污泥管道输送非均质流动阻力预测及费用模型研究
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摘要
活性污泥法因其高效、低耗等优点而成为城市污水处理的最主要方法，但随之产生的大量污泥却是污水处理厂面临的一大难题。对污泥的处理处置有分散处理和集中处理两种模式，其中后者因占用城市面积小且对周边环境污染轻而成为污泥处理与处置的首选模式。实践表明，在可供选择的污泥输送方式中，传统的卡车输送、驳船输送运行费用高，输送效率低，并且严重影响城市环境卫生。相比之下，城市污泥的管道输送方式因其运行费用省、自动化控制程度高及清洁卫生等优点而成为污泥输送方式的最佳选择。对城市污泥管道输送阻力特性进行研究，并对输送管道的设计参数进行优化，不但能够保障污泥输送管道的安全可靠运行，同时还对保障其经济运行并节省输送成本具有重要意义。
测定了质量浓度分别为2.38%，3.94%和5.39%的污泥的流变性，结果表明其具有显著剪切稀化特性，在剪切速率足够大时表现出较稳定的极限粘度，三种质量浓度污泥在温度T=293K时的极限粘度分别为2.60mPa s，3.21mPa s和5.95mPa s；T=298K时分别为2.45mPa s，2.91mPa s和5.78mPa s；T=303K时分别为2.32mPa s，2.78mPa s和3.69mPa s，表明极限粘度随污泥质量浓度的升高而增大，同时随温度的升高而降低。污泥流变曲线符合宾汉模型，表现出宾汉伪塑性的流变特征。
基于污泥的流变特性，经阻力模型比选，采用广泛应用的Turian-Yuan非均质模型对城市污泥在管道内的流动阻力进行了预测，并结合试验数据对其参数进行了优化。对于敏感参数污泥体积浓度CV的指数m1和污泥颗粒沉降阻力系数CD的指数m2的优化结果为：m1=0.887，m2=-0.162，由此确定改进Turian-Yuan20.694非均质阻力模型为i i0.551C0.887C0.162(v)(s movD)1.2gD i0。经实际输泥
管道实测数据验证，改进Turian-Yuan非均质模型精度高且预测效果稳定，满足对污泥流动阻力预测的精度要求，同时对该模型预测误差的来源进行了分析。推导了基于相似理论的输泥管道原型和物理模型主要参数之间的关系，实现了基于试验结果的实际原型流动参数的模拟，并将该方法所获得的阻力模拟值与改进Turian-Yuan模型的模拟值进行了分析比较，进一步验证了改进Turian-Yuan模型的精度和安全性。
建立了污泥管道输送系统年折算总费用模型，并将污泥浓度Cw和输送速度v确定为待优化变量，同时利用高效并行且具有全局寻优能力的遗传算法对复杂非线性的污泥管道输送系统费用模型进行了参数优化求解，为污泥管道输送系统的安全经济运行提供了可参考的优化设计参数。计算实例表明，污泥流量Q=0.226~0.045m3/s（污泥浓度Cw=0.8~4.0%），输送距离L=4.5103m条件下的最优设计参数为：污泥浓度2.32%，输送流速1.10m/s，管径300mm，年折算总费用W=52.83万元。
污泥管道输送系统年折算总费用构成的分析结果表明，输送系统年折算总费用由年折算建设费用和年运行费用构成，后者主要表现为维持系统运行的动力费用且在总费用中占主要部分，因此应在满足输送流速约束条件的前提下通过降低输送流速来控制年运行费用的剧增，从而降低年折算总费用。同时，对实用的污泥浓度进行了分区，并对计算实例建立了比年折算总费用偏离率曲线以用于对不同污泥浓度分区内的运行方案进行优选，优选结果为：在第Ⅲ浓度分区内，基准值W0’(300)=1.77E-06，且在Cw=2.32%时偏离率达到最小值，与计算实例中优化结果吻合。
An active sludge process is the preferred method for treating urban sewage with high efficiency and low energy consumption. However, the large quantities of sludge produced in the treatment process can be a great burden for the sewage treatment plant. Currently, there are two methods to dispose sewage sludge. One is decentralized the treatment, another is centralized treatment. Latter one, whose area requirements is smaller and pollution is light, has been an ideal choice to dispose sewage sludge. Practice has proved that sewage sludge truck conveying has higher cost, lower delivery efficient and severe pollution. Alternatively, sewage sludge pipeline transport with lower operation cost, automation control and hygiene has become the best choice. This purpose of paper is to guarantee the safe and reliable operation of sludge pipeline through studying resistance characteristics of transport of urban sludge pipeline and optimization of the design parameters.
