共形相控阵天线分析综合技术与实验研究
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摘要
共形相控阵天线作为更加广义的相控阵天线形式，是平面相控阵天线在概念上的延拓与发展。其天线阵面与载体表面相贴合，不仅可以有效增加口径面积、扩展扫描角度范围，而且不会影响载体本身的气动-隐身一体化外形设计，有效弥补了传统平面相控阵的固有缺陷，同时迎合了现代雷达等电子系统的发展需求。论文围绕共形相控阵天线的精确数值分析方法、方向图分析与综合、阵列互耦与校正、阵列极化分析与优化，以及共形相控阵原理样机研制几个方面系统深入地进行了理论研究，数值分析和实验验证。
论文首先针对微带共形阵列天线的精确电磁分析展开研究，以推导的电磁场体面结合积分方程为基础，研究了预修正快速傅里叶变换（P-FFT）方法在求解共形天线辐射问题中的应用，同时针对同轴探针馈电的微带共形天线结构，提出了“长端口同轴馈电”模型，提高了P-FFT对该类结构天线的辐射场以及馈电端口S参数的计算精度。实现了P-FFT方法对孤立微带共形天线、共形阵中微带天线单元以及共形微带天线阵列的分析。
针对共形阵列的单一极化分量方向图综合问题，提出了“改进的口径投影法（IAPM）”，实现了共形阵低副瓣大角度扫描波束方向图的综合。同时提出了“增强型交错映射算法（EAPM）”，加快了共形阵列综合迭代优化收敛速度。另外，将IAPM和EAPM做了有机结合，提出了预条件增强型交错映射算法（P-EAPM），其将IAPM综合得到的阵元激励作为EAPM进一步迭代优化的初始值，很好地克服了该类迭代优化算法在综合共形阵列中的局部最优陷阱现象。
针对共形阵列天线的互耦分析和校正问题，完成了互耦条件下单极化共形阵列的数学建模。改进了基于阵元有源方向图的共形阵列互耦提取方法，并且根据共形阵列中各阵元端接负载情况，提出了“结构模式互耦”和“天线模式互耦”的概念。然后分别针对两种互耦提出了有效的校正措施，解决了单极化共形阵中阵元端接非理想匹配负载时的阵列互耦校正问题。
针对单极化共形阵列的功率方向图综合问题，提出一种动态自适应Meta粒子群优化（ADMPSO）算法。其在传统Meta粒子群优化（MPSO）算法基础上，定义了优势子群和非优子群的概念，并通过植入非优子群裁减、优势子群规模膨胀以及惯性权重自适应更新等机制，实现了优化过程中多子群的自适应动态调整，全面提高了算法性能。利用提出的ADMPSO算法，成功实现了共形阵列三维空间的方向图综合和共形相控阵的可重构多功率方向图设计。
针对激励限制下的共形阵功率方向图综合问题，提出一种改进的多目标粒子群优化（IMOPSO）算法。其将共形阵列在激励限制条件下的综合命题，转化为激励优化和功率方向图赋形的多目标优化命题。IMOPSO算法通过引入粒子聚焦距离优选、非支配解集修剪，以及新生粒子微扰复制等机制，显著提高了原粒子群优化算法所构建Pareto解集的优越性和散布性。采用IMOPSO算法成功获得了微带共形阵列在不同激励约束条件下的最优赋形方向图集，为规划共形相控阵的激励限制提供了极有价值的参考。
针对全极化共形阵列天线的极化方向图综合问题，建立了由正交双极化阵元构筑的全极化共形阵列（FPCAA）数学模型，提出了基于FPCAA的考虑完备极化分量的互耦分析和修正方法。基于引入的“完备正交极化基”概念，提出了用于FPCAA方向图-极化状态联合综合的“广义口径投影法（GIAPM）”和“广义增强交错映射法（GEAPM）”。同时，通过建立FPCAA方向图-极化联合适应度函数，成功将ADMPSO算法用于了互耦条件下的共形阵列的极化-方向图联合综合。
最后，基于以上关于共形相控阵的理论和数值分析，研制了“全极化发射数字共形相控阵”（TDBF-FPCPA）实验样机，并进行了相关的实验研究。该TDBF-FPCPA的柱面共形阵列以设计的双极化新型层叠微带天线为辐射阵元，采用构建的矢量方向图测试系统完成了各个阵元的完备极化矢量方向图测量和校正。TDBF-FPCPA的多通道数字发射组件借助DDS完成对馈电信号的精确幅相调整和校准，同时借助辅助的射频数控衰减控制，实现了信号幅度的大动态调整。该TDBF-FPCPA在实验中成功形成了多种极化状态兼多种赋形的数字发射波束，从而验证了论文理论和数值分析的正确性。
As the more general phased array form, conformal phased array (CPA) is theextension and development of the concept for planar phased array. The antennaelements of CPA being arranged on a platform surface not only expands the aperturearea of array and beam scan range, but also is good for the design ofaerodynamic-stealthy shape, which overcomes the inherent drawback of planar arrayand fulfill the development need of the modern electronic system. This paper focus onthe antenna array of CPA that is conformal antenna array (CAA), and make the theoryand experiment research in the accurate analysis of microstrip CAA, the analysis andsynthesis of array, the analysis and calibration for mutual coupling, the analysis andoptimization for polarization, and the design of the CPA. The contents list as follows:
Firstly, the accurate numerical analysis of microstrip CAA is researched. Based onthe deduced volume-surface integral equation (VSIE), the precorrected-fast Fouriertransform (P-FFT) method and its application in radiation problem for CAA is studied.Besides, aim at coaxial probe feed conformal microstrip antenna, the “long coaxial feedmodel” is proposed, which can improve the precision of calculation for the radiationfield and S parameter, efficiently. Meanwhile, the characters of isolated conformalmicrostrip antenna, the conformal microstrip antenna in CAA, and the whole CAA areanalyzed by P-FFT method, successfully.
Secondly, aim at the synthesis of CAA for single polarization element, theimproved aperture projection method (IAPM) is proposed, which enhance the ability ofsynthesizing large angle scan beam with low sidelobe. Meanwhile, the enhancedalternating projections method (EAPM) is proposed, and its convergence speed isaccelerated obviously compare with the traditional alternating projections method.What’s more, the precondition-enhanced alternating projections method (P-EAPM) isproposed by combining IAPM with EAPM. In P-EAPM, the element excitationsachieved by IAPM are regard as the initial value for EAPM to do further optimization,which could avoid the algorithm trapping in local optimum effectively.
Thirdly, aim at the analysis and calibration for mutual coupling of CAA, themathematic model for single polarization CAA is built. The mutual coupling analysismethod based on the active element pattern is improved, besides the concepts of the“structure mode mutual coupling” and the “antenna mode mutual coupling” areproposed. Meanwhile, the effective calibration techniques are proposed for two kind ofmutual coupling. And the mutual coupling of the CAA, in which the elements are notterminated matched loads, is calibrated.
Fourthly, for the purpose of synthesizing power pattern for single polarizationCAA, the adaptive dynamic meta particle swarm optimization (ADMPSO) is proposed. In ADMPSO, the dominated subgroup and nondominated subgroup are defined on thebasis of traditional meta particle swarm. Meanwhile, the adaptive dynamic modulatingfor multiple-subgroup is realized by introducing the downsizing of nondominatedsubgroup, the dominated subgroup expansion, and the updating for the adaptive inertiaweights, which improve the optimization performance of ADMPSO. Furthermore, theADMPSO algorithm is applied to synthesizing3D pattern and multiple-pattern inmicrostrip CAA, respectively.
Fifthly, for the purpose of power pattern synthesis for single polarization CAAwith the excitations restricted, the improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization(IMOPSO) algorithm is proposed. By applying IMOPSO, the original problem can betransformed into the multi-objective optimization problem, in which the excitationoptimization and power pattern synthesis are considered at the same time. Byintroducing the particle focused distance selection, the nondominated solution setcutting, and the new particles copy mechanism, the performance of IMOPSO isimproved significantly, compare with traditional MOPSO algorithm. Moreover, the setof power patterns with different excitation restriction for microstrip CAA is achieved byIMOPSO, which offer the valuable reference for designing feed strategy of CPA.
Sixthly, aim at the synthesis of full polarization conformal antenna array (FPCAA),the mathematic model of FPCAA which employs dual polarized antennas as radiators isbuilt, with the mutual coupling analysis and calibration techniques for FPCAA proposed.Meanwhile, based on the introduced “complete orthogonal polarization bases” concept，the generalized improved aperture projection method (GIAPM) and generalizedenhanced alternating projections method (GEAPM) are proposed forpattern-polarization synthesis of FPCAA. What’s more, by building thepattern-polarization fitness function, the ADMPSO is introduced to synthesize FPCAAwith mutual coupling considered.
Lastly, based on the theory research of CAA described above, the transmit digitalbeam-forming full polarization conformal phased array (TDBF-FPCPA) is designed andmanufactured, with the corresponding experiments done. The cylinder CAA of theTDBF-FPCPA employs the fabricated new dual polarized stacked microstrip antennasas radiators, and the full polarization element pattern of every element is measured bybuilt vector pattern measurement system. The multi-channel digital transmit module ofthe TDBF-FPCPA is based on the direct digital frequency synthesis (DDS), and it cancontrol the amplitude and phase of signal in every channel accurately. Meanwhile, thelarge dynamic amplitude control is gotten by the RF numerical control attenuator.Furthermore, the TDBF-FPCPA transmits several kinds of shaped pattern with differentpolarization state in experiment successfully, which demonstrates the accuracy of thetheory and numerical analysis for CAA in practice.
