鄱阳湖区蚌湖重金属及氮的生物地球化学与同位素示踪
摘要
蚌湖是鄱阳湖边缘的一个自然小湖泊，蚌湖紧邻赣江、修河和鄱阳湖西北部水域，枯水期水位低落蚌湖因天然堤坝与它们隔离成为独立封闭湖泊；丰水期赣江、修河、鄱阳湖水位上涨，水体逐渐越过堤坝进入蚌湖并逐渐连成一片水域。正是这种河流-湖泊系统的水文连通性控制着湖泊的水位变化，使得蚌湖水源在不同水位期存在差异，随之运移而来的营养盐、阴阳离子、微量元素等也存在差异，表现在湖泊水体、沉积物、水生植物的元素和同位素对环境变化产生响应。
本研究以蚌湖为主线，通过阴阳离子浓度、氢氧稳定同位素、无机氮稳定同位素分析蚌湖与赣江、修河水体交换情况；探讨水位变化对蚌湖水体理化参数的影响，并利用碳氮稳定同位素技术判断无机氮和颗粒有机质的来源以及对水位变化产生的响应；揭示蚌湖在不同水位条件下污染物扩散残留机制；并对比研究不同生态类型湖泊蚌湖（自然湖泊）及象湖（城市湖泊）的沉积物重金属元素的污染特征及潜在危害、无机氮及有机质碳氮稳定同位素特征与来源分析。
（1）不同生态类型湖泊重金属污染及其潜在危害存在差异：蚌湖表层沉积物5种重金属的平均浓度顺序为Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr>Cd，污染程度较低，Cd污染平均值达到土壤环境质量三级标准；Cu的含量随年代的分布情况与沿湖的工业发展有较密切的联系。象湖表层沉积物污染最严重的是Cd；各点重金属的平均浓度顺序为Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Cd，城市湖泊Pb的污染不容忽视。两湖泊重金属浓度在深度上分布呈锯齿状，蚌湖重金属随深度增加浓度降低，而象湖不如蚌湖明显。
（2）蚌湖、赣江、修河存在水体交换：蚌湖在水位上涨时期和赣江、修河的阴阳离子浓度、氢氧同位素差别不大，且蚌湖范围更宽，这是由于水位上涨时期蚌湖受纳了赣江、修河的水体，可能还有其它水源输入如鄱阳湖。而枯水期蚌湖与赣江、修河的阴阳离子浓度、氢氧稳定同位素差异很大，表明蚌湖枯水期是个独立湖泊。
蚌湖、赣江、修河无机氮稳定同位素的分析也可以反映蚌湖与两条河流水体交换情况。枯水期蚌湖无机氮稳定同位素均为负值，而赣江修河无机氮稳定同位素均为正值，表明枯水期蚌湖与赣江、修河没有水体交换。平水期（水位上涨阶段）蚌湖无机氮稳定同位素与两条河流无机氮稳定同位素相近，同为正值，表明蚌湖水与两河流水体有交换。丰水期蚌湖、赣江、修河的氨氮稳定同位素都较负，主要来源于流域较多的雨水氨氮源，硝氮主要来源于雨水径流带入的农业氮源。平水期（水位退落阶段）蚌湖硝氮稳定同位素为负值与两河流相反，表明蚌湖水体是丰水期的滞留水体，两河流水可能没有进入蚌湖交换，而且蚌湖的硝化作用较强。
（3）水位变化对蚌湖水样δ15N-NH4+、δ15N-NO3-有较大影响：蚌湖水样δ15N-NH4+、δ15N-NO3-在不同月份不同水位变化较大，不同水位条件下蚌湖无机氮稳定同位素都存在显著性差异，反映不同水位水体来源不同，丰水期和平水期（水位上涨）的水源是河流水和雨水，平水期（水位退落）和枯水期是丰水期的滞留水，同时湖泊内部的氨化硝化作用也很强。
（4）有机质C和N同位素组成及C/N指示不同水位和季节有机质的来源和迁移：蚌湖季节性水位变化是影响C和N循环的主控因素，从而影响湖体有机质C和N稳定同位素组成及C/N，反映不同水位有机质来源不同。
1）悬浮颗粒有机质（SPM）：SPM的13C丰水期相对富集（δ13C=-27.5‰～-23.1‰），平水期（水位退落阶段）13C相对亏损(δ13C=-29.7‰～-26.8‰)，枯水期δ13C=-31.7‰～-27.3‰，平水期（水位上涨阶段）13C最亏损（δ13C=-35.4‰～-30.8‰）与各水位有显著性差异。SPM的C/N随水位升高而有轻微的上升趋势，大部分样品C/N大于7。丰水期SPM主要来源于外源土壤有机质和水生植物碎屑；平水期（水位退落）湖泊的水生生物碎屑是SPM主要组成。枯水期风浪引起的沉积物再悬浮是SPM重要组成。
2）表层沉积物（SOM）：SOM的δ13C随水位和季节不同而显著变化。SOM的δ13C在冬春季枯水期（δ13C=-30‰～-25.5‰）与夏秋季（δ13C=-26.5‰～-24‰）有显著差异。SOM的C/N变化很大，丰水期和平水期（水位退落阶段）C/N为2～3.5之间，比枯水期C/N为6.5～10.2和平水期（水位上涨阶段）C/N为5.7～9.2低很多，它们之间有显著性差异。丰水期SOM可能以自身矿化分解为主，SPM对SOM有一定贡献；平水期（水位退落阶段）和枯水期SOM主要由衰败的水生植物贡献并且在沉降过程中降解；平水期（水位上涨阶段）可能是外来水源对表层沉积有冲刷作用而使δ13C比枯水期升高很多，外来土壤有机质和水生植物碎屑对SOM没有贡献。
3）水生植物的δ13C的变化主要是季节变化：在夏季13C相对富集（δ13C=-29.2‰～-23.2‰），而在秋冬春季δ13C范围在-29.5‰～-27‰之间。水生植物的C/N在春夏季高（9.6～16.4），而秋冬季C/N是8～10。水生植物C和N循环主要受季节性的湖泊内部生物地球化学过程控制，在不同季节由于光照、温度不同，植物的光合作用、呼吸作用占主导地位的不同而引起同位素分馏。有机质颗粒（POM）的δ15N随水位变化不大，主要是季节变化。
（5）不同生态类型湖泊无机氮和有机质碳氮稳定同位素差异及来源分析：根据水体无机氮δ15N和有机质δ13C、δ15N及有机C/N可以大致识别两湖泊无机氮和有机质来源。蚌湖水体无机氮（DIN）含量低，象湖DIN含量高。蚌湖水体无机氮的δ15N偏负，表现为雨水和农业肥料氮污染。象湖水体δ15N-NH4+分布范围大，两污染点δ15N-NH4+值分别为+13.5‰和+25.4‰，表现为污水输入特征，δ15N-NO3-变化主要是湖泊内部的生物地球化学过程分馏所致。蚌湖表层沉积物、大型浮叶植物δ15N差别不大，结合δ13C、有机C/N可以推断水生植物是蚌湖有机质的主要来源。象湖表层沉积物δ15N、有机C/N分布范围大，δ15N在+3.6‰～+8.3‰之间，有机C/N在2.6～10.8之间，表明城市湖泊污染有机质来源广泛，两污染点表现为废水污物有机质输入特征。
Bang Lake is a natural lake on the edge of Poyang Lake, annually seasonal highfluctuation water levels of Poyang Lake also has a great influence on Bang Lakewater levels. Bang Lake is near Gan River, Xiu River and Poyang Lake, and BangLake is separated from them as an independent closed lake because of natural levee indry season. In wet season,with the rise of water level of Gan River, Xiu River andPoyang Lake, water enters into Bang Lake over the dam and gradually comestogether. The water source of Bang Lake is different in different water levels, whichmakes the nutritive salt, anion, cation and trace elements differences. And theelements and isotopes of lake water body, sediment, aquatic plants respond toenvironment changes. Bang Lake is the research subject. The exchange informationof water body among Bang Lake,Gan River and Xiu River were analysed by studyingthe ion concentration of anion and cation, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratiosand inorganic nitrogen stable isotope ratios. The influence of inorganic nitrogenstable isotopes and particle organic matter C and N stable isotopes of Bang Lake fromwater level changes were discussed, judging their origins and response on water levelchanges. Furthermore the characteristics of heavy metal and the isotope, and sourcesof inorganic nitrogen and organic matter between Bang Lake (nature lake) andElephant Lake(urban lake) were comparatively analyzed.
(1) The differences of heavy metal pollution between different ecological typelakes: The mean concentrations of heavy metals of surface sediment were Cu> Zn>Pb> Cr> Cd in Bang Lake. The pollution degree was low. The average value of Cdwas at the Grade3of Soil environmental quality.Based on RSP value, Pb was belongto light pollution in Bang lake, the biological potential harm of other elements wasnot great. It had a close connection between the Cu content distribution yearly and theindustrial development of Poyang lake.
The average concentrations of heavy metal of surface sediment in Elephant Lakewere Zn> Pb> Cu> Cr> As> Cd. The most severe pollution in Elephant Lake wasCd. It should be payed more attention for Pb pollution in city lake. The depth distribution of heavy metal concentrations was serrated in the two Lakes, andconcentration was lower with depth increases in Bang Lake but not obvious inElephant Lake.
(2) The exchange information of water body of Bang Lake,Gan River andXiu River: In the water level rising period there were not obvious differences on theion concentrations of anion and cation, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratiosamong Bang Lake,Gan River and Xiu River because Bang Lake received the waterbody from Gan River, Xiu River,and more from Poyang Lake. However in dryseason, there were obvious differences on those ion concentration or stable istopicratios among them,which showed that Bang Lake is a independent lake.
Inorganic nitrogen stable isotope analysis also reflected the water exchangeinformation among Bang Lake and Gan River and Xiu River. The inorganic nitrogenstable isotopes in dry season were negative,but positive in Gan river and XiuRiver,which suggested that no water exchange happended among them. However inthe water level rising period isotopes were very close with positive amongthem,which indicated water exchange among Bang Lake and the two rivers.
The ammonia nitrogen stable isotope of Bang Lake,Gan River and Xiu River inflooding period was negative, mainly came from the ammonia nitrogen source of rainwater of drainage basin.Nitrate nitrogen mainly came from the agricultural nitrogensource by rain runoff. In lowering period,nitrate nitrogen stable isotope of Bang Lakewas negative,which was opposite to the two rivers, showing that the water body ofBang Lake was the retention water of flooding period, the two rivers’ water may notenter the Bang lake, and the nitrification of Bang Lake was stronger.
(3) Great influence on δ15N-NH4+、δ15N-NO3-from the water level changes ofBang Lake: There were significant differences for inorganic nitrogen stable isotopesof Bang Lake in the flooding, lowering, lentic and flowing periods, which reflectedthe different water sources in different water levels. The water sources of flowing andflooding periods were river water and rain water. The water sources of lowering andlentic periods were the retention water of flooding period.
(4) C and N stable isotopic compositions of organic matter and C/Nindicating organic matter source and migration: Seasonal water level changes of Bang Lake were the main control factor of the C and N cycle, also affected C and Nstable isotopic compositions of organic matter.
1) Suspended particulate organic matter (SPM): δ13C of SPM in flooding periodwas relative increase(-27.5‰~-23.1‰), relative decrease in lowering period (-29.7‰~-26.8‰) and lentic period (-31.7‰~-27.3‰). δ13C (35.4‰~30.8‰) inflowing period had significant difference with the other water levels. C/N of SPM hada slight upward trend when water level rose. C/N of most of the samples was greaterthan7. SPM in flooding period was from foreign soil organic matter and the debris ofaquatic plants. The detritus of aquatic plants of the lake in lowering period was themajor composition of SPM. Sediment OM resuspended caused by wind and wavewas important composition of SPM in lentic period.
2) Surface sediment organic matter (SOM): The δ13C of SOM significantlychanged with the water levels and seasons, with-30‰~-25.5‰in winter andspring and-26.5‰~-24‰in summer and fall. δ13C was very high in May after thewater level rose. The C/N of SOM in flooding and lowering period was2~3.5,which was much lower than that of dry period (6.5~10.2) and flowing period (5.7~9.2). SOM in flooding period may be from foreign soil organic matter and selfbiogeochemical. degredation. In flowing period, foreign water source had flushingaction on surface of sediment, which made the δ13C increase than that in dryperiod,.and no contribution on SOM from soil organic matter and aquatic plantdebris.
3) δ13C change of aquatic plant was mainly seasonal variation. δ13C ofaquatic plants increase in summer (-29.2‰~-23.2‰), while that of other seasonswas-29.5‰~-27‰. C/N of aquatic plants in spring and summer was high (9.6~16.4) but C/N was8~10in the fall and winter. The C and N cycing of aquatic plantswere mainly controlled by biogeochemical processes in lake. In different seasons,isotope fractionation happened due to the differences of light, temperature, plantphotosynthesis and respiration. The δ15N change of particulate organic matter (POM)was not big, mainly by seasonal changes.
(5) The analysis of isotope differences and source of inorganic nitrogen andorganic matter between different ecological type lakes: According to δ15N of water, δ13C and δ15N and organic C/N of organic matter, sources of inorganic nitrogen andorganic matter of two lakes can be identified approximately. The water N content inBang Lake was low while high in Elephant Lake. δ15N of DIN in Bang Lake wasnegative, showed nitrogen pollutions from rain water and agricultural fertilizer.δ15N-NH4+in Elephant Lake had a big distribution range. δ15N-NH4+of twopollution sample points were+13.5‰and+25.4‰,showing input characteristics ofsewage.The change of δ15N-NO3-was mainly caused by fractionation of lakeinternally biogeochemical processes in Elephant Lake. That aquatic plant was themain source of organic matter of Bang Lake can be concluded by combined the δ13Cwith organic C/N. The distribution ranges of δ15N of surface sediment of ElephantLake and organic C/N were big, δ15N with+3.6‰~+8.3‰, organic C/N with2.6~10.8, which suggested that the sources of organic matter for urban lake were wide.
本研究以蚌湖为主线，通过阴阳离子浓度、氢氧稳定同位素、无机氮稳定同位素分析蚌湖与赣江、修河水体交换情况；探讨水位变化对蚌湖水体理化参数的影响，并利用碳氮稳定同位素技术判断无机氮和颗粒有机质的来源以及对水位变化产生的响应；揭示蚌湖在不同水位条件下污染物扩散残留机制；并对比研究不同生态类型湖泊蚌湖（自然湖泊）及象湖（城市湖泊）的沉积物重金属元素的污染特征及潜在危害、无机氮及有机质碳氮稳定同位素特征与来源分析。
