design.
Under the guidance of landscape architecture, city planning and ecology, and on the basisof explicit concepts of ecological landscape and river ecological landscape, this paper exploredthe generation, development and deficiency of river ecological landscape. By discussing theprogress, design theories and methods of ecological landscape, this paper further demonstratedthat the essence of ecological landscape design is a process of improving, harmonizing andmanaging the natural environment and social environment, is a reasonable configuration ofvarious resources in space, structure and pattern in particular space scales, and is on the targetto realize harmony between human and nature and realize sustainable development in humansociety. Then this paper revealed that the thought of river ecological landscape, whose coresare sustainable development and harmony between human and river, is originated in thethought of ecological landscape.This study explored the theoryandmethod as well asthedevelopment process ofthe river ecological landscapeboth outand in Beijing area. Besides, italso summarized the development process, theory and methods of river ecological landscape,analyzed the current situation and existing problems of the design of river ecological landscape,and pointd out that our river ecological landscape designs in systematic and scientific aspectsneed to be further improved.
This paper summarized the history process and the status of ecological landscape ofBeijing rivers, discussed the social demand of ecological landscape constructionof Beijing river,analyzed the relationship and interaction between the Beijing rivers and the ecologicallandscape.On the basis of design theory and methods of ecological landscape and riverecological landscape, and from the scientific and systematic point, the ecological landscapedesign of Beijing riverswas studied. We puts forward the target, principle and content of ecological landscape design of Beijing rivers, and analyzes the connotation of vernacularlandscapeand ecological landscape corridorof Beijing rivers. Through the research methods ofriver floodplain, river water space, ecological protection, wetland, ecological buffer area,biodiversity, protection and utilization of water resources, river vernacular landscape spatialpattern and historical form of protection and utilization, natural river morphology recovery,hydrophilic space construction, waterfront landscape setting control, waterfront spacetransportation network, sense of place create, river recreation space types and spatialorganization, recreational space landscape pattern and facilities, river recreation space securityand accessibility, river ecological landscape corridor continuity and ecological restoration, riverecological landscape corridor of land use patterns and space systems,ecological landscapecorridor natural gender and regionalism, we deduced that the Beijing river ecological landscapeis composed of five aspects:ecological landscape security pattern design, ecological design,human landscape protection and utilization design, recreational space design and ecologicallandscape corridor design.
Based the guidance of design theory and method of ecological landscapeof Beijing river,and in combination with the current situation and existing problems of the ChuanbeiRiverecological landscape, we obtained the design idea that we should regard the shaping ofecological space pattern, and recovering and protecting the ecological environment as the core,and take the natural and human landscape as the physical appearance of river system value. Weputted forward design methods of the Chuanbei River about spatial patterns, ecological slopeprotection, wetland restoration and protection, water conservation and utilization, ecologicalforest, biodiversity, cultural landscape zoning and design, space for recreation and ecologicallandscape corridor. And we evaluated the ecological benefits and risks of ecological landscapeconstruction implementation of the Chuanbei River. The ecological landscape designof theChuanbei River is a practical application of the studies on ecological landscape design ofBeijing rivers.
The study provided valuable design theories, methods and technical supports tosystematically solve the protection and utilization of ecological landscape of Beijing rivers.
北京河流生态景观建设仍处于不断的摸索研究之中，要实现北京河流科学系统的环境保护与功能开发，实现河流可持续发展，探索和完善北京河流生态景观设计的理论与方法是十分必要的。
在景观设计学、城市规划和生态学等学科的相关理论指导下，在明确生态景观与河流生态景观概念基础上，来探索河流生态景观设计的产生、发展与不足。通过探讨生态景观的生成历程、设计理论与方法，进一步论证生态景观设计在本质上是一个人类改善、协调与管理自然环境和社会环境的过程，是在特定空间尺度上对多种资源在功能、结构与格局等方面的合理配置，是以实现人与自然的和谐相处及人类社会的可持续发展为目的。从而揭示了以可持续发展和人水和谐为核心的河流生态景观思想源于生态景观理念。本研究详论了北京地区和国内外河流生态景观的发展过程、理论及方法，并分析了河流生态景观设计的现状与存在问题，认为我国河流生态景观设计在系统性和科学性等方面有待完善。
本研究归纳出北京河流治理的历史进程及北京河流生态景观的现状，探讨了北京河流生态景观建设的社会需求，分析了北京河流与生态景观的关系及相互作用。以生态景观和河流生态景观的设计理论与方法为基础，从科学性和系统性的角度研究北京河流生态景观设计，提出了北京河流生态景观设计的目标、原则和内容，解析了北京河流乡土景观和生态景观廊道的内涵。通过对自然河床滩地、水空间、生态护岸、湿地、生态公益林、生物多样性、水资源保护与利用、历史文化保护与利用、空间场所感塑造、自然景观恢复与利用、亲水景观空间营造、滨水区交通网络、安全性设计、游憩空间利用方式及设施、空间组织、游憩空间景观主要模式、生态缓冲带的构成、河流生态景观廊道连续性、河流生态景观廊道的生态保护与恢复、河流生态景观廊道的空间体系、河流生态景观廊道的环境影响因子及自然性设计等方面内容的研究，归纳出北京河流生态景观设计体系应由生态景观空间安全格局设计、生态设计、乡土景观保护与利用设计、游憩空间设计及生态景观廊道设计五个方面组成。
以北京河流生态景观设计理论和方法为指导，结合川北河生态景观的现状和存在问题，确定以生态空间格局塑造和生态环境的恢复与保护为河流设计内在核心、以自然与人文景观作为河流价值外在体现的川北河生态景观设计理念。提出水系空间格局、生态护坡、湿地恢复与保护、水资源保护与利用、生态公益林、生物多样性、乡土景观分区与设计、游憩空间构成及生态景观廊道等方面的设计方法；并评价川北河生态景观实施的生态效益和建设风险。川北河生态景观设计是北京河流生态景观设计研究在实际应用方面的探索。
本研究为系统性解决北京河流生态景观保护与利用问题提供了有价值的设计理论、方法和技术支持。
At present，most rivers in China are facing severe problems caused by the destruction ofriver environment and further deterioration of ecological landscape. The previouslysingle andextensive approachesare impossible to solve these problems. To improve the ecologicallandscape and complete the functions of river scientifically, it is a consensus on developing theriver based the guidance of ecological landscape theory and methods.