The rheological properties of sludge with the mass concentration2.38%,3.94%and5.39%were determined. The results showed that it has obvious shear thinning characteristics. When the shear rate is large enough, the limiting viscosity is stable. When the temperature T=293K, the limiting viscosity of three kinds of concentration of sludge is2.60mPa s，3.21mPa s and5.95mPa s, respectively; when the temperature T=298K, the limiting viscosity of three kinds of concentration of sludge is2.45mPa s,2.91mPa s and5.78mPa s, respectively; when the temperature T=303K, the limiting viscosity of three kinds of concentration of slugged is2.32mPa s,2.78mPa s and3.69mPa s, respectively. All these suggested that the limiting viscosity increases with the elevation of sludge concentration, and decreases with the increase of temperature. Sludge rheological curve is in agreement with the Bingham model, which exhibits Bingham pseudo plastic rheological characteristics.
Based on the rheological properties of sludge, Turian-Yuan heterogeneous model was used to predict the flow resistance of urban sludge in pipeline, and to correct the parameters through the test data. The sludge volume concentrations CV index parameter m1and sludge particle settlement coefficient CD index m2are corrected as0.887and-0.162, respectively. The improved Turian-Yuan heterogeneous resistance model can be expressed as20.694i.8870.1621.2m io0.551C0v C (v s Dbility and accuracy of gD)() i0. The sta improved Turian-Yuan heterogeneous resistance model prediction has been verified by the actual data. The improved Turian-Yuan heterogeneous resistance model meets the accuracy requires, meanwhile, error source of the improved model was
analyzed. The relationship between the main parameters of pipeline prototype and physical model was deduced based on the similarity theory, and the flow parameters of pipeline prototype was obtained based on the results of the experiment on the physical model. Then the resistance simulation results from this method were compared to those from the improved Turian-Yuan model, which further verified the
accuracy and safety of the improved Turian-Yuan model. The mathematical model for total annualized cost of the sludge transport system was set up, and sludge concentration and transport velocity were chosen as the two key parameters of the complex nonlinear sludge pipeline transport system cost model, and then the two parameters were carried out using a genetic algorithm which is adaptive and allows parallel computing and global optimization. The results of the calculation example showed that the optimal values of sludge concentration Cw, transport velocity v and pipeline diameter D were2.32%,1.10m/s and300mm, respectively under the conditions of sludge quantity Q=0.226~0.045m3/s (sludge concentration Cw=0.8~4.0%) and transport length L=4.5103m.
The total annualized cost W was528,300RMB under this scheme. The analysis results of composition of total annualized cost of the sludge pipeline transport system showed that the total annualized cost was composed of annualized construction cost and annual operating cost, and the latter cost takes up the major proportion in the selected optimization scheme. Therefore, reducing the conveying velocity which meets the constrained velocity can be helpful to control the sharp increasing of annual operating cost and then helpful to decrease the total annualized cost. At the same time, the sludge concentration can be divided into several partitions, and the optimization scheme is then selected for each partition based on the bias of the specific total annualized cost. The results showed that in the third partition, the reference value W0’(300)=1.77E-06and reached the minimum value when Cw=2.32%, which met the optimization results in the example.
测定了质量浓度分别为2.38%，3.94%和5.39%的污泥的流变性，结果表明其具有显著剪切稀化特性，在剪切速率足够大时表现出较稳定的极限粘度，三种质量浓度污泥在温度T=293K时的极限粘度分别为2.60mPa s，3.21mPa s和5.95mPa s；T=298K时分别为2.45mPa s，2.91mPa s和5.78mPa s；T=303K时分别为2.32mPa s，2.78mPa s和3.69mPa s，表明极限粘度随污泥质量浓度的升高而增大，同时随温度的升高而降低。污泥流变曲线符合宾汉模型，表现出宾汉伪塑性的流变特征。
基于污泥的流变特性，经阻力模型比选，采用广泛应用的Turian-Yuan非均质模型对城市污泥在管道内的流动阻力进行了预测，并结合试验数据对其参数进行了优化。对于敏感参数污泥体积浓度CV的指数m1和污泥颗粒沉降阻力系数CD的指数m2的优化结果为：m1=0.887，m2=-0.162，由此确定改进Turian-Yuan20.694非均质阻力模型为i i0.551C0.887C0.162(v)(s movD)1.2gD i0。经实际输泥
管道实测数据验证，改进Turian-Yuan非均质模型精度高且预测效果稳定，满足对污泥流动阻力预测的精度要求，同时对该模型预测误差的来源进行了分析。推导了基于相似理论的输泥管道原型和物理模型主要参数之间的关系，实现了基于试验结果的实际原型流动参数的模拟，并将该方法所获得的阻力模拟值与改进Turian-Yuan模型的模拟值进行了分析比较，进一步验证了改进Turian-Yuan模型的精度和安全性。
建立了污泥管道输送系统年折算总费用模型，并将污泥浓度Cw和输送速度v确定为待优化变量，同时利用高效并行且具有全局寻优能力的遗传算法对复杂非线性的污泥管道输送系统费用模型进行了参数优化求解，为污泥管道输送系统的安全经济运行提供了可参考的优化设计参数。计算实例表明，污泥流量Q=0.226~0.045m3/s（污泥浓度Cw=0.8~4.0%），输送距离L=4.5103m条件下的最优设计参数为：污泥浓度2.32%，输送流速1.10m/s，管径300mm，年折算总费用W=52.83万元。
污泥管道输送系统年折算总费用构成的分析结果表明，输送系统年折算总费用由年折算建设费用和年运行费用构成，后者主要表现为维持系统运行的动力费用且在总费用中占主要部分，因此应在满足输送流速约束条件的前提下通过降低输送流速来控制年运行费用的剧增，从而降低年折算总费用。同时，对实用的污泥浓度进行了分区，并对计算实例建立了比年折算总费用偏离率曲线以用于对不同污泥浓度分区内的运行方案进行优选，优选结果为：在第Ⅲ浓度分区内，基准值W0’(300)=1.77E-06，且在Cw=2.32%时偏离率达到最小值，与计算实例中优化结果吻合。
