动静载荷与渗透水压作用下裂隙岩体断裂机理研究
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摘要
摘要：为研究地下工程岩体受到爆破等动力扰动后突水的力学行为,开展了动静载荷和渗透水压作用的裂隙岩体破坏的理论研究、试验研究、声发射监测、数值模拟和工程实测。
通过理论探讨与试验研究,分析了动静载荷与渗透水压共同作用下压剪岩石裂纹起裂规律——裂纹尖端应力强度因子的演化规律,得出裂纹尖端应力强度因子的主要影响因素有渗透水压、动载荷、静应力及裂纹倾角等。渗透压的存在加剧了分支裂纹的扩展,随着渗透水压的增大,分支裂纹扩展由稳定扩展变成不稳定扩展；与最大主应力方向一致的动载荷增加了Ⅰ型裂纹尖端强度因子,对Ⅱ型裂纹尖端强度因子的影响视裂纹倾角及材料属性而定；裂纹起裂角因动载荷的变化而改变。针对Ⅰ型裂纹动态断裂,推导出裂纹初始起裂角为70.5。。压剪岩石裂纹初始起裂强度与渗透水压、围压、动载荷相关。试验结果验证裂纹初始起裂强度随围压增大而增大,随渗透水压增大而减小。
研制了渗透水压加载装置,对含裂纹类岩石材料的混凝土试样加载预应力后,进行有渗透水压作用和无渗透水压作用下单轴循环加卸载压缩破坏对比试验。试验结果表明,在试样弹性阶段加载有限次循环载荷有助于类岩石材料的强化；在有渗透水压作用下,单轴循环加卸载后岩石的强度降低,降低的程度与循环载荷加载时预应力的大小有关,在弹性阶段加载循环载荷的岩石强度高于在损伤阶段加载循环载荷的岩石强度,而且在渗透水压作用下岩石的应变大于无渗透水压作用下岩石的应变。具有岩爆倾向性岩石可以通过加载、卸载产生损伤以降低其岩爆倾向性,同时低渗透水压的作用可使岩爆降低程度更剧。
为研究地应力与渗透水压耦合作用下的深部裂隙岩体受到爆破等动力扰动过程中声发射特征,对含裂纹类岩石材料的混凝土试样加载预应力后进行有渗透水压作用和无渗透水压作用下单轴循环加卸载压缩破坏对比试验,并采用声发射测试分析系统对其整个过程进行监测。分析数据发现,有渗透水压作用和无渗透水压作用下试样产生的声发射有很大的区别：在其弹性阶段加载循环载荷过程中,有渗透水压作用的岩石声发射能量较大,而无水压作用的岩石几乎没有声发射能量产生；在其损伤阶段加载循环载荷过程中,有渗透水压作用的岩石声发射能量较无水压作用的岩石大得多。同时发现,循环载荷作用时有渗透水压参与下,含裂纹类岩石材料的混凝土试样在较低应力水平和较高应力水平都有声发射事件产生,通过理论分析认为两者产生的机理不同：较低应力水平下,岩石内部出现拉应力,导致其损伤产生声发射；而在较高应力水平下,岩石内部压应力很大,使其损伤而产生声发射。
为了更好地观察裂纹启裂、扩展、破坏等过程,以阐述含裂纹岩石压缩破坏机理,采用RFPA2D计算软件模拟再现试验过程。通过计算模拟单轴压缩载荷作用下含一条裂纹岩石破坏过程,发现含一条裂纹的试件的抗压强度与裂纹倾角、有无渗透水压作用有很大关系。随着裂纹倾角从0°增大到90°,试件抗压强度先减小再增大。当裂纹倾角为45°时,试件的抗压强度最小；裂纹的启裂强度也是如此。有渗透水压作用的试件抗压强度要低于无渗透水压作用的试件。通过计算模拟单轴压缩下两条平行裂纹的破坏过程,发现在纯应力场中两条平行裂纹启裂先后顺序存在随机性；而对于渗流场中两条平行裂纹,有渗透水压作用的裂纹先启裂。通过计算模拟单轴压缩下两条不平行裂纹的破坏过程,发现在纯应力场中两条不平行裂纹启裂先后顺序和裂纹倾角有关系；同时发现渗透水进入裂纹的先后顺序影响岩体的强度。
为了验证实验室加载试验和数值模拟结论的真实性,对大冶铁矿尖林山采区进行生产爆破震动下渗水巷道围岩松动圈测试。测试过程发现,爆破震动致使围岩内部裂隙启裂、发展,裂隙密度增大,降低了岩体声波波速,导致围岩松动圈扩大。同时现场观察到爆破震动致使裂隙发展、连通,形成水体通路,导致地表水灌入地下。利用RFPA2D计算软件模拟爆破震动下渗水巷道的力学反应,发现在渗透水压、地应力及循环载荷作用下,巷道围岩内部裂纹逐渐启裂、扩展、贯通,且裂隙范围扩大,围岩松动圈不断扩展,与工程实测结论一致；同时发现在渗透水压作用下,部分裂纹周边出现张拉应力,从而导致该部分裂纹更易产生拉剪破裂,与室内实验结论一致。
Abstract:To reveal the water inrush mechanics behavior of underground rock mass subjected to dynamic disturbance such as blasting, the crack propagation mechanism of fractured rock under static-dynamic loading and seepage water pressure is analyzed through theoretical research, experimental study, acoustic emission monitoring, numerical simulation and engineering test.
The compression-shear rock crack initiation rule and the evolution of crack tip stress intensity are analyzed under static-dynamic loading and seepage water pressure on the basis of theoretical deduction and experimental research. It is drawn that the major influence factors of the crack tip stress intensity factor are seepage pressure, dynamic load, static stress and crack angle. The seepage water pressure's existence aggravates branch cracks' propagation. With the seepage pressure increasing, the branch crack becomes unstable extension from stable propagation. The dynamic load in the direction of maximum main stress increases type I crack tip stress intensity factor and its influence on type II crack intensity factor is relative with crack angle and material property. Crack initiation angle changes with the dynamic load. The initial crack initiation angle of type-Ⅰ dynamic crack fracture is70.5. The compression-shear crack initial strength relates to seepage pressure, confining pressure, dynamic load. Experimental results verify the initial crack strength increases with the confining pressure's increase, and decreases with the seepage pressure's increase.