Nowadays, the construction of ecological landscape of Beijing rivers is still in exploration.To realize the environmental protection and function development of Beijingriversscientifically and systematically, and achieve the sustainable development, it is necessary tofurther develop and perfect the theory and methods of ecological landscape design.
Under the guidance of landscape architecture, city planning and ecology, and on the basisof explicit concepts of ecological landscape and river ecological landscape, this paper exploredthe generation, development and deficiency of river ecological landscape. By discussing theprogress, design theories and methods of ecological landscape, this paper further demonstratedthat the essence of ecological landscape design is a process of improving, harmonizing andmanaging the natural environment and social environment, is a reasonable configuration ofvarious resources in space, structure and pattern in particular space scales, and is on the targetto realize harmony between human and nature and realize sustainable development in humansociety. Then this paper revealed that the thought of river ecological landscape, whose coresare sustainable development and harmony between human and river, is originated in thethought of ecological landscape.This study explored the theoryandmethod as well asthedevelopment process ofthe river ecological landscapeboth outand in Beijing area. Besides, italso summarized the development process, theory and methods of river ecological landscape,analyzed the current situation and existing problems of the design of river ecological landscape,and pointd out that our river ecological landscape designs in systematic and scientific aspectsneed to be further improved.
This paper summarized the history process and the status of ecological landscape ofBeijing rivers, discussed the social demand of ecological landscape constructionof Beijing river,analyzed the relationship and interaction between the Beijing rivers and the ecologicallandscape.On the basis of design theory and methods of ecological landscape and riverecological landscape, and from the scientific and systematic point, the ecological landscapedesign of Beijing riverswas studied. We puts forward the target, principle and content of ecological landscape design of Beijing rivers, and analyzes the connotation of vernacularlandscapeand ecological landscape corridorof Beijing rivers. Through the research methods ofriver floodplain, river water space, ecological protection, wetland, ecological buffer area,biodiversity, protection and utilization of water resources, river vernacular landscape spatialpattern and historical form of protection and utilization, natural river morphology recovery,hydrophilic space construction, waterfront landscape setting control, waterfront spacetransportation network, sense of place create, river recreation space types and spatialorganization, recreational space landscape pattern and facilities, river recreation space securityand accessibility, river ecological landscape corridor continuity and ecological restoration, riverecological landscape corridor of land use patterns and space systems,ecological landscapecorridor natural gender and regionalism, we deduced that the Beijing river ecological landscapeis composed of five aspects:ecological landscape security pattern design, ecological design,human landscape protection and utilization design, recreational space design and ecologicallandscape corridor design.
Based the guidance of design theory and method of ecological landscapeof Beijing river,and in combination with the current situation and existing problems of the ChuanbeiRiverecological landscape, we obtained the design idea that we should regard the shaping ofecological space pattern, and recovering and protecting the ecological environment as the core,and take the natural and human landscape as the physical appearance of river system value. Weputted forward design methods of the Chuanbei River about spatial patterns, ecological slopeprotection, wetland restoration and protection, water conservation and utilization, ecologicalforest, biodiversity, cultural landscape zoning and design, space for recreation and ecologicallandscape corridor. And we evaluated the ecological benefits and risks of ecological landscapeconstruction implementation of the Chuanbei River. The ecological landscape designof theChuanbei River is a practical application of the studies on ecological landscape design ofBeijing rivers.
The study provided valuable design theories, methods and technical supports tosystematically solve the protection and utilization of ecological landscape of Beijing rivers.
引文
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