An active sludge process is the preferred method for treating urban sewage with high efficiency and low energy consumption. However, the large quantities of sludge produced in the treatment process can be a great burden for the sewage treatment plant. Currently, there are two methods to dispose sewage sludge. One is decentralized the treatment, another is centralized treatment. Latter one, whose area requirements is smaller and pollution is light, has been an ideal choice to dispose sewage sludge. Practice has proved that sewage sludge truck conveying has higher cost, lower delivery efficient and severe pollution. Alternatively, sewage sludge pipeline transport with lower operation cost, automation control and hygiene has become the best choice. This purpose of paper is to guarantee the safe and reliable operation of sludge pipeline through studying resistance characteristics of transport of urban sludge pipeline and optimization of the design parameters.
The rheological properties of sludge with the mass concentration2.38%,3.94%and5.39%were determined. The results showed that it has obvious shear thinning characteristics. When the shear rate is large enough, the limiting viscosity is stable. When the temperature T=293K, the limiting viscosity of three kinds of concentration of sludge is2.60mPa s，3.21mPa s and5.95mPa s, respectively; when the temperature T=298K, the limiting viscosity of three kinds of concentration of sludge is2.45mPa s,2.91mPa s and5.78mPa s, respectively; when the temperature T=303K, the limiting viscosity of three kinds of concentration of slugged is2.32mPa s,2.78mPa s and3.69mPa s, respectively. All these suggested that the limiting viscosity increases with the elevation of sludge concentration, and decreases with the increase of temperature. Sludge rheological curve is in agreement with the Bingham model, which exhibits Bingham pseudo plastic rheological characteristics.
Based on the rheological properties of sludge, Turian-Yuan heterogeneous model was used to predict the flow resistance of urban sludge in pipeline, and to correct the parameters through the test data. The sludge volume concentrations CV index parameter m1and sludge particle settlement coefficient CD index m2are corrected as0.887and-0.162, respectively. The improved Turian-Yuan heterogeneous resistance model can be expressed as20.694i.8870.1621.2m io0.551C0v C (v s Dbility and accuracy of gD)() i0. The sta improved Turian-Yuan heterogeneous resistance model prediction has been verified by the actual data. The improved Turian-Yuan heterogeneous resistance model meets the accuracy requires, meanwhile, error source of the improved model was
analyzed. The relationship between the main parameters of pipeline prototype and physical model was deduced based on the similarity theory, and the flow parameters of pipeline prototype was obtained based on the results of the experiment on the physical model. Then the resistance simulation results from this method were compared to those from the improved Turian-Yuan model, which further verified the
accuracy and safety of the improved Turian-Yuan model. The mathematical model for total annualized cost of the sludge transport system was set up, and sludge concentration and transport velocity were chosen as the two key parameters of the complex nonlinear sludge pipeline transport system cost model, and then the two parameters were carried out using a genetic algorithm which is adaptive and allows parallel computing and global optimization. The results of the calculation example showed that the optimal values of sludge concentration Cw, transport velocity v and pipeline diameter D were2.32%,1.10m/s and300mm, respectively under the conditions of sludge quantity Q=0.226~0.045m3/s (sludge concentration Cw=0.8~4.0%) and transport length L=4.5103m.
The total annualized cost W was528,300RMB under this scheme. The analysis results of composition of total annualized cost of the sludge pipeline transport system showed that the total annualized cost was composed of annualized construction cost and annual operating cost, and the latter cost takes up the major proportion in the selected optimization scheme. Therefore, reducing the conveying velocity which meets the constrained velocity can be helpful to control the sharp increasing of annual operating cost and then helpful to decrease the total annualized cost. At the same time, the sludge concentration can be divided into several partitions, and the optimization scheme is then selected for each partition based on the bias of the specific total annualized cost. The results showed that in the third partition, the reference value W0’(300)=1.77E-06and reached the minimum value when Cw=2.32%, which met the optimization results in the example.
引文
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