多电压源型微源组网的微电网运行控制与能量管理策略研究
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摘要
当前,基于可再生能源的分布式发电技术在世界范围内得到了广泛的重视和发展。但同时,分布式发电的大规模接入也给电网尤其是配电网的运行控制、安全保护、调度管理等各方面带来了深刻的影响。微电网概念的提出为分布式电源的利用提出了一种新的模式,微电网通过有效协调系统内部的能量分配,能够实现分布式发电系统与传统电力系统之间的融合以及优势互补,为分布式可再生能源的开发与利用提供了广阔的发展空间。
目前,微电网还基本处于实验室研究和小规模示范应用阶段,已经建立的微电网示范工程中,大多是由单台储能单元或者常规发电机组起平衡作用的小规模主从控制型微电网。随着经济和社会的发展,微电网组建的需求不断增加,微电网系统的规模不断扩大,尤其是偏远地区独立型微电网所需的供电容量己达兆瓦级,资源与电源种类也多种多样。由于组网单元的容量限制等因素,主从控制应用于规模较大的多能互补型微电网中具有一定的局限性,因此,微电网亟需解决多台微源的并联组网问题。
本文对多电压源型微源组网的微电网的运行控制和能量管理技术进行了研究,包括基于混合储能的可调度型微源的控制策略、适用于微电网多种运行模式的微源换流器的模式自适应改进下垂控制、微电网的分层控制及独立型微电网的能量管理技术等。主要研究成果如下：
(1)针对由蓄电池／超级电容器混合储能系统和可再生能源发电系统组成的共直流母线结构的可调度型分布式电源,制定了综合考虑各储能元件荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)和蓄电池使用寿命的分布式电源控制策略。根据储能元件的SOC是否越限,分别提出了带滤波补偿系数的低通滤波算法与基于不同直流母线电压运行区间的多模式切换控制；为了预防系统控制模式频繁切换带来的暂态冲击以及对蓄电池使用寿命的影响,提出了超级电容端电压预控制法。通过上述控制,优化了分布式电源的运行性能。
(2)提出了微源换流器基于虚拟阻抗的模式自适应改进下垂控制。分析了虚拟阻抗法改变线路阻抗特性的控制原理,提出了一种dq旋转坐标系中复合虚拟阻抗的设计方法；提出了微源换流器基于复合虚拟阻抗的模式自适应改进下垂控制,实现了微电网在孤岛和并网运行状态下的稳定运行以及并离网运行状态的平滑切换。
(3)针对微源换流器采用下垂控制的微电网难以实现无功功率的准确分配及电压质量难以保证等问题,提出了一种基于不同时间尺度的微电网分层控制策略。利用较短时间尺度内增大下垂系数法的一级控制提高系统功率分配精度,利用较长时间尺度内的二级控制调整下垂特性曲线的空载频率和电压,保证系统的电能质量。搭建了基于NI-PXI (PCI Extensions for Instrumentation, PXI,面向仪器系统的PCI扩展)的微电网数字物理混合仿真实验平台,依托该平台对微电网的分层控制技术进行了验证。
(4)针对多电压源型微源组网的风光柴储结构的独立型微电网,提出了一种多时间尺度协调控制的能量管理策略。将微电网的能量管理划分为三个阶段,在日前机组优化启停阶段,综合考虑了储能元件的全生命周期折算费用、储能组网单元的功率调节裕度、需求响应或需求侧管理等因素,合理安排各元件的开停机计划；在日内经济优化调度阶段,提出了基于模型预测控制的在线滚动式能量管理策略,对日前调度结果进行修正；在调度计划实时调整阶段,采取一定的措施保证储能组网单元时刻保持足够的调节裕度。通过三个阶段的协调配合,最终能够实现微电网的安全经济运行。
At present, the distributed renewable energy generation has drawn more and more attention worldwide. However, the integration of large scale distributed generation will dramatically influence the operation, control, protection and dispatch of the power grid, especially the distribution network. The emergence of micro-grid provides new approach to utilize distributed generation. Micro-grid can effectively coordinate system energy allocation so as to achieve the integration and complementation of the distributed generation system and the traditional power system, which will provide a broad space for the development and utilization of distributed renewable energy.
Currently, micro-grid is still in the stage of laboratory research and small-scale demonstration application. Most of the established micro-grid demonstration projects are master-slave controlled small scale micro-grids in which a single energy storage unit or conventional generator is the power balancing device. With the development of economy and society, the demand of micro-grid continues growing and the scale of micro-grid continues to expand especially the power supply capacity of islanded micro-grid in remote areas reaches the order of MW, in which the energy and power sources are various. Due to the restrictions such as the capacity of single micro-source converter, the application of master-slave control in large scale multi energy complementary micro-grid has some limitations. Therefore, the parallel operation of multi power balancing micro-sources in micro-grid should be studied and solved.