论文首先针对微带共形阵列天线的精确电磁分析展开研究，以推导的电磁场体面结合积分方程为基础，研究了预修正快速傅里叶变换（P-FFT）方法在求解共形天线辐射问题中的应用，同时针对同轴探针馈电的微带共形天线结构，提出了“长端口同轴馈电”模型，提高了P-FFT对该类结构天线的辐射场以及馈电端口S参数的计算精度。实现了P-FFT方法对孤立微带共形天线、共形阵中微带天线单元以及共形微带天线阵列的分析。
针对共形阵列的单一极化分量方向图综合问题，提出了“改进的口径投影法（IAPM）”，实现了共形阵低副瓣大角度扫描波束方向图的综合。同时提出了“增强型交错映射算法（EAPM）”，加快了共形阵列综合迭代优化收敛速度。另外，将IAPM和EAPM做了有机结合，提出了预条件增强型交错映射算法（P-EAPM），其将IAPM综合得到的阵元激励作为EAPM进一步迭代优化的初始值，很好地克服了该类迭代优化算法在综合共形阵列中的局部最优陷阱现象。
针对共形阵列天线的互耦分析和校正问题，完成了互耦条件下单极化共形阵列的数学建模。改进了基于阵元有源方向图的共形阵列互耦提取方法，并且根据共形阵列中各阵元端接负载情况，提出了“结构模式互耦”和“天线模式互耦”的概念。然后分别针对两种互耦提出了有效的校正措施，解决了单极化共形阵中阵元端接非理想匹配负载时的阵列互耦校正问题。
针对单极化共形阵列的功率方向图综合问题，提出一种动态自适应Meta粒子群优化（ADMPSO）算法。其在传统Meta粒子群优化（MPSO）算法基础上，定义了优势子群和非优子群的概念，并通过植入非优子群裁减、优势子群规模膨胀以及惯性权重自适应更新等机制，实现了优化过程中多子群的自适应动态调整，全面提高了算法性能。利用提出的ADMPSO算法，成功实现了共形阵列三维空间的方向图综合和共形相控阵的可重构多功率方向图设计。
针对激励限制下的共形阵功率方向图综合问题，提出一种改进的多目标粒子群优化（IMOPSO）算法。其将共形阵列在激励限制条件下的综合命题，转化为激励优化和功率方向图赋形的多目标优化命题。IMOPSO算法通过引入粒子聚焦距离优选、非支配解集修剪，以及新生粒子微扰复制等机制，显著提高了原粒子群优化算法所构建Pareto解集的优越性和散布性。采用IMOPSO算法成功获得了微带共形阵列在不同激励约束条件下的最优赋形方向图集，为规划共形相控阵的激励限制提供了极有价值的参考。
针对全极化共形阵列天线的极化方向图综合问题，建立了由正交双极化阵元构筑的全极化共形阵列（FPCAA）数学模型，提出了基于FPCAA的考虑完备极化分量的互耦分析和修正方法。基于引入的“完备正交极化基”概念，提出了用于FPCAA方向图-极化状态联合综合的“广义口径投影法（GIAPM）”和“广义增强交错映射法（GEAPM）”。同时，通过建立FPCAA方向图-极化联合适应度函数，成功将ADMPSO算法用于了互耦条件下的共形阵列的极化-方向图联合综合。
最后，基于以上关于共形相控阵的理论和数值分析，研制了“全极化发射数字共形相控阵”（TDBF-FPCPA）实验样机，并进行了相关的实验研究。该TDBF-FPCPA的柱面共形阵列以设计的双极化新型层叠微带天线为辐射阵元，采用构建的矢量方向图测试系统完成了各个阵元的完备极化矢量方向图测量和校正。TDBF-FPCPA的多通道数字发射组件借助DDS完成对馈电信号的精确幅相调整和校准，同时借助辅助的射频数控衰减控制，实现了信号幅度的大动态调整。该TDBF-FPCPA在实验中成功形成了多种极化状态兼多种赋形的数字发射波束，从而验证了论文理论和数值分析的正确性。
As the more general phased array form, conformal phased array (CPA) is theextension and development of the concept for planar phased array. The antennaelements of CPA being arranged on a platform surface not only expands the aperturearea of array and beam scan range, but also is good for the design ofaerodynamic-stealthy shape, which overcomes the inherent drawback of planar arrayand fulfill the development need of the modern electronic system. This paper focus onthe antenna array of CPA that is conformal antenna array (CAA), and make the theoryand experiment research in the accurate analysis of microstrip CAA, the analysis andsynthesis of array, the analysis and calibration for mutual coupling, the analysis andoptimization for polarization, and the design of the CPA. The contents list as follows:
Firstly, the accurate numerical analysis of microstrip CAA is researched. Based onthe deduced volume-surface integral equation (VSIE), the precorrected-fast Fouriertransform (P-FFT) method and its application in radiation problem for CAA is studied.Besides, aim at coaxial probe feed conformal microstrip antenna, the “long coaxial feedmodel” is proposed, which can improve the precision of calculation for the radiationfield and S parameter, efficiently. Meanwhile, the characters of isolated conformalmicrostrip antenna, the conformal microstrip antenna in CAA, and the whole CAA areanalyzed by P-FFT method, successfully.