The seepage pressure loading device was developed. The uniaxial cyclic loading experiments were done by loading prestress on crack rocklike materials i.e. concrete samples to contrast the compression failure characteristics with or without the action of seepage water pressure. The experimental results showed that finite cyclic loading in the elastic stage helps to strengthen rocklike materials. The strength of rock after uniaxial cyclic loading is reduced with the action of seepage water pressure, and the depressed degree is related to the prestress when loading cyclic pressure. When cyclic loading compressed in the elastic stage, the rock strength is higher than the one in the damage stage. The rock strain under the action of seepage water pressure is greater than the one without seepage water pressure. As for rock bursting tendency rock, loading and unloading can reduce its rock-burst proneness because of formatting damage, and lower seepage water pressure can greatly decrease the rock burst orientation.
To reveal the mechanical response of deep rock under the coupled action of ground stress and seepage water pressure when facing dynamic disturbance such as blasting, the containing crack rocklike specimen were compressed on the seepage pressure loading device. The pressed crack rocklike specimen's uniaxial cyclic compression failure process was monitored by acoustic emission test and analysis system, when it respectively subjected to seepage water or without seepage water pressure. It was found that acoustic emission has big difference such as acoustic emission interval and energy when with or without seepage water pressure. The acoustic emission's energy from pressed crack rocklike specimen under seepage water pressure is higher than the acoustic emission's energy from pressed crack rocklike specimen without seepage water pressure during loading the cyclic loads when the pressed crack rocklike specimen is its elastic stage. The acoustic emission's energy from pressed crack rocklike specimen under seepage water pressure is much higher than the acoustic emission's energy from pressed crack rocklike specimen without seepage water pressure during loading the cyclic loads when the pressed crack rocklike specimen is its damaged stage. AE events generated in the lower or higher stress levels when crack contained rocklike concrete specimen subjected to cyclic loads in the seepage water pressure, but their mechanism is different. The difference is that low tensile stress appeared in the pressed crack rocklike specimen resulting specimen's damaging and acoustic emission under the low stress and high compressive stress appeared in the pressed crack rocklike specimen resulting specimen's damaging and acoustic emission under the high stress.
