陕北黄土生物结皮种群特征及对土壤生物活性的影响
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摘要
近年来,对陕北黄土区生物土壤结皮(生物结皮)在生态系统中的作用的研究越来越多,而有关生物土壤结皮中地衣和苔藓植物种群特征的研究鲜有报道,并且有关不同生境下生物结皮对表层土壤生物活性的系统研究较少。本文通过采用野外调查,标本采集与鉴定,测定土壤生物活性与培育人工生物结皮的方法,对该区生物结皮中地衣和苔藓植物的种群特征和土壤生物活性对不同生境下生物结皮的响应进行了系统研究,研究结果如下：
(1)研究发现陕北黄土区生物结皮中地衣植物有7目10科14属25种,优势科为瓶口衣科,优势属为石果衣属。苔藓植物有6科13属24种,优势科为丛藓科,优势属为扭口藓属。封禁流域内,地衣和苔藓植物Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和物种丰富度在阴坡均高于阳坡；同一坡向下地衣和苔藓Shannon-Weiner多样性指数基本随坡位的降低而逐渐升高,分别表现为峁顶<坡上<坡中<坡下和峁顶<坡上<坡下<坡中。表明地衣和苔藓植物Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数受坡向和坡位的影响,存在空间异质性。
(2)研究表明结皮类型与表层土壤酶活性、微生物数量和土壤微生物量的关系存在差异性。土壤酶活性在不同结皮类型下大小顺序为：藻类地衣苔藓结皮>藻类苔藓结皮、藻类地衣结皮>物理结皮。结皮层中细菌和真菌数量在藻类地衣苔藓结皮和藻类地衣结皮中较高,而放线菌数量在藻类地衣结皮中最高；结皮下土层中细菌和真菌在藻类地衣结皮下数量最高,放线菌则在藻类地衣苔藓结皮中的数量最多。土壤微生物量碳和氮含量在不同结皮类型下为藻类地衣苔藓结皮>藻类苔藓结皮>藻类地衣结皮>物理结皮,土壤微生物量碳和氮与生物结皮的不同发育阶段呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。
(3)研究表明生物结皮表层土壤活性指标对不同立地类型的响应不同。生物结皮土壤酶活性在阴坡下显著高于阳坡(P<0.05),陡坡下生物结皮层土壤酶活性低于缓坡,但差异不显著。生物结皮中的微生物数量在阳向陡坡下最低,而真菌在坡向因子下表现出极显著差异。生物结皮中的土壤微生物量氮含量在阴坡显著高于阳坡(P<0.05),而在坡度间的差异未达到显著水平,结皮层土壤微生物量碳含量的表现与土壤微生物量氮含量相同,但在结皮层下的表现为阴向陡坡下显著低于其他立地类型下(P<0.05)。总体表明生物结皮表层(0-10cm)土壤活性受坡向因子影响显著,受坡度因子影响较小。
(4)陡坡下林草植被类型对生物结皮土壤生物活性的影响存在差异性。在阳坡和阴坡下,生物结皮土壤脲酶在封育草地下表现出较高活性；土壤碱性磷酸酶在小叶杨林和封育草地下活性较高而生物结皮土壤蔗糖酶在三种林草植被下活性均高于物理结皮。生物结皮土壤微生物均在阴坡封育草地下数量最多,阳坡下,生物结皮细菌和放线菌在山杏林和封育草地下数量最多,真菌在山杏林和小叶杨林下数量最多。生物结皮土壤微生物量碳含量在阳坡和阴坡下均在封育草地中表现较高水平,生物结皮土壤微生物量氮含量在阴坡封育草地中显著高于林地和物理结皮而在阳坡则表现出三种林草植被下均显著高于物理结皮。结果还表明不同生境下生物结皮土壤活性指标均随土壤深度的增加而减少,说明生物结皮对土壤生物活性的改良有表聚作用。
(5)研究表明,经过72天的短期培养后平面和坡面处理的苔藓结皮与混合结皮的盖度均达到65%以上。与无结皮对照相比,平面处理和坡面处理下的苔藓结皮中土壤有机质和速效氮的含量分别增加了100.87%、48.23%和67.56%、52.17%；土壤速效磷含量有降低趋势；人工生物结皮的形成能够降低土壤pH值,增加土壤阳离子交换量；生物结皮的形成使得土壤酶活性和微生物数量均高于对照,其中各处理下碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照。因此,经过短期培养后生物结皮可以快速形成,并有效改善表层土壤微环境为陕北黄土区利用生物工程措施进行植被恢复和生态重建提供了理论依据。
Recently, biological soil crusts (BSCs) play more important role in arid and semi-arid ecosystem in the Loess Area of North Shaanxi Province. Few researches reported that population characteristics of lichen and moss plant of BSCs in this area. Systematic study was less about the effect of BSCs on topsoil biological activities in different habitat. Through field survey, collection and authenticate of specimen, determination of soil biological activities and artificial cultivated BSCs, population characteristics of lichen and moss plant of BSCs and soil biological activities were studied in response to BSCs in different habitat condition.