Secondly, aim at the synthesis of CAA for single polarization element, theimproved aperture projection method (IAPM) is proposed, which enhance the ability ofsynthesizing large angle scan beam with low sidelobe. Meanwhile, the enhancedalternating projections method (EAPM) is proposed, and its convergence speed isaccelerated obviously compare with the traditional alternating projections method.What’s more, the precondition-enhanced alternating projections method (P-EAPM) isproposed by combining IAPM with EAPM. In P-EAPM, the element excitationsachieved by IAPM are regard as the initial value for EAPM to do further optimization,which could avoid the algorithm trapping in local optimum effectively.
Thirdly, aim at the analysis and calibration for mutual coupling of CAA, themathematic model for single polarization CAA is built. The mutual coupling analysismethod based on the active element pattern is improved, besides the concepts of the“structure mode mutual coupling” and the “antenna mode mutual coupling” areproposed. Meanwhile, the effective calibration techniques are proposed for two kind ofmutual coupling. And the mutual coupling of the CAA, in which the elements are notterminated matched loads, is calibrated.
Fourthly, for the purpose of synthesizing power pattern for single polarizationCAA, the adaptive dynamic meta particle swarm optimization (ADMPSO) is proposed. In ADMPSO, the dominated subgroup and nondominated subgroup are defined on thebasis of traditional meta particle swarm. Meanwhile, the adaptive dynamic modulatingfor multiple-subgroup is realized by introducing the downsizing of nondominatedsubgroup, the dominated subgroup expansion, and the updating for the adaptive inertiaweights, which improve the optimization performance of ADMPSO. Furthermore, theADMPSO algorithm is applied to synthesizing3D pattern and multiple-pattern inmicrostrip CAA, respectively.
Fifthly, for the purpose of power pattern synthesis for single polarization CAAwith the excitations restricted, the improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization(IMOPSO) algorithm is proposed. By applying IMOPSO, the original problem can betransformed into the multi-objective optimization problem, in which the excitationoptimization and power pattern synthesis are considered at the same time. Byintroducing the particle focused distance selection, the nondominated solution setcutting, and the new particles copy mechanism, the performance of IMOPSO isimproved significantly, compare with traditional MOPSO algorithm. Moreover, the setof power patterns with different excitation restriction for microstrip CAA is achieved byIMOPSO, which offer the valuable reference for designing feed strategy of CPA.
Sixthly, aim at the synthesis of full polarization conformal antenna array (FPCAA),the mathematic model of FPCAA which employs dual polarized antennas as radiators isbuilt, with the mutual coupling analysis and calibration techniques for FPCAA proposed.Meanwhile, based on the introduced “complete orthogonal polarization bases” concept，the generalized improved aperture projection method (GIAPM) and generalizedenhanced alternating projections method (GEAPM) are proposed forpattern-polarization synthesis of FPCAA. What’s more, by building thepattern-polarization fitness function, the ADMPSO is introduced to synthesize FPCAAwith mutual coupling considered.
Lastly, based on the theory research of CAA described above, the transmit digitalbeam-forming full polarization conformal phased array (TDBF-FPCPA) is designed andmanufactured, with the corresponding experiments done. The cylinder CAA of theTDBF-FPCPA employs the fabricated new dual polarized stacked microstrip antennasas radiators, and the full polarization element pattern of every element is measured bybuilt vector pattern measurement system. The multi-channel digital transmit module ofthe TDBF-FPCPA is based on the direct digital frequency synthesis (DDS), and it cancontrol the amplitude and phase of signal in every channel accurately. Meanwhile, thelarge dynamic amplitude control is gotten by the RF numerical control attenuator.Furthermore, the TDBF-FPCPA transmits several kinds of shaped pattern with differentpolarization state in experiment successfully, which demonstrates the accuracy of thetheory and numerical analysis for CAA in practice.
引文
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