In order to better observe the crack initiation, propagation and failure process, and explain its failure mechanism, the RFPA2D software is used to simulate the crack rock compression process. Through the computer simulation the failure process of the one crack rock under uniaxial compressive loading, it is found that the compressive strength has the very big relations with the crack angle, with or without the action of seepage water pressure. With the increase of crack angle from0degree to90degree, the compressive strength of specimen decreases firstly and then increases.When the crack angle is45°, the compressive strength is the minimum, the same to the crack initiation strength. With the action of seepage water pressure, the specimens compressive strength is lower than the one without water pressure effect. Through the computer simulation the failure process of two parallel crack specimen under uniaxial compression, it is found that two parallel crack initiation sequence is random in pure stress field. While for two parallel cracks in the seepage water field, the one with the seepage water pressure effect first initiates. By simulating two non-parallel crack specimen failure process under uniaxial compression, it is found that in pure stress field two non-parallel crack initiation sequence is related to the crack angle. The order of infiltration of water into the crack affects the strength of the rock mass.
To testify the authenticity of laboratory experiment and numerical simulation results, the broken rock zone in seepage tunnel of Jian-Lin-Shan mining area Daye iron mine is tested under production blasting vibration. During testing process, it is found that blasting vibration causes internal cracks of surrounding rock initiate and develop, the fracture density increases, the acoustic wave velocity of rock mass decreases, the broken rock zone expands. At the same time, through on-site observation, it is found that blasting vibration results in crack development, connected and formation water pathway, leads to surface water into the ground. The FPA2D calculation software is used to simulate the mechanical response of seepage tunnel under blasting vibration. It is Found that in the seepage water pressure, stress and cyclic loading, internal cracks of roadway surrounding rock initiate, propagate and through out gradually, and the fracture range is expanding, the broken rock zone also expands. It is consistent with the engineering test conclusion. Also found that under the effect of seepage water pressure, the tensile stress appear around some cracks, leading to part of the cracks more likely to generate shear failure, consistent with the indoor experiment conclusion.
通过理论探讨与试验研究,分析了动静载荷与渗透水压共同作用下压剪岩石裂纹起裂规律——裂纹尖端应力强度因子的演化规律,得出裂纹尖端应力强度因子的主要影响因素有渗透水压、动载荷、静应力及裂纹倾角等。渗透压的存在加剧了分支裂纹的扩展,随着渗透水压的增大,分支裂纹扩展由稳定扩展变成不稳定扩展；与最大主应力方向一致的动载荷增加了Ⅰ型裂纹尖端强度因子,对Ⅱ型裂纹尖端强度因子的影响视裂纹倾角及材料属性而定；裂纹起裂角因动载荷的变化而改变。针对Ⅰ型裂纹动态断裂,推导出裂纹初始起裂角为70.5。。压剪岩石裂纹初始起裂强度与渗透水压、围压、动载荷相关。试验结果验证裂纹初始起裂强度随围压增大而增大,随渗透水压增大而减小。