The control and energy management technology of micro-grid composed of multi voltage source type micro-sources are studied in this dissertation, which includes the control strategy of dispatchable micro-source based on hybrid energy storage system, the improved mode adaptive droop control of micro-source converter adapting for multi operation modes of micro-grid, the hierarchical control of micro-grid and the energy management technology for islanded micro-grid. The main contents are as follows:
(1) A control strategy of dispatchable distributed resources comprehensively considering the state of charge (SOC) of various energy storage devices and the lifespan of batteries is presented in which the battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system and renewable energy generation system are connected in parallel using dc bus. According to whether the SOCs of energy storage devices are within the limits, low pass filtering algorithm with compensating coefficient and a novel mode switching control based on different voltage zones of dc bus are presented respectively. To avoid the transient shock brought by frequent switching between various control modes, the pre-control of supercapacitor terminal voltage is proposed to prevent the impact of frequent switching on the lifetime of batteries. Through above control strategy, the operation characteristics of distributed resource are improved.
(2) An improved mode adaptive droop control of micro-source converter with virtual complex impedance is presented. The control principle of virtual impedance method to change line impedance characteristics is analyzed and a design method of virtual complex impedance in dq rotating coordinate system is proposed. Then, an improved mode adaptive droop control of micro-source converter with virtual complex impedance is presented, which can realize stable operation of micro-grid both in islanded and grid-connected modes and the smooth transition between two modes.
(3) In order to solve the hard problem of reasonably sharing of reactive power and ensuring the power quality in a micro-grid composed of multi droop controlled micro-sources, a novel hierarchical control strategy of micro-grid is proposed according to different time scales. In short time scale, larger droop gains in primary control are adopted to improve power sharing accuracy. In larger time scale of secondary control, the no load frequency and voltage set points of droop characteristics are adjusted to improve power quality. A digital physical hybrid simulation platform for micro-grid based on NI-PXI (PCI Extensions for Instrumentation, PXI) is established and the hierarchical control technology of micro-grid is verified on the platform.
(4) In the islanded micro-grid with wind, solar, diesel, and energy storage generation systems composed of multi voltage source type micro-sources, a multi time scale coordinated controlled energy management strategy is proposed which includes three stages. In day-ahead unit commitment optimization stage, the whole life cycle convert cost, power regulating margin of energy storage devices and demand response (or demand side management) model are taken into consideration to reasonably plan the unit commitment of every components. In with-in day economic dispatch stage, an online rolling energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to revise day-ahead optimal dispatching results. In real-time scheduling adjustment stage, some measures are taken to ensure the power regulating margin of energy storage devices. Through the cooperation of three stages, the safe and economic operation of micro-grid is realized.
目前,微电网还基本处于实验室研究和小规模示范应用阶段,已经建立的微电网示范工程中,大多是由单台储能单元或者常规发电机组起平衡作用的小规模主从控制型微电网。随着经济和社会的发展,微电网组建的需求不断增加,微电网系统的规模不断扩大,尤其是偏远地区独立型微电网所需的供电容量己达兆瓦级,资源与电源种类也多种多样。由于组网单元的容量限制等因素,主从控制应用于规模较大的多能互补型微电网中具有一定的局限性,因此,微电网亟需解决多台微源的并联组网问题。
本文对多电压源型微源组网的微电网的运行控制和能量管理技术进行了研究,包括基于混合储能的可调度型微源的控制策略、适用于微电网多种运行模式的微源换流器的模式自适应改进下垂控制、微电网的分层控制及独立型微电网的能量管理技术等。主要研究成果如下：
(1)针对由蓄电池／超级电容器混合储能系统和可再生能源发电系统组成的共直流母线结构的可调度型分布式电源,制定了综合考虑各储能元件荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)和蓄电池使用寿命的分布式电源控制策略。根据储能元件的SOC是否越限,分别提出了带滤波补偿系数的低通滤波算法与基于不同直流母线电压运行区间的多模式切换控制；为了预防系统控制模式频繁切换带来的暂态冲击以及对蓄电池使用寿命的影响,提出了超级电容端电压预控制法。通过上述控制,优化了分布式电源的运行性能。
(2)提出了微源换流器基于虚拟阻抗的模式自适应改进下垂控制。分析了虚拟阻抗法改变线路阻抗特性的控制原理,提出了一种dq旋转坐标系中复合虚拟阻抗的设计方法；提出了微源换流器基于复合虚拟阻抗的模式自适应改进下垂控制,实现了微电网在孤岛和并网运行状态下的稳定运行以及并离网运行状态的平滑切换。
(3)针对微源换流器采用下垂控制的微电网难以实现无功功率的准确分配及电压质量难以保证等问题,提出了一种基于不同时间尺度的微电网分层控制策略。利用较短时间尺度内增大下垂系数法的一级控制提高系统功率分配精度,利用较长时间尺度内的二级控制调整下垂特性曲线的空载频率和电压,保证系统的电能质量。搭建了基于NI-PXI (PCI Extensions for Instrumentation, PXI,面向仪器系统的PCI扩展)的微电网数字物理混合仿真实验平台,依托该平台对微电网的分层控制技术进行了验证。
(4)针对多电压源型微源组网的风光柴储结构的独立型微电网,提出了一种多时间尺度协调控制的能量管理策略。将微电网的能量管理划分为三个阶段,在日前机组优化启停阶段,综合考虑了储能元件的全生命周期折算费用、储能组网单元的功率调节裕度、需求响应或需求侧管理等因素,合理安排各元件的开停机计划；在日内经济优化调度阶段,提出了基于模型预测控制的在线滚动式能量管理策略,对日前调度结果进行修正；在调度计划实时调整阶段,采取一定的措施保证储能组网单元时刻保持足够的调节裕度。通过三个阶段的协调配合,最终能够实现微电网的安全经济运行。