（1）不同生态类型湖泊重金属污染及其潜在危害存在差异：蚌湖表层沉积物5种重金属的平均浓度顺序为Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr>Cd，污染程度较低，Cd污染平均值达到土壤环境质量三级标准；Cu的含量随年代的分布情况与沿湖的工业发展有较密切的联系。象湖表层沉积物污染最严重的是Cd；各点重金属的平均浓度顺序为Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Cd，城市湖泊Pb的污染不容忽视。两湖泊重金属浓度在深度上分布呈锯齿状，蚌湖重金属随深度增加浓度降低，而象湖不如蚌湖明显。
（2）蚌湖、赣江、修河存在水体交换：蚌湖在水位上涨时期和赣江、修河的阴阳离子浓度、氢氧同位素差别不大，且蚌湖范围更宽，这是由于水位上涨时期蚌湖受纳了赣江、修河的水体，可能还有其它水源输入如鄱阳湖。而枯水期蚌湖与赣江、修河的阴阳离子浓度、氢氧稳定同位素差异很大，表明蚌湖枯水期是个独立湖泊。
蚌湖、赣江、修河无机氮稳定同位素的分析也可以反映蚌湖与两条河流水体交换情况。枯水期蚌湖无机氮稳定同位素均为负值，而赣江修河无机氮稳定同位素均为正值，表明枯水期蚌湖与赣江、修河没有水体交换。平水期（水位上涨阶段）蚌湖无机氮稳定同位素与两条河流无机氮稳定同位素相近，同为正值，表明蚌湖水与两河流水体有交换。丰水期蚌湖、赣江、修河的氨氮稳定同位素都较负，主要来源于流域较多的雨水氨氮源，硝氮主要来源于雨水径流带入的农业氮源。平水期（水位退落阶段）蚌湖硝氮稳定同位素为负值与两河流相反，表明蚌湖水体是丰水期的滞留水体，两河流水可能没有进入蚌湖交换，而且蚌湖的硝化作用较强。
（3）水位变化对蚌湖水样δ15N-NH4+、δ15N-NO3-有较大影响：蚌湖水样δ15N-NH4+、δ15N-NO3-在不同月份不同水位变化较大，不同水位条件下蚌湖无机氮稳定同位素都存在显著性差异，反映不同水位水体来源不同，丰水期和平水期（水位上涨）的水源是河流水和雨水，平水期（水位退落）和枯水期是丰水期的滞留水，同时湖泊内部的氨化硝化作用也很强。
（4）有机质C和N同位素组成及C/N指示不同水位和季节有机质的来源和迁移：蚌湖季节性水位变化是影响C和N循环的主控因素，从而影响湖体有机质C和N稳定同位素组成及C/N，反映不同水位有机质来源不同。
1）悬浮颗粒有机质（SPM）：SPM的13C丰水期相对富集（δ13C=-27.5‰～-23.1‰），平水期（水位退落阶段）13C相对亏损(δ13C=-29.7‰～-26.8‰)，枯水期δ13C=-31.7‰～-27.3‰，平水期（水位上涨阶段）13C最亏损（δ13C=-35.4‰～-30.8‰）与各水位有显著性差异。SPM的C/N随水位升高而有轻微的上升趋势，大部分样品C/N大于7。丰水期SPM主要来源于外源土壤有机质和水生植物碎屑；平水期（水位退落）湖泊的水生生物碎屑是SPM主要组成。枯水期风浪引起的沉积物再悬浮是SPM重要组成。
2）表层沉积物（SOM）：SOM的δ13C随水位和季节不同而显著变化。SOM的δ13C在冬春季枯水期（δ13C=-30‰～-25.5‰）与夏秋季（δ13C=-26.5‰～-24‰）有显著差异。SOM的C/N变化很大，丰水期和平水期（水位退落阶段）C/N为2～3.5之间，比枯水期C/N为6.5～10.2和平水期（水位上涨阶段）C/N为5.7～9.2低很多，它们之间有显著性差异。丰水期SOM可能以自身矿化分解为主，SPM对SOM有一定贡献；平水期（水位退落阶段）和枯水期SOM主要由衰败的水生植物贡献并且在沉降过程中降解；平水期（水位上涨阶段）可能是外来水源对表层沉积有冲刷作用而使δ13C比枯水期升高很多，外来土壤有机质和水生植物碎屑对SOM没有贡献。
3）水生植物的δ13C的变化主要是季节变化：在夏季13C相对富集（δ13C=-29.2‰～-23.2‰），而在秋冬春季δ13C范围在-29.5‰～-27‰之间。水生植物的C/N在春夏季高（9.6～16.4），而秋冬季C/N是8～10。水生植物C和N循环主要受季节性的湖泊内部生物地球化学过程控制，在不同季节由于光照、温度不同，植物的光合作用、呼吸作用占主导地位的不同而引起同位素分馏。有机质颗粒（POM）的δ15N随水位变化不大，主要是季节变化。
（5）不同生态类型湖泊无机氮和有机质碳氮稳定同位素差异及来源分析：根据水体无机氮δ15N和有机质δ13C、δ15N及有机C/N可以大致识别两湖泊无机氮和有机质来源。蚌湖水体无机氮（DIN）含量低，象湖DIN含量高。蚌湖水体无机氮的δ15N偏负，表现为雨水和农业肥料氮污染。象湖水体δ15N-NH4+分布范围大，两污染点δ15N-NH4+值分别为+13.5‰和+25.4‰，表现为污水输入特征，δ15N-NO3-变化主要是湖泊内部的生物地球化学过程分馏所致。蚌湖表层沉积物、大型浮叶植物δ15N差别不大，结合δ13C、有机C/N可以推断水生植物是蚌湖有机质的主要来源。象湖表层沉积物δ15N、有机C/N分布范围大，δ15N在+3.6‰～+8.3‰之间，有机C/N在2.6～10.8之间，表明城市湖泊污染有机质来源广泛，两污染点表现为废水污物有机质输入特征。
Bang Lake is a natural lake on the edge of Poyang Lake, annually seasonal highfluctuation water levels of Poyang Lake also has a great influence on Bang Lakewater levels. Bang Lake is near Gan River, Xiu River and Poyang Lake, and BangLake is separated from them as an independent closed lake because of natural levee indry season. In wet season,with the rise of water level of Gan River, Xiu River andPoyang Lake, water enters into Bang Lake over the dam and gradually comestogether. The water source of Bang Lake is different in different water levels, whichmakes the nutritive salt, anion, cation and trace elements differences. And theelements and isotopes of lake water body, sediment, aquatic plants respond toenvironment changes. Bang Lake is the research subject. The exchange informationof water body among Bang Lake,Gan River and Xiu River were analysed by studyingthe ion concentration of anion and cation, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratiosand inorganic nitrogen stable isotope ratios. The influence of inorganic nitrogenstable isotopes and particle organic matter C and N stable isotopes of Bang Lake fromwater level changes were discussed, judging their origins and response on water levelchanges. Furthermore the characteristics of heavy metal and the isotope, and sourcesof inorganic nitrogen and organic matter between Bang Lake (nature lake) andElephant Lake(urban lake) were comparatively analyzed.
(1) The differences of heavy metal pollution between different ecological typelakes: The mean concentrations of heavy metals of surface sediment were Cu> Zn>Pb> Cr> Cd in Bang Lake. The pollution degree was low. The average value of Cdwas at the Grade3of Soil environmental quality.Based on RSP value, Pb was belongto light pollution in Bang lake, the biological potential harm of other elements wasnot great. It had a close connection between the Cu content distribution yearly and theindustrial development of Poyang lake.
The average concentrations of heavy metal of surface sediment in Elephant Lakewere Zn> Pb> Cu> Cr> As> Cd. The most severe pollution in Elephant Lake wasCd. It should be payed more attention for Pb pollution in city lake. The depth distribution of heavy metal concentrations was serrated in the two Lakes, andconcentration was lower with depth increases in Bang Lake but not obvious inElephant Lake.
(2) The exchange information of water body of Bang Lake,Gan River andXiu River: In the water level rising period there were not obvious differences on theion concentrations of anion and cation, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratiosamong Bang Lake,Gan River and Xiu River because Bang Lake received the waterbody from Gan River, Xiu River,and more from Poyang Lake. However in dryseason, there were obvious differences on those ion concentration or stable istopicratios among them,which showed that Bang Lake is a independent lake.
Inorganic nitrogen stable isotope analysis also reflected the water exchangeinformation among Bang Lake and Gan River and Xiu River. The inorganic nitrogenstable isotopes in dry season were negative,but positive in Gan river and XiuRiver,which suggested that no water exchange happended among them. However inthe water level rising period isotopes were very close with positive amongthem,which indicated water exchange among Bang Lake and the two rivers.