研制了渗透水压加载装置,对含裂纹类岩石材料的混凝土试样加载预应力后,进行有渗透水压作用和无渗透水压作用下单轴循环加卸载压缩破坏对比试验。试验结果表明,在试样弹性阶段加载有限次循环载荷有助于类岩石材料的强化；在有渗透水压作用下,单轴循环加卸载后岩石的强度降低,降低的程度与循环载荷加载时预应力的大小有关,在弹性阶段加载循环载荷的岩石强度高于在损伤阶段加载循环载荷的岩石强度,而且在渗透水压作用下岩石的应变大于无渗透水压作用下岩石的应变。具有岩爆倾向性岩石可以通过加载、卸载产生损伤以降低其岩爆倾向性,同时低渗透水压的作用可使岩爆降低程度更剧。
为研究地应力与渗透水压耦合作用下的深部裂隙岩体受到爆破等动力扰动过程中声发射特征,对含裂纹类岩石材料的混凝土试样加载预应力后进行有渗透水压作用和无渗透水压作用下单轴循环加卸载压缩破坏对比试验,并采用声发射测试分析系统对其整个过程进行监测。分析数据发现,有渗透水压作用和无渗透水压作用下试样产生的声发射有很大的区别：在其弹性阶段加载循环载荷过程中,有渗透水压作用的岩石声发射能量较大,而无水压作用的岩石几乎没有声发射能量产生；在其损伤阶段加载循环载荷过程中,有渗透水压作用的岩石声发射能量较无水压作用的岩石大得多。同时发现,循环载荷作用时有渗透水压参与下,含裂纹类岩石材料的混凝土试样在较低应力水平和较高应力水平都有声发射事件产生,通过理论分析认为两者产生的机理不同：较低应力水平下,岩石内部出现拉应力,导致其损伤产生声发射；而在较高应力水平下,岩石内部压应力很大,使其损伤而产生声发射。
为了更好地观察裂纹启裂、扩展、破坏等过程,以阐述含裂纹岩石压缩破坏机理,采用RFPA2D计算软件模拟再现试验过程。通过计算模拟单轴压缩载荷作用下含一条裂纹岩石破坏过程,发现含一条裂纹的试件的抗压强度与裂纹倾角、有无渗透水压作用有很大关系。随着裂纹倾角从0°增大到90°,试件抗压强度先减小再增大。当裂纹倾角为45°时,试件的抗压强度最小；裂纹的启裂强度也是如此。有渗透水压作用的试件抗压强度要低于无渗透水压作用的试件。通过计算模拟单轴压缩下两条平行裂纹的破坏过程,发现在纯应力场中两条平行裂纹启裂先后顺序存在随机性；而对于渗流场中两条平行裂纹,有渗透水压作用的裂纹先启裂。通过计算模拟单轴压缩下两条不平行裂纹的破坏过程,发现在纯应力场中两条不平行裂纹启裂先后顺序和裂纹倾角有关系；同时发现渗透水进入裂纹的先后顺序影响岩体的强度。
为了验证实验室加载试验和数值模拟结论的真实性,对大冶铁矿尖林山采区进行生产爆破震动下渗水巷道围岩松动圈测试。测试过程发现,爆破震动致使围岩内部裂隙启裂、发展,裂隙密度增大,降低了岩体声波波速,导致围岩松动圈扩大。同时现场观察到爆破震动致使裂隙发展、连通,形成水体通路,导致地表水灌入地下。利用RFPA2D计算软件模拟爆破震动下渗水巷道的力学反应,发现在渗透水压、地应力及循环载荷作用下,巷道围岩内部裂纹逐渐启裂、扩展、贯通,且裂隙范围扩大,围岩松动圈不断扩展,与工程实测结论一致；同时发现在渗透水压作用下,部分裂纹周边出现张拉应力,从而导致该部分裂纹更易产生拉剪破裂,与室内实验结论一致。
Abstract:To reveal the water inrush mechanics behavior of underground rock mass subjected to dynamic disturbance such as blasting, the crack propagation mechanism of fractured rock under static-dynamic loading and seepage water pressure is analyzed through theoretical research, experimental study, acoustic emission monitoring, numerical simulation and engineering test.
The compression-shear rock crack initiation rule and the evolution of crack tip stress intensity are analyzed under static-dynamic loading and seepage water pressure on the basis of theoretical deduction and experimental research. It is drawn that the major influence factors of the crack tip stress intensity factor are seepage pressure, dynamic load, static stress and crack angle. The seepage water pressure's existence aggravates branch cracks' propagation. With the seepage pressure increasing, the branch crack becomes unstable extension from stable propagation. The dynamic load in the direction of maximum main stress increases type I crack tip stress intensity factor and its influence on type II crack intensity factor is relative with crack angle and material property. Crack initiation angle changes with the dynamic load. The initial crack initiation angle of type-Ⅰ dynamic crack fracture is70.5. The compression-shear crack initial strength relates to seepage pressure, confining pressure, dynamic load. Experimental results verify the initial crack strength increases with the confining pressure's increase, and decreases with the seepage pressure's increase.
The seepage pressure loading device was developed. The uniaxial cyclic loading experiments were done by loading prestress on crack rocklike materials i.e. concrete samples to contrast the compression failure characteristics with or without the action of seepage water pressure. The experimental results showed that finite cyclic loading in the elastic stage helps to strengthen rocklike materials. The strength of rock after uniaxial cyclic loading is reduced with the action of seepage water pressure, and the depressed degree is related to the prestress when loading cyclic pressure. When cyclic loading compressed in the elastic stage, the rock strength is higher than the one in the damage stage. The rock strain under the action of seepage water pressure is greater than the one without seepage water pressure. As for rock bursting tendency rock, loading and unloading can reduce its rock-burst proneness because of formatting damage, and lower seepage water pressure can greatly decrease the rock burst orientation.
To reveal the mechanical response of deep rock under the coupled action of ground stress and seepage water pressure when facing dynamic disturbance such as blasting, the containing crack rocklike specimen were compressed on the seepage pressure loading device. The pressed crack rocklike specimen's uniaxial cyclic compression failure process was monitored by acoustic emission test and analysis system, when it respectively subjected to seepage water or without seepage water pressure. It was found that acoustic emission has big difference such as acoustic emission interval and energy when with or without seepage water pressure. The acoustic emission's energy from pressed crack rocklike specimen under seepage water pressure is higher than the acoustic emission's energy from pressed crack rocklike specimen without seepage water pressure during loading the cyclic loads when the pressed crack rocklike specimen is its elastic stage. The acoustic emission's energy from pressed crack rocklike specimen under seepage water pressure is much higher than the acoustic emission's energy from pressed crack rocklike specimen without seepage water pressure during loading the cyclic loads when the pressed crack rocklike specimen is its damaged stage. AE events generated in the lower or higher stress levels when crack contained rocklike concrete specimen subjected to cyclic loads in the seepage water pressure, but their mechanism is different. The difference is that low tensile stress appeared in the pressed crack rocklike specimen resulting specimen's damaging and acoustic emission under the low stress and high compressive stress appeared in the pressed crack rocklike specimen resulting specimen's damaging and acoustic emission under the high stress.
In order to better observe the crack initiation, propagation and failure process, and explain its failure mechanism, the RFPA2D software is used to simulate the crack rock compression process. Through the computer simulation the failure process of the one crack rock under uniaxial compressive loading, it is found that the compressive strength has the very big relations with the crack angle, with or without the action of seepage water pressure. With the increase of crack angle from0degree to90degree, the compressive strength of specimen decreases firstly and then increases.When the crack angle is45°, the compressive strength is the minimum, the same to the crack initiation strength. With the action of seepage water pressure, the specimens compressive strength is lower than the one without water pressure effect. Through the computer simulation the failure process of two parallel crack specimen under uniaxial compression, it is found that two parallel crack initiation sequence is random in pure stress field. While for two parallel cracks in the seepage water field, the one with the seepage water pressure effect first initiates. By simulating two non-parallel crack specimen failure process under uniaxial compression, it is found that in pure stress field two non-parallel crack initiation sequence is related to the crack angle. The order of infiltration of water into the crack affects the strength of the rock mass.
To testify the authenticity of laboratory experiment and numerical simulation results, the broken rock zone in seepage tunnel of Jian-Lin-Shan mining area Daye iron mine is tested under production blasting vibration. During testing process, it is found that blasting vibration causes internal cracks of surrounding rock initiate and develop, the fracture density increases, the acoustic wave velocity of rock mass decreases, the broken rock zone expands. At the same time, through on-site observation, it is found that blasting vibration results in crack development, connected and formation water pathway, leads to surface water into the ground. The FPA2D calculation software is used to simulate the mechanical response of seepage tunnel under blasting vibration. It is Found that in the seepage water pressure, stress and cyclic loading, internal cracks of roadway surrounding rock initiate, propagate and through out gradually, and the fracture range is expanding, the broken rock zone also expands. It is consistent with the engineering test conclusion. Also found that under the effect of seepage water pressure, the tensile stress appear around some cracks, leading to part of the cracks more likely to generate shear failure, consistent with the indoor experiment conclusion.
引文
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