(1)25species of lichens were found in BSCs derived from Loess Area of North Shaanxi Province, which belong to14genera and10families. Dominant family and genus were evident which were Verrucariaceae and Endocarpon, respectively.24species of mosses were found in BSCs, which belong to13genera and6families. Dominant family and genus were Pottiaceae and Barbula, respectively. In grazing banned watershed, Shannon-Weiner diversity index and species richness of lichens and mosses on the shady slopes were greater than that on the sunny slopes. At the same slope aspect, Shannon-Weiner diversity index gradually ascended from higher to lower slope positions. Results indicated that Shannon-Weiner diversity and Pielou evenness index of lichens and mosses have spatial heterogeneity due to the effect of slope position and aspect.
(2) The relationships between crust type and topsoil enzyme activity, crust type and microbial quantity, crust type and microbial biomass were different. The soil enzyme activity under different crusts type is the algae-lichen-moss crust> algae-moss crust, algae-lichen crust> physical crust. In crust layer, the quantity of bacteria under algae-lichen-moss crust and fungi under algae-lichen crust were the most, but the quantity of actinomyces under algae-lichen crust has more accumulation. In soil layer under crust, the number of bacteria and fungi under algae-lichen crust were the most, but actinomyces under algae-lichen-moss crust has more accumulation. Compared with physical crust, three biological soil crusts can significantly improve the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents, the order of improvement was algae-lichen-moss crust> algae-moss crust> algae-lichen crust> physical crust. There was extremely significant positive correlation between developmental stage of biological crust and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content (P<0.01).
(3) Effects of different site types on topsoil biological activities under BSCs were different. In shady slope, the soil enzyme activity of BSCs was significantly higher than that in sunny slope (P<0.05), and soil enzyme activity of BSCs in steep slope was higher than that in gentle slope, but the difference was not significant. In different site types, soil microbial quantity under BSCs was the lowest in sunny steep slope. The number of fungi under BSCs was highly significant difference (P<0.01). Soil microbial biomass nitrogen content of BSCs in shady slope was significantly higher than that in sunny slope (P<0.05), but no significant difference existed in slope factor. The soil microbial biomass carbon of crust layer have the same change with soil microbial biomass nitrogen content in different site type. In soil layer under BSCs, however, soil microbial biomass nitrogen content in shady steep slope was lower than other site type (P<0.05). In different site types, aspect factor could significantly affect topsoil microbial activities of BSCs, and the effect of slope factor on soil microbial activity was weaker than aspect factor.
(4) In steep slope, the effect of forest and grass on soil microbial activities under BSCs was different. In sunny and shady slope, soil urease under BSCs has higher activity in enclosure grassland, while soil alkaline phosphatase activity under BSCs in enclosure grassland and Populus simonii forest were higher than Armeniaca sibirica forest and physical crust. Soil invertase activity under BSCs in three forest and grass vegetation were higher than physical crust. In shady slope, soil microbial quantities under BSCs in enclosure grassland were the most in all vegetation types. In sunny slope, the quantity of bacteria and actinomyces under BSCs was the most in Armeniaca sibirica forest and enclosure grassland, and fungi quantity under BSCs in forestland was more than enclosure grassland and physical crust. In shady and sunny slope, soil microbial biomass carbon content under BSCs was higher in enclosure grassland than forestlands and physical crust, and soil microbial biomass nitrogen content also has the same change in shady slope. In sunny slope, however, soil microbial biomass nitrogen content in the three forests vegetation types was higher than that in physical crust. Results indicated that soil microbial activities under BSCs gradually decreased with increasing soil depth. Therefore, BSCs could improve soil microbial activities in topsoil.
(5) The results indicated that the coverage of artificial cultivated BSCs was more than65%after72days of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached to40%after35days of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by100.87%and48.23%, respectively; and increased by67.56%and52.17%in sloping treatments, respectively. Available phosphorus content in cultivated BSCs was decreased. Soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs. Alkaline phosphatase activity in all tratments of cultivated BSCs were significantly higher than that in the control. Quantities of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs can be cultivated rapidly after short-term cultivation and improve the micro-environment of soil surface. These results will provide scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau, China.
(1)研究发现陕北黄土区生物结皮中地衣植物有7目10科14属25种,优势科为瓶口衣科,优势属为石果衣属。苔藓植物有6科13属24种,优势科为丛藓科,优势属为扭口藓属。封禁流域内,地衣和苔藓植物Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和物种丰富度在阴坡均高于阳坡；同一坡向下地衣和苔藓Shannon-Weiner多样性指数基本随坡位的降低而逐渐升高,分别表现为峁顶<坡上<坡中<坡下和峁顶<坡上<坡下<坡中。表明地衣和苔藓植物Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数受坡向和坡位的影响,存在空间异质性。
(2)研究表明结皮类型与表层土壤酶活性、微生物数量和土壤微生物量的关系存在差异性。土壤酶活性在不同结皮类型下大小顺序为：藻类地衣苔藓结皮>藻类苔藓结皮、藻类地衣结皮>物理结皮。结皮层中细菌和真菌数量在藻类地衣苔藓结皮和藻类地衣结皮中较高,而放线菌数量在藻类地衣结皮中最高；结皮下土层中细菌和真菌在藻类地衣结皮下数量最高,放线菌则在藻类地衣苔藓结皮中的数量最多。土壤微生物量碳和氮含量在不同结皮类型下为藻类地衣苔藓结皮>藻类苔藓结皮>藻类地衣结皮>物理结皮,土壤微生物量碳和氮与生物结皮的不同发育阶段呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。
(3)研究表明生物结皮表层土壤活性指标对不同立地类型的响应不同。生物结皮土壤酶活性在阴坡下显著高于阳坡(P<0.05),陡坡下生物结皮层土壤酶活性低于缓坡,但差异不显著。生物结皮中的微生物数量在阳向陡坡下最低,而真菌在坡向因子下表现出极显著差异。生物结皮中的土壤微生物量氮含量在阴坡显著高于阳坡(P<0.05),而在坡度间的差异未达到显著水平,结皮层土壤微生物量碳含量的表现与土壤微生物量氮含量相同,但在结皮层下的表现为阴向陡坡下显著低于其他立地类型下(P<0.05)。总体表明生物结皮表层(0-10cm)土壤活性受坡向因子影响显著,受坡度因子影响较小。
(4)陡坡下林草植被类型对生物结皮土壤生物活性的影响存在差异性。在阳坡和阴坡下,生物结皮土壤脲酶在封育草地下表现出较高活性；土壤碱性磷酸酶在小叶杨林和封育草地下活性较高而生物结皮土壤蔗糖酶在三种林草植被下活性均高于物理结皮。生物结皮土壤微生物均在阴坡封育草地下数量最多,阳坡下,生物结皮细菌和放线菌在山杏林和封育草地下数量最多,真菌在山杏林和小叶杨林下数量最多。生物结皮土壤微生物量碳含量在阳坡和阴坡下均在封育草地中表现较高水平,生物结皮土壤微生物量氮含量在阴坡封育草地中显著高于林地和物理结皮而在阳坡则表现出三种林草植被下均显著高于物理结皮。结果还表明不同生境下生物结皮土壤活性指标均随土壤深度的增加而减少,说明生物结皮对土壤生物活性的改良有表聚作用。
(5)研究表明,经过72天的短期培养后平面和坡面处理的苔藓结皮与混合结皮的盖度均达到65%以上。与无结皮对照相比,平面处理和坡面处理下的苔藓结皮中土壤有机质和速效氮的含量分别增加了100.87%、48.23%和67.56%、52.17%；土壤速效磷含量有降低趋势；人工生物结皮的形成能够降低土壤pH值,增加土壤阳离子交换量；生物结皮的形成使得土壤酶活性和微生物数量均高于对照,其中各处理下碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照。因此,经过短期培养后生物结皮可以快速形成,并有效改善表层土壤微环境为陕北黄土区利用生物工程措施进行植被恢复和生态重建提供了理论依据。
Recently, biological soil crusts (BSCs) play more important role in arid and semi-arid ecosystem in the Loess Area of North Shaanxi Province. Few researches reported that population characteristics of lichen and moss plant of BSCs in this area. Systematic study was less about the effect of BSCs on topsoil biological activities in different habitat. Through field survey, collection and authenticate of specimen, determination of soil biological activities and artificial cultivated BSCs, population characteristics of lichen and moss plant of BSCs and soil biological activities were studied in response to BSCs in different habitat condition.
(1)25species of lichens were found in BSCs derived from Loess Area of North Shaanxi Province, which belong to14genera and10families. Dominant family and genus were evident which were Verrucariaceae and Endocarpon, respectively.24species of mosses were found in BSCs, which belong to13genera and6families. Dominant family and genus were Pottiaceae and Barbula, respectively. In grazing banned watershed, Shannon-Weiner diversity index and species richness of lichens and mosses on the shady slopes were greater than that on the sunny slopes. At the same slope aspect, Shannon-Weiner diversity index gradually ascended from higher to lower slope positions. Results indicated that Shannon-Weiner diversity and Pielou evenness index of lichens and mosses have spatial heterogeneity due to the effect of slope position and aspect.
(2) The relationships between crust type and topsoil enzyme activity, crust type and microbial quantity, crust type and microbial biomass were different. The soil enzyme activity under different crusts type is the algae-lichen-moss crust> algae-moss crust, algae-lichen crust> physical crust. In crust layer, the quantity of bacteria under algae-lichen-moss crust and fungi under algae-lichen crust were the most, but the quantity of actinomyces under algae-lichen crust has more accumulation. In soil layer under crust, the number of bacteria and fungi under algae-lichen crust were the most, but actinomyces under algae-lichen-moss crust has more accumulation. Compared with physical crust, three biological soil crusts can significantly improve the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents, the order of improvement was algae-lichen-moss crust> algae-moss crust> algae-lichen crust> physical crust. There was extremely significant positive correlation between developmental stage of biological crust and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content (P<0.01).
(3) Effects of different site types on topsoil biological activities under BSCs were different. In shady slope, the soil enzyme activity of BSCs was significantly higher than that in sunny slope (P<0.05), and soil enzyme activity of BSCs in steep slope was higher than that in gentle slope, but the difference was not significant. In different site types, soil microbial quantity under BSCs was the lowest in sunny steep slope. The number of fungi under BSCs was highly significant difference (P<0.01). Soil microbial biomass nitrogen content of BSCs in shady slope was significantly higher than that in sunny slope (P<0.05), but no significant difference existed in slope factor. The soil microbial biomass carbon of crust layer have the same change with soil microbial biomass nitrogen content in different site type. In soil layer under BSCs, however, soil microbial biomass nitrogen content in shady steep slope was lower than other site type (P<0.05). In different site types, aspect factor could significantly affect topsoil microbial activities of BSCs, and the effect of slope factor on soil microbial activity was weaker than aspect factor.
(4) In steep slope, the effect of forest and grass on soil microbial activities under BSCs was different. In sunny and shady slope, soil urease under BSCs has higher activity in enclosure grassland, while soil alkaline phosphatase activity under BSCs in enclosure grassland and Populus simonii forest were higher than Armeniaca sibirica forest and physical crust. Soil invertase activity under BSCs in three forest and grass vegetation were higher than physical crust. In shady slope, soil microbial quantities under BSCs in enclosure grassland were the most in all vegetation types. In sunny slope, the quantity of bacteria and actinomyces under BSCs was the most in Armeniaca sibirica forest and enclosure grassland, and fungi quantity under BSCs in forestland was more than enclosure grassland and physical crust. In shady and sunny slope, soil microbial biomass carbon content under BSCs was higher in enclosure grassland than forestlands and physical crust, and soil microbial biomass nitrogen content also has the same change in shady slope. In sunny slope, however, soil microbial biomass nitrogen content in the three forests vegetation types was higher than that in physical crust. Results indicated that soil microbial activities under BSCs gradually decreased with increasing soil depth. Therefore, BSCs could improve soil microbial activities in topsoil.
(5) The results indicated that the coverage of artificial cultivated BSCs was more than65%after72days of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached to40%after35days of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by100.87%and48.23%, respectively; and increased by67.56%and52.17%in sloping treatments, respectively. Available phosphorus content in cultivated BSCs was decreased. Soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs. Alkaline phosphatase activity in all tratments of cultivated BSCs were significantly higher than that in the control. Quantities of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs can be cultivated rapidly after short-term cultivation and improve the micro-environment of soil surface. These results will provide scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau, China.
引文
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