中英美澳科学传播政策内容及其实施的国际比较研究
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摘要
世界范围内科学技术的不断革新推动着全球经济社会不断发展以及人类生产生活方式的深刻变革,人类要适应这些变革,必须不断提高科学素养。无论是国外还是国内,为了应对科学和技术进步所带来的激烈竞争,均通过积极发展科学传播事业来不断提升公民科学素养,从而为科学技术创新营造良好的社会环境。其中,科学传播政策问题成为目前国际公共科技政策中的重要问题,对多个国家科学传播政策的比较,可为国际科学传播政策发展水平的确定提供有力依据。
本研究从亚洲、欧洲、美洲和大洋洲中分别选择中国、英国、美国和澳大利亚这四个国家的科学传播政策作为比较研究对象,旨在探析我国科学传播政策与国际发达国家的差异,为我国科学传播政策体系的完善提供可借鉴的国际经验。
本研究根据对“科学传播”和“科学传播政策”核心概念的界定以及围绕这一核心概念的文献梳理结果,从美国、英国、澳大利亚和中国四国科学传播政策制定的政府机构出发,全面查询其出台的现行科学传播政策,并根据内容主题和颁布机构对科学传播政策进行归类。以政策文本的可比性为前提,结合制定科学传播政策机构行政级别的对等性和权威性以及政策内容的针对性和时效性为政策文本的选择标准,在所普查的政策文本中,选出重点分析的政策文本。借鉴公共政策分析中的“规范最佳分析”模式以及贝磊和托马斯的比较教育分析框架,综合应用分析性比较研究法和定性内容分析法,对各国科学传播政策总体特征、政策内容及其实施进行重点分析。最后,对本研究比较分析的结果进行总结,并提出相关政策建议。
本研究主要开展如下三个方面的研究：
研究一,分析中英美澳科学传播政策总体特征,其目的是在对各国科学传播政策的普查结果中,选出本研究重点分析的政策文本。从各国负责制定科学传播政策的政府机构出发,研究其现行的科学传播政策内容、表现形式等现状。根据科学传播政策文本选择标准,选出重点研究的科学传播政策文本。
研究二,研究中英美澳国家科学传播政策内容的共同特征与不同特性。重点从关于公众的科学传播政策、关于媒体的科学传播政策、与学校科学教育相关的政策和关于科学传播评估的政策这四个维度展开分析和比较各国科学传播政策内容的相似性和差异性。
研究三,研究中英美澳国家科学传播政策实施的的异同性。从关于公众科学传播政策内容的实施、关于媒体科学传播政策内容的实施、与学校科学教育相关政策内容的实施和关于科学传播评估政策内容的实施这四个方面分析各国科学传播政策实施结果、实施机制等特征。
本论文主要的研究结论如下：
1.政策总体特征：(1)科学传播政策制定机构的组织机制类似。均有专门负责科学传播政策制定的牵头机构,负责出台科学传播领域的领导性政策以及总体协调科学传播工作。均有影响政府科学传播决策的非政府机构,对政府科学传播政策制定提供建议,并监督其实施工作。(2)科学传播政策的表现形式有差别。从文本形式上看,美国将科学传播内容放在科技和教育政策中,英国、澳大利亚和中国既有专门科学传播政策,也在科技政策中包含科学传播内容。美国、英国和澳大利亚政策内容具有原因分析、证据论证、经费预算和责任机构等,而我国政策内容缺少证据论证和经费预算等。
2.政策内容的特征：(1)关于公众的科学传播政策,提高公众科学参与度方式的大方向类似,而要解决的突出问题不同。各国均利用现有设施资源,开展各种科学传播活动,并在科研项目中融入科学传播内容等方式来提高公众的科学参与度。均设立专门科学传播政策的领导或组织机构,负责协调与监督政策实施,加强各相关机构间的合作。美国、英国和澳大利亚侧重于激发公众的“主动”参与科学。而我国公众处于“被动”参与科学的状态。均针对本国特殊问题提出针对性科学传播政策,美国要求加大对少数民族服务机构的投资,英国要求加强公众参与决策以及科技道德和科学风险的传播,澳大利亚提出加强热带地区、沙漠地区、海洋科学和土著知识的科学传播工作,而我国针对农民、城镇劳动人口以及领导干部和公务员等重点人群提出科学素质建设对策。(2)关于媒体的科学传播政策,通过媒体传播科学的途径类似,而措施详略程度不同。各国均通过加强科学界和媒体界间的交流、吸引科学专家参与科学节目制作和报道、培训科学家和媒体记者、充分利用新兴媒体、成立科学与媒体协调机构或职位等方式提高媒体中科学质量。英国和澳大利亚均侧重于对利用媒体有效传播科学的“途径”进行规划,且均较详细。而我国的措施不够具体,侧重于对利用媒体有效传播科学的“结果”进行规划,提出提高科普影视作品等质量的目标要求。(3)与学校科学教育相关的政策,促进青年人学习科学的方式类似,而价值取向不同。各国均采取科学科学教育改革、加强科学教师专业培养以及开展丰富的科学课外拓展活动等方式来提高青年人对科学的兴趣。美国侧重于关键能力融入到科学课程、推广最佳教学实践以及提高来自弱势群体的学生科学参与度。英国侧重多方参与科学课程开发、科学学习路径多样化、学校管理问责制以及在科学课程中的道德、数学、就业信息指导等内容。澳大利亚侧重加强政府对科学教育的资助。我国突出中小学、职业教育等的课程与教材建设、农村地区科学教育改进以及科普设施资源建设。此外,美国、英国和澳大利亚注重激发教师自主学习的“内在”动力。而我国强调对教师进行培训,注重给予教师持续学习的“外在”推力。美国、英国和澳大利亚均侧重于提供学生可亲自动手的实践活动,美国还强调为高中年级以上年级学生提供科研经验,倾向于让学生主动式地“做”科学,而我国虽然也提到开展丰富的青少年科普活动,但倾向于让学生被动式地“接受”科学。(4)关于科学传播评估的政策,评估政策所采用的总体策略类似,而评估技术的发展水平和细化程度不同。均规定开发科学传播评估标准或工具,并定期开展公众科学态度调查,以此监测科学传播领域发展状况。英国与美国的评估技术较为发达,规定专门评估机构或组织的职能,并建立供评估工具和方法共享的数据库。澳大利亚和我国的全国性评估技术处于起步阶段。美国、英国和澳大利亚的评估政策内容均较详细,且各具特色。美国详细规定了国家评估机构收集数据的类型。英国规定了加强评估方法共享的方式。澳大利亚规定了开发对科学传播组织机构和活动的评估工具。而我国的评估政策较为笼统,集中在建立监测指标体系和公民科学素质基准上。
3.政策实施的特征；(1)关于科学传播政策实施总体策略类似。均优先实施与各国优先发展目标达成最贴近的措施,且实施过程中会根据实际情况对政策进行相应调整,以促进科学传播政策目标的实现。(2)关于科学传播政策实施的执行主体略有不同。美国主要是以联邦政府机构资助计划的形式,社会各界力量共同实施。澳大利亚主要是政府部门委派的机构或组织开展。英国是由政府及其委派机构协调完成。我国主要由政府部门与中国科协系统协调完成。(3)在政策执行过程中体现出的特征不同。美国、英国和澳大利亚主要采用“自下而上”和“自上而下”的综合路径,由国家行政机构首先提供政策标准或政策导向,其他基层组织、社会团体或公众作出回应,国家行政机构再根据这些回应调整与实施相关政策,体现了执行主体与公众共同决策的特征。而我国政策的执行特征与此不同,偏向于“自上而下”的路径,决策中与公众互动的特征不明显。
本研究在丰富对科学传播政策国际比较的研究上具有重要实践意义,对我国科学传播政策体系的完善具有重要的参考价值。
The innovation of science and technology in the world is promoting the continuous development of the global economy and society as well as the profound changes in the production of human life.Human beings must continuously improve the scientific literacy to adapt to these changes. Both foreign countries and domestic countries continuously improve the scientific literacy of citizens through the positive development of science communication business in order to success in the fierce competition brought by scientific and technical progress,thus creating a favorable social environment for science and technology innovation. Among them, the scientific dissemination issues in international public policy become important issues in science and technology policy.The comparison of policies on science communication of multiple nations can provide strong accordance to the definition of the international development level of science communication policy.
In this study, Science communication policies from China, UK, USA and Australia are choosed as comparison study objects,which countries are from Asia, Europe, America and Oceania respectively, aiming to analysis the differences between the developed countries' and Chinese science communication policies, providing international experiences for the science dissemination policy system's improvement.
According to the definition of core concepts,"science communication" and " Science Communication Policy", as well as the results of the literature review around this core concepts,this study comprehensively searches current science communication policies developed by government agencies of the United States, Britain, Australia and China, and the polices are classified according to the content themes and types of the enacted institutions. The selection standards of the policy texts are administrative and authority level of institutions developing science communication policy premised with policy comparability,as well as the policy relevance and timeliness of the content. According to the standards, the policy texts to be focused are selected.Drawing on the "Specification Best Analysis" mode and Bray&Thomas comparative education analysis framework in the public policy analysis, the overall features,contents and implementations of national science communication policies are analysed by analytically comparative study method and qualitative content analysis method. Finally, the comparative analysis results of this study are summarized, and put forward to some relevant policy recommendations.
The study contains the following three main research parts:
In the first research part, the general characteristics of science communication policies in China, UK, USA and Australia are analyzed,which is aimed at selecting science communication policies to be focus analyzed from the census policies.Starting from the government agencies responsible for the development of science communication policies,study the existing science communication policy content forms and other status quo. According to scientific communication policy text selection criteria, the focus science communication policies of the study are selected.
In the second research part, the common features and different characteristics of the science communication policies' contents in the United States, Britain, Australia and China, the similarities and differences of science communication policies about the public, the media, science education and assessment are focus analyzed.
In the third research part, the implementation similarities and differences of the science communication policies in China, UK, USA and Australia are studied.The implementation results and mechanism of the science communication policies about the public,,the media, science education and assessment are discussed.
The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
1. The general characteristics of the science communication policies:(1) science communication policy-making bodies' organizing mechanisms are similar. Leading agencies responsible for the introduction and execution of science communication policies are set up, and overall coordinate the work of science communication in science communication field. NGOs have influence on government's decision-making in science communication, provide advices about the science communication policies and oversee government's policy implementation.(2)There are differences in the presentation forms of science communication policy. From the form of text presentation, the United States' science communication contents are put in the science education or in the science and technology policies.The UK, Australia and China all have specialized science communication policies and some science communication contents are also included in science and technology policies. In U.S., UK and Australia, science communication policies have policy reason analysis, the evidence demonstration, responsible institutions, budgets, etc. and the contents of the science communication policies in China lack evidence and funding budget to demonstrate.
2. Features of the science communication policies'contents:(1)To the science communication policies of the public, the general directions of ways improving the public science participation are similar, but different outstanding issues are to be resolved. All countries use existing facilities and resources to carry out various science communication activities,integrate science dissemination into scientific research projects to improve the public scientific participation and set up leadership or organization to strengthