地下水电站热湿环境形成机理及节能调控策略
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摘要
近年来，我国水电站建设处于高速发展期，大多数电站特别是大型电站都选择了地下形式。由于深埋地下，当热湿调控措施不当时，厂内容易产生潮湿、发闷、发霉、结露等现象。为了消除这种热湿环境，电站往往采用大容量的通风空调设备，但并未取得满意的效果。目前相关研究主要以厂内设备散热为出发点，侧重于热环境的研究，而对热、湿耦合状态下的环境研究较少，未深入揭示其热湿环境的形成机理，故很难保证调控策略的有效性。地下水电站的热湿环境受多种因素的综合影响，了解不同因素的影响机理是有效解决热湿环境问题、制定科学合理调控策略、降低通风空调系统能耗的关键。
本课题对此开展了系统的研究，建立了地下电站热湿环境的模拟预测方法，揭示了厂内热湿环境的形成机理，同时分析了不同因素对热湿环境的影响过程及机理，并以此为基础，提出了合理制定厂内热湿环境调控策略的方法，为优化工程设计和运行调控提供科学支撑，为电力生产提供可靠的保障。本文的研究是在国家自然科学基金“深埋地下式水电站热湿环境形成机理与节能调控”(51178482)资助下完成的。
通过分析，本文将地下水电站洞室群分为两大类，即大空间厂房和狭长进风洞，针对两种类型洞室，分别建立其围护结构内的热湿传递数学模型。模型均以液态水体积含湿量和温度作为驱动势，并首次将“单元分割”思想引入到模型求解过程中。通过对两个模型的热质传递控制微分方程进行离散，分别采用MATLAB编写了计算程序。为验证数学模型的正确性，本文建立了综合的验证方法，分别对反映热湿传递机理的数学模型的正确性及其在地下水电站应用中的适应性进行了验证。
地下进风洞是空气进入厂房的预处理段，是分析厂房内热湿环境的前提，通过模拟计算，本文揭示了地下进风洞对气流的热湿处理规律、洞内结雾的位置及时段，并对地下进风洞对厂房环境、通风空调系统设计参数的影响进行了分析。为合理利用地下进风洞的自然资源、通风空调设备的选型设计和运行调节提供了科学支撑。
围护结构表面的热、湿吸放过程与室内空气参数相互影响、相互耦合，单独对围护结构进行分析而忽略了室内空气参数的影响是无意义的，而目前的研究恰恰忽视了这一特性。本文以耦合性为切入点，对主厂房围护结构的动态热湿吸放进行了研究，揭示了空气参数与壁面热、湿吸放的内在联系；并以空气参数特征值为自变量，通过耦合关系，提出了围护结构全年动态热、湿吸放简化预测公式，为工程上计算壁面散热散湿、估算空调容量、调整通风策略提供了方便实用且较为准确的方法。同时对电站投产初期，围护结构内的施工余水的迁移过程进行了研究，同样以耦合关系为基础，分析了不同空气参数对余水迁徙的影响，提出了施工余水迁移速率、余水影响期及余水导致的壁面散湿量的简化动态计算公式，为工程上余水影响年限的估算、相应防潮措施的选择提供了较为实用的方法。
由于工艺特性，地下水电站的热湿环境还受发电设备、引水发电系统、厂内气流组织等诸多因素的影响。针对发电设备，本文对其散热的强度、时间、空间特性进行了研究，对重点发热设备(发电机、变压器、母线)进行分析并获得了其相应的散热特性；对引水系统部分，首次建立了考虑引水管道的围护结构内部二维热湿传递模型，通过计算揭示了引水系统对厂内热湿环境的影响机理，确定了在引水管道影响下的壁面结露位置、时间以及其造成的附加传热量与传湿量；气流组织方面主要对壁面处空气流速与通风内循环进行了计算，提出在不同空气流速下围护结构壁面的热湿吸放特性及其对厂内的影响，同时建立了热、湿平衡方程，将内循环率引入计算过程，对不同内循环率下的厂内环境、围护壁面的热湿吸放进行了研究。通过对不同影响因素的研究，更加具体、综合、全面地揭示了厂内热、湿环境的形成机理，为整个厂房热湿环境调控提供了科学的支撑。
最后以某巨型地下水电站为例，建立了厂内热湿环境模拟预测方法，该方法综合考虑了不同因素对厂内热湿环境的影响机理，通过模拟预测，得到了该电站地下厂房不同洞室的全年动态热湿环境参数，以此为基础并同时考虑不同因素的影响机理，完整地提出了制定地下水电站厂房热湿环境节能调控策略的方法。
本文对地下水电站热湿环境的形成机理及相应的调控策略进行了较全面的研究，完善了地下水电站围护结构的热湿耦合传递模拟方法，深入解析了不同因素对热湿环境的影响机理，进一步推进了地下水电站热湿环境以及节能调控的研究。
In recent years, China’s hydropower station construction is gradually moving into ahigh-speed period. For some certain reasons, the underground form is mainly chosen.Because buried deeply underground, serious environmental issues, such as dampness,suffocation, fungus and condensation, can be easily found under inappropriate operationof ventilation system. To eliminate such issues, HVAC facilities with large capacity areusually adopted but still without satisfactory results. Current literatures mainly takeequipment heat load as the starting point and pay much more attention on heatenvironment rather than moisture environment. By ignoring the coupling relationshipbetween heat and moisture, it is impossible for current studies to reveal the formationmechanism of heat and moisture environment and take effective improvement actions.Environment in underground hydropower station is affected by multi-factors, fullunderstanding of the influence mechanism of different factors is the basis for solution ofenvironmental issues, establishment of controlling strategy and reduction of HVACenergy consumption.
A systemic investigation is carried out in this paper. First, a prediction model aboutheat and moisture environment in underground hydropower station is established, theformation mechanism of this special environment is revealed after analysis of differentinfluential factors. Then the controlling strategy is proposed, which can effectively solveenvironmental issues and will be the basic foundation for the design and operation ofHVAC system. The work presented in this paper is financially supported by NationalNature Science Foundation of China titled by Formation mechanism of thermal andmoist environment in deeply buried underground hydropower station and it’senergy-saving control strategy (Project No.51178482).
All the chambers in underground hydropower station can be divided into twocategories based on their shape and structural characteristics, that is large-space cavernand narrow tunnel. Two newly developed numerical models, which are suitable for thecalculation of heat and moisture transfer in different kind of chambers is proposed inthis paper. By applying “cell division” calculation method, the models are discretizedand the corresponding calculation code are written in MATLAB for numericalcomputation. Finally, the developed models are validated against the test results ofseveral experiments and field measurements.
Underground tunnel, which can be considered as the pre-treatment section of theambient air before it entering power house, is the premise of environment analysis inunderground hydropower station. Through calculation, the paper reveals the heat andmoisture exchange features between tunnel and air stream as well as condensationphenomena. The impact of tunnel ventilation on power house environment and ACdesign parameters is also discussed. All the analysis about the heat and moistureexchange inside underground tunnel will provide an accurate reference for the rationalutilization of natural resources and scientific support for the design and operation of ACsystem.
There is a coupling relationship between indoor air and surrounding envelope, thecurrent studies when dealing with underground structures always only focus onenvelope without consideration of this coupling characteristic, which is unreasonable.Therefore, by setting coupling relationship as the starting point, the paper launches afurther investigation on the heat and moisture transfer process of the envelope. Thenfinally the essence of this coupling property is revealed, by which the simplifiedformula using air parameters as independent variable is proposed, which can easilycalculate the dynamic heat and moisture exchange between envelope and indoor air.This simplified function can sharply reduce computation complexity and provideengineers a very practical way to determine heat and moisture transfer amount, evaluateAC capacity and adjust operation strategy. This paper also has an investigation onanother long-standing puzzle---construction water problem. Also starting from couplingrelationship, the influence degree of different factors is discussed and quantified. Then asimplified formula for the calculation of construction water transfer is proposed, whichcan provide a simple and reliable method for the estimation of construction waterinfluential period. Therefore, the reliable and practical damp-proofing method andstrategy can be easily got.
Due to special geographical location and process characteristics, environment inunderground hydropower station is also affected by other special factors, includinggeneration facilities, water diversion system and airflow distribution. Therefore, thepaper carries out investigation on each different factors. For generation facilities, theheat releasing characteristics, such as intensity, time variation and spatial distribution,are discussed. Numerical modeling of important equipment, including generator,transformer as well as bus bar, is launched and then the heat releasing feature of eachequipment is got. For water division system, a two-dimension model with consideration of penstock is first established, by which the influential mechanism of water divisionsystem on environment is revealed. Also other heat and moisture issues caused by waterdivision system, such as condensation time and condensation place, are identified.While for the airflow distribution part, the influence of velocity and internal-circulationare discussed. Through the study of different influential factors, the revelation offormation mechanism of heat and moisture environment in underground hydropowerstation becomes more specific and comprehensive, which will provide scientific supportfor the entire HVAC system, including design, operation, optimization and energysaving control.
Finally, taking an underground hydropower station as the example to analyze heatand moisture environment in different parts of the underground chambers, includingunderground tunnel, generator floor, bus bar floor, hydraulic turbine floor and volutefloor. Based on calculation results, the optimization method of HVAC system andcontrol strategy of heat and moisture environment is finally proposed.
All-around investigation about the formation mechanism of undergroundenvironment and its control strategy are carried out in this paper. The results of thisresearch can greatly improve the application of coupled heat and moisture transfer inunderground constructions, and provide an important reference for further investigationon heat and moisture environment in underground hydropower station.
本课题对此开展了系统的研究，建立了地下电站热湿环境的模拟预测方法，揭示了厂内热湿环境的形成机理，同时分析了不同因素对热湿环境的影响过程及机理，并以此为基础，提出了合理制定厂内热湿环境调控策略的方法，为优化工程设计和运行调控提供科学支撑，为电力生产提供可靠的保障。本文的研究是在国家自然科学基金“深埋地下式水电站热湿环境形成机理与节能调控”(51178482)资助下完成的。
通过分析，本文将地下水电站洞室群分为两大类，即大空间厂房和狭长进风洞，针对两种类型洞室，分别建立其围护结构内的热湿传递数学模型。模型均以液态水体积含湿量和温度作为驱动势，并首次将“单元分割”思想引入到模型求解过程中。通过对两个模型的热质传递控制微分方程进行离散，分别采用MATLAB编写了计算程序。为验证数学模型的正确性，本文建立了综合的验证方法，分别对反映热湿传递机理的数学模型的正确性及其在地下水电站应用中的适应性进行了验证。
地下进风洞是空气进入厂房的预处理段，是分析厂房内热湿环境的前提，通过模拟计算，本文揭示了地下进风洞对气流的热湿处理规律、洞内结雾的位置及时段，并对地下进风洞对厂房环境、通风空调系统设计参数的影响进行了分析。为合理利用地下进风洞的自然资源、通风空调设备的选型设计和运行调节提供了科学支撑。
围护结构表面的热、湿吸放过程与室内空气参数相互影响、相互耦合，单独对围护结构进行分析而忽略了室内空气参数的影响是无意义的，而目前的研究恰恰忽视了这一特性。本文以耦合性为切入点，对主厂房围护结构的动态热湿吸放进行了研究，揭示了空气参数与壁面热、湿吸放的内在联系；并以空气参数特征值为自变量，通过耦合关系，提出了围护结构全年动态热、湿吸放简化预测公式，为工程上计算壁面散热散湿、估算空调容量、调整通风策略提供了方便实用且较为准确的方法。同时对电站投产初期，围护结构内的施工余水的迁移过程进行了研究，同样以耦合关系为基础，分析了不同空气参数对余水迁徙的影响，提出了施工余水迁移速率、余水影响期及余水导致的壁面散湿量的简化动态计算公式，为工程上余水影响年限的估算、相应防潮措施的选择提供了较为实用的方法。
由于工艺特性，地下水电站的热湿环境还受发电设备、引水发电系统、厂内气流组织等诸多因素的影响。针对发电设备，本文对其散热的强度、时间、空间特性进行了研究，对重点发热设备(发电机、变压器、母线)进行分析并获得了其相应的散热特性；对引水系统部分，首次建立了考虑引水管道的围护结构内部二维热湿传递模型，通过计算揭示了引水系统对厂内热湿环境的影响机理，确定了在引水管道影响下的壁面结露位置、时间以及其造成的附加传热量与传湿量；气流组织方面主要对壁面处空气流速与通风内循环进行了计算，提出在不同空气流速下围护结构壁面的热湿吸放特性及其对厂内的影响，同时建立了热、湿平衡方程，将内循环率引入计算过程，对不同内循环率下的厂内环境、围护壁面的热湿吸放进行了研究。通过对不同影响因素的研究，更加具体、综合、全面地揭示了厂内热、湿环境的形成机理，为整个厂房热湿环境调控提供了科学的支撑。
最后以某巨型地下水电站为例，建立了厂内热湿环境模拟预测方法，该方法综合考虑了不同因素对厂内热湿环境的影响机理，通过模拟预测，得到了该电站地下厂房不同洞室的全年动态热湿环境参数，以此为基础并同时考虑不同因素的影响机理，完整地提出了制定地下水电站厂房热湿环境节能调控策略的方法。
本文对地下水电站热湿环境的形成机理及相应的调控策略进行了较全面的研究，完善了地下水电站围护结构的热湿耦合传递模拟方法，深入解析了不同因素对热湿环境的影响机理，进一步推进了地下水电站热湿环境以及节能调控的研究。
In recent years, China’s hydropower station construction is gradually moving into ahigh-speed period. For some certain reasons, the underground form is mainly chosen.Because buried deeply underground, serious environmental issues, such as dampness,suffocation, fungus and condensation, can be easily found under inappropriate operationof ventilation system. To eliminate such issues, HVAC facilities with large capacity areusually adopted but still without satisfactory results. Current literatures mainly takeequipment heat load as the starting point and pay much more attention on heatenvironment rather than moisture environment. By ignoring the coupling relationshipbetween heat and moisture, it is impossible for current studies to reveal the formationmechanism of heat and moisture environment and take effective improvement actions.Environment in underground hydropower station is affected by multi-factors, fullunderstanding of the influence mechanism of different factors is the basis for solution ofenvironmental issues, establishment of controlling strategy and reduction of HVACenergy consumption.
