含规模化风电场/群的互联电网广域频率保护与控制策略研究
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摘要
频率是电力系统运行的重要技术指标之一,与系统有功发电-有功负荷平衡状态密切相关,频率稳定的本质是有功平衡问题。随着世界范围内能源战略的实施,大规模能源基地、大容量输电通道逐步投入运行,使得系统由于故障引起大规模功率缺额的概率也逐渐增大,电网频率稳定问题日益突出。此外,能源危机的出现和电力电子技术的日趋完善,使得通过柔性并网技术接入电网的风电规模不断扩大,由于风电具有较强的随机性和间歇性,规模化风电的并网给电力系统有功平衡带来了较大的影响,需要准确掌握规模化风电并网后电力系统频率特征,进而研究电力系统频率控制方案与措施,以适应传统电力系统向含规模化风电的互联电力系统的转变。
本文在深入分析多分区互联电网有功-频率动态特征的基础上,采用理论分析与数值仿真相结合的方法,对含规模化风电的互联电网的广域保护与控制问题进行了深入研究。本文的创新性研究内容包括：
(1)研究了基于广域局部量测信息的有功缺额估计模型与方法。在多机系统频率动态响应特征的基础上,深入研究和分析了多分区互联电力系统功率扰动特征,提出了以联络线断面潮流和区域频率变化率突变信息为判据的扰动区域识别方法。进而推导出互联电网区域解耦形式下的系统有功缺额估计模型,利用故障区域内部分发电机动态频率信息、代表节点电压变化信息和区域联络线潮流突变信息,得到故障后系统有功缺额的估计值。
(2)研究了电力系统简化频率响应模型(SFR)特征,在有功功率缺额估计的基础上,提出了以SFR模型频率响应特征为基础的暂态频率安全评估方法。
(3)考虑到功率缺额估计和控制过程中存在的误差,提出了由基础控制级和校正控制级共同构成的减载控制形式。基础控制级切除功率缺额估计值90%的负荷,以防止由功率缺额估计误差造成的过切负荷；校正控制级主要功能是在基础控制级切除负荷后系统频率无法恢复至安全运行范围内时,继续切除一定量负荷,防止系统频率悬停在安全运行范围之外。
(4)针对现有低频减载控制过程中无法明确减载地点及对应减载量的问题,结合多机电力系统有功扰动分配模型,提出了负荷节点减载控制灵敏度计算方法,并构建了基于负荷减载控制灵敏度的减载地点选取及减载量分配模型,从而在相同减载量的前提下,获取更加优良的频率恢复速度和稳态频率。
(5)针对规模化风电并网后,由风电随机性和不确定性引起的有功不平衡和频率波动问题,构建了计及风电场/群有功输出波动性的互联电网负荷频率响应与控制模型。以广域相量测量系统(Wide Area Measurement System, WAMS)为技术平台,建立了基于模型预测控制的含规模化风电场/群互联电网的负荷频率分散预测控制模型。
Frequency, which is an important index of AC power systems, reflects the balance between active power generation and load. Given the implementation of global energy strategy, large-scale energy resource bases and electric power transmission capability have increased gradually, thereby leading to a high probability of power deficit. In addition, the scale of wind power-integrated power systems that use flexible technology has continually expanded as energy crises occur and electronic power technology improves. The active power balance of power systems that use large amounts of wind power is greatly affected by fluctuations in wind power. To ease the transition from conventional power systems to complex power systems with a high penetration of wind power, research still needs to be conducted on the effect of intermittency and wind power ramp events on frequency dynamics and frequency stability.
Based on research on the dynamic frequency characteristics of interconnected power systems, wide-area frequency protection and control are discussed in this study, followed by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The main research work and innovative results of this thesis are as follows.
(1) First, the model used to estimate the active power deficit based on local measurements is established in this paper. The dynamic characteristics of the complex interconnected power system after active power disturbance are investigated based on the frequency response characteristics of multi-machine power systems. Abrupt changes in the active power flow in the tie line and the rate of frequency change of the generators are used to identify the fault region. The area-decoupled expression of the active power deficit is derived from frequency dynamics analysis. It makes use of the rate of frequency change of the reginal center of inertia. The load voltages and their changes as well as the tie line active power changes within the fault region are used tp estimate the magnitude of the active power deficit.
(2) Once the active power deficit is estimated, a quantitative security assessment method for transient frequency is proposed by analyzing the dynamic frequency response of the system frequency response model.
(3) Considering the error of the estimation method and the uncertaintes in the load shedding control process, a two-stage control scheme with basic control and corrective load shedding control is presented in this thesis. In the basic control stage,0.9times the estimated active power deficit is shedded to prevent unnecessarily large amounts of load shedding. The second control stage is used to prevent frequency hover in case the frequency can not recover to acceptable limits after the first control stage is activated.
(4) Given that conventional frequency load shedding (UFLS) cannot position the shedding location and distribute the active power deficit, the proposed load shedding sensitivity is based on the characteristics of frequency dynamics. The schemes for positioning the shedding location and distributing the active power deficit are then presented according to the load shedding sensitivity. The simulation results indicate that the proposed UFLS scheme based on load shedding sensitivity results in excellent control under the same load shedding amount compared with conventional UFLS.