At present, the distributed renewable energy generation has drawn more and more attention worldwide. However, the integration of large scale distributed generation will dramatically influence the operation, control, protection and dispatch of the power grid, especially the distribution network. The emergence of micro-grid provides new approach to utilize distributed generation. Micro-grid can effectively coordinate system energy allocation so as to achieve the integration and complementation of the distributed generation system and the traditional power system, which will provide a broad space for the development and utilization of distributed renewable energy.
Currently, micro-grid is still in the stage of laboratory research and small-scale demonstration application. Most of the established micro-grid demonstration projects are master-slave controlled small scale micro-grids in which a single energy storage unit or conventional generator is the power balancing device. With the development of economy and society, the demand of micro-grid continues growing and the scale of micro-grid continues to expand especially the power supply capacity of islanded micro-grid in remote areas reaches the order of MW, in which the energy and power sources are various. Due to the restrictions such as the capacity of single micro-source converter, the application of master-slave control in large scale multi energy complementary micro-grid has some limitations. Therefore, the parallel operation of multi power balancing micro-sources in micro-grid should be studied and solved.
The control and energy management technology of micro-grid composed of multi voltage source type micro-sources are studied in this dissertation, which includes the control strategy of dispatchable micro-source based on hybrid energy storage system, the improved mode adaptive droop control of micro-source converter adapting for multi operation modes of micro-grid, the hierarchical control of micro-grid and the energy management technology for islanded micro-grid. The main contents are as follows:
(1) A control strategy of dispatchable distributed resources comprehensively considering the state of charge (SOC) of various energy storage devices and the lifespan of batteries is presented in which the battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system and renewable energy generation system are connected in parallel using dc bus. According to whether the SOCs of energy storage devices are within the limits, low pass filtering algorithm with compensating coefficient and a novel mode switching control based on different voltage zones of dc bus are presented respectively. To avoid the transient shock brought by frequent switching between various control modes, the pre-control of supercapacitor terminal voltage is proposed to prevent the impact of frequent switching on the lifetime of batteries. Through above control strategy, the operation characteristics of distributed resource are improved.
(2) An improved mode adaptive droop control of micro-source converter with virtual complex impedance is presented. The control principle of virtual impedance method to change line impedance characteristics is analyzed and a design method of virtual complex impedance in dq rotating coordinate system is proposed. Then, an improved mode adaptive droop control of micro-source converter with virtual complex impedance is presented, which can realize stable operation of micro-grid both in islanded and grid-connected modes and the smooth transition between two modes.
(3) In order to solve the hard problem of reasonably sharing of reactive power and ensuring the power quality in a micro-grid composed of multi droop controlled micro-sources, a novel hierarchical control strategy of micro-grid is proposed according to different time scales. In short time scale, larger droop gains in primary control are adopted to improve power sharing accuracy. In larger time scale of secondary control, the no load frequency and voltage set points of droop characteristics are adjusted to improve power quality. A digital physical hybrid simulation platform for micro-grid based on NI-PXI (PCI Extensions for Instrumentation, PXI) is established and the hierarchical control technology of micro-grid is verified on the platform.
(4) In the islanded micro-grid with wind, solar, diesel, and energy storage generation systems composed of multi voltage source type micro-sources, a multi time scale coordinated controlled energy management strategy is proposed which includes three stages. In day-ahead unit commitment optimization stage, the whole life cycle convert cost, power regulating margin of energy storage devices and demand response (or demand side management) model are taken into consideration to reasonably plan the unit commitment of every components. In with-in day economic dispatch stage, an online rolling energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to revise day-ahead optimal dispatching results. In real-time scheduling adjustment stage, some measures are taken to ensure the power regulating margin of energy storage devices. Through the cooperation of three stages, the safe and economic operation of micro-grid is realized.
引文
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