A systemic investigation is carried out in this paper. First, a prediction model aboutheat and moisture environment in underground hydropower station is established, theformation mechanism of this special environment is revealed after analysis of differentinfluential factors. Then the controlling strategy is proposed, which can effectively solveenvironmental issues and will be the basic foundation for the design and operation ofHVAC system. The work presented in this paper is financially supported by NationalNature Science Foundation of China titled by Formation mechanism of thermal andmoist environment in deeply buried underground hydropower station and it’senergy-saving control strategy (Project No.51178482).
All the chambers in underground hydropower station can be divided into twocategories based on their shape and structural characteristics, that is large-space cavernand narrow tunnel. Two newly developed numerical models, which are suitable for thecalculation of heat and moisture transfer in different kind of chambers is proposed inthis paper. By applying “cell division” calculation method, the models are discretizedand the corresponding calculation code are written in MATLAB for numericalcomputation. Finally, the developed models are validated against the test results ofseveral experiments and field measurements.
Underground tunnel, which can be considered as the pre-treatment section of theambient air before it entering power house, is the premise of environment analysis inunderground hydropower station. Through calculation, the paper reveals the heat andmoisture exchange features between tunnel and air stream as well as condensationphenomena. The impact of tunnel ventilation on power house environment and ACdesign parameters is also discussed. All the analysis about the heat and moistureexchange inside underground tunnel will provide an accurate reference for the rationalutilization of natural resources and scientific support for the design and operation of ACsystem.
There is a coupling relationship between indoor air and surrounding envelope, thecurrent studies when dealing with underground structures always only focus onenvelope without consideration of this coupling characteristic, which is unreasonable.Therefore, by setting coupling relationship as the starting point, the paper launches afurther investigation on the heat and moisture transfer process of the envelope. Thenfinally the essence of this coupling property is revealed, by which the simplifiedformula using air parameters as independent variable is proposed, which can easilycalculate the dynamic heat and moisture exchange between envelope and indoor air.This simplified function can sharply reduce computation complexity and provideengineers a very practical way to determine heat and moisture transfer amount, evaluateAC capacity and adjust operation strategy. This paper also has an investigation onanother long-standing puzzle---construction water problem. Also starting from couplingrelationship, the influence degree of different factors is discussed and quantified. Then asimplified formula for the calculation of construction water transfer is proposed, whichcan provide a simple and reliable method for the estimation of construction waterinfluential period. Therefore, the reliable and practical damp-proofing method andstrategy can be easily got.
Due to special geographical location and process characteristics, environment inunderground hydropower station is also affected by other special factors, includinggeneration facilities, water diversion system and airflow distribution. Therefore, thepaper carries out investigation on each different factors. For generation facilities, theheat releasing characteristics, such as intensity, time variation and spatial distribution,are discussed. Numerical modeling of important equipment, including generator,transformer as well as bus bar, is launched and then the heat releasing feature of eachequipment is got. For water division system, a two-dimension model with consideration of penstock is first established, by which the influential mechanism of water divisionsystem on environment is revealed. Also other heat and moisture issues caused by waterdivision system, such as condensation time and condensation place, are identified.While for the airflow distribution part, the influence of velocity and internal-circulationare discussed. Through the study of different influential factors, the revelation offormation mechanism of heat and moisture environment in underground hydropowerstation becomes more specific and comprehensive, which will provide scientific supportfor the entire HVAC system, including design, operation, optimization and energysaving control.
Finally, taking an underground hydropower station as the example to analyze heatand moisture environment in different parts of the underground chambers, includingunderground tunnel, generator floor, bus bar floor, hydraulic turbine floor and volutefloor. Based on calculation results, the optimization method of HVAC system andcontrol strategy of heat and moisture environment is finally proposed.
All-around investigation about the formation mechanism of undergroundenvironment and its control strategy are carried out in this paper. The results of thisresearch can greatly improve the application of coupled heat and moisture transfer inunderground constructions, and provide an important reference for further investigationon heat and moisture environment in underground hydropower station.
引文
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