(5) Given fluctuations in wind power, more requests are brought up for load frequency control (LFC). To design LFC controllers for high wind power-penetrated power systems, an LFC model that takes wind power fluctuations into consideration is first developed. Multivariable decentralized model predictive control is then proposed for use in designing LFC controllers that can adapt to wind power fluctuations based on the wide-area measurement system.
本文在深入分析多分区互联电网有功-频率动态特征的基础上,采用理论分析与数值仿真相结合的方法,对含规模化风电的互联电网的广域保护与控制问题进行了深入研究。本文的创新性研究内容包括：
(1)研究了基于广域局部量测信息的有功缺额估计模型与方法。在多机系统频率动态响应特征的基础上,深入研究和分析了多分区互联电力系统功率扰动特征,提出了以联络线断面潮流和区域频率变化率突变信息为判据的扰动区域识别方法。进而推导出互联电网区域解耦形式下的系统有功缺额估计模型,利用故障区域内部分发电机动态频率信息、代表节点电压变化信息和区域联络线潮流突变信息,得到故障后系统有功缺额的估计值。
(2)研究了电力系统简化频率响应模型(SFR)特征,在有功功率缺额估计的基础上,提出了以SFR模型频率响应特征为基础的暂态频率安全评估方法。
(3)考虑到功率缺额估计和控制过程中存在的误差,提出了由基础控制级和校正控制级共同构成的减载控制形式。基础控制级切除功率缺额估计值90%的负荷,以防止由功率缺额估计误差造成的过切负荷；校正控制级主要功能是在基础控制级切除负荷后系统频率无法恢复至安全运行范围内时,继续切除一定量负荷,防止系统频率悬停在安全运行范围之外。
(4)针对现有低频减载控制过程中无法明确减载地点及对应减载量的问题,结合多机电力系统有功扰动分配模型,提出了负荷节点减载控制灵敏度计算方法,并构建了基于负荷减载控制灵敏度的减载地点选取及减载量分配模型,从而在相同减载量的前提下,获取更加优良的频率恢复速度和稳态频率。
(5)针对规模化风电并网后,由风电随机性和不确定性引起的有功不平衡和频率波动问题,构建了计及风电场/群有功输出波动性的互联电网负荷频率响应与控制模型。以广域相量测量系统(Wide Area Measurement System, WAMS)为技术平台,建立了基于模型预测控制的含规模化风电场/群互联电网的负荷频率分散预测控制模型。
Frequency, which is an important index of AC power systems, reflects the balance between active power generation and load. Given the implementation of global energy strategy, large-scale energy resource bases and electric power transmission capability have increased gradually, thereby leading to a high probability of power deficit. In addition, the scale of wind power-integrated power systems that use flexible technology has continually expanded as energy crises occur and electronic power technology improves. The active power balance of power systems that use large amounts of wind power is greatly affected by fluctuations in wind power. To ease the transition from conventional power systems to complex power systems with a high penetration of wind power, research still needs to be conducted on the effect of intermittency and wind power ramp events on frequency dynamics and frequency stability.
Based on research on the dynamic frequency characteristics of interconnected power systems, wide-area frequency protection and control are discussed in this study, followed by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The main research work and innovative results of this thesis are as follows.
(1) First, the model used to estimate the active power deficit based on local measurements is established in this paper. The dynamic characteristics of the complex interconnected power system after active power disturbance are investigated based on the frequency response characteristics of multi-machine power systems. Abrupt changes in the active power flow in the tie line and the rate of frequency change of the generators are used to identify the fault region. The area-decoupled expression of the active power deficit is derived from frequency dynamics analysis. It makes use of the rate of frequency change of the reginal center of inertia. The load voltages and their changes as well as the tie line active power changes within the fault region are used tp estimate the magnitude of the active power deficit.
(2) Once the active power deficit is estimated, a quantitative security assessment method for transient frequency is proposed by analyzing the dynamic frequency response of the system frequency response model.
(3) Considering the error of the estimation method and the uncertaintes in the load shedding control process, a two-stage control scheme with basic control and corrective load shedding control is presented in this thesis. In the basic control stage,0.9times the estimated active power deficit is shedded to prevent unnecessarily large amounts of load shedding. The second control stage is used to prevent frequency hover in case the frequency can not recover to acceptable limits after the first control stage is activated.
(4) Given that conventional frequency load shedding (UFLS) cannot position the shedding location and distribute the active power deficit, the proposed load shedding sensitivity is based on the characteristics of frequency dynamics. The schemes for positioning the shedding location and distributing the active power deficit are then presented according to the load shedding sensitivity. The simulation results indicate that the proposed UFLS scheme based on load shedding sensitivity results in excellent control under the same load shedding amount compared with conventional UFLS.
(5) Given fluctuations in wind power, more requests are brought up for load frequency control (LFC). To design LFC controllers for high wind power-penetrated power systems, an LFC model that takes wind power fluctuations into consideration is first developed. Multivariable decentralized model predictive control is then proposed for use in designing LFC controllers that can adapt to wind power fluctuations based on the wide-area measurement system.
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