The ammonia nitrogen stable isotope of Bang Lake,Gan River and Xiu River inflooding period was negative, mainly came from the ammonia nitrogen source of rainwater of drainage basin.Nitrate nitrogen mainly came from the agricultural nitrogensource by rain runoff. In lowering period,nitrate nitrogen stable isotope of Bang Lakewas negative,which was opposite to the two rivers, showing that the water body ofBang Lake was the retention water of flooding period, the two rivers’ water may notenter the Bang lake, and the nitrification of Bang Lake was stronger.
(3) Great influence on δ15N-NH4+、δ15N-NO3-from the water level changes ofBang Lake: There were significant differences for inorganic nitrogen stable isotopesof Bang Lake in the flooding, lowering, lentic and flowing periods, which reflectedthe different water sources in different water levels. The water sources of flowing andflooding periods were river water and rain water. The water sources of lowering andlentic periods were the retention water of flooding period.
(4) C and N stable isotopic compositions of organic matter and C/Nindicating organic matter source and migration: Seasonal water level changes of Bang Lake were the main control factor of the C and N cycle, also affected C and Nstable isotopic compositions of organic matter.
1) Suspended particulate organic matter (SPM): δ13C of SPM in flooding periodwas relative increase(-27.5‰~-23.1‰), relative decrease in lowering period (-29.7‰~-26.8‰) and lentic period (-31.7‰~-27.3‰). δ13C (35.4‰~30.8‰) inflowing period had significant difference with the other water levels. C/N of SPM hada slight upward trend when water level rose. C/N of most of the samples was greaterthan7. SPM in flooding period was from foreign soil organic matter and the debris ofaquatic plants. The detritus of aquatic plants of the lake in lowering period was themajor composition of SPM. Sediment OM resuspended caused by wind and wavewas important composition of SPM in lentic period.
2) Surface sediment organic matter (SOM): The δ13C of SOM significantlychanged with the water levels and seasons, with-30‰~-25.5‰in winter andspring and-26.5‰~-24‰in summer and fall. δ13C was very high in May after thewater level rose. The C/N of SOM in flooding and lowering period was2~3.5,which was much lower than that of dry period (6.5~10.2) and flowing period (5.7~9.2). SOM in flooding period may be from foreign soil organic matter and selfbiogeochemical. degredation. In flowing period, foreign water source had flushingaction on surface of sediment, which made the δ13C increase than that in dryperiod,.and no contribution on SOM from soil organic matter and aquatic plantdebris.
3) δ13C change of aquatic plant was mainly seasonal variation. δ13C ofaquatic plants increase in summer (-29.2‰~-23.2‰), while that of other seasonswas-29.5‰~-27‰. C/N of aquatic plants in spring and summer was high (9.6~16.4) but C/N was8~10in the fall and winter. The C and N cycing of aquatic plantswere mainly controlled by biogeochemical processes in lake. In different seasons,isotope fractionation happened due to the differences of light, temperature, plantphotosynthesis and respiration. The δ15N change of particulate organic matter (POM)was not big, mainly by seasonal changes.
(5) The analysis of isotope differences and source of inorganic nitrogen andorganic matter between different ecological type lakes: According to δ15N of water, δ13C and δ15N and organic C/N of organic matter, sources of inorganic nitrogen andorganic matter of two lakes can be identified approximately. The water N content inBang Lake was low while high in Elephant Lake. δ15N of DIN in Bang Lake wasnegative, showed nitrogen pollutions from rain water and agricultural fertilizer.δ15N-NH4+in Elephant Lake had a big distribution range. δ15N-NH4+of twopollution sample points were+13.5‰and+25.4‰,showing input characteristics ofsewage.The change of δ15N-NO3-was mainly caused by fractionation of lakeinternally biogeochemical processes in Elephant Lake. That aquatic plant was themain source of organic matter of Bang Lake can be concluded by combined the δ13Cwith organic C/N. The distribution ranges of δ15N of surface sediment of ElephantLake and organic C/N were big, δ15N with+3.6‰~+8.3‰, organic C/N with2.6~10.8, which suggested that the sources of organic matter for urban lake were wide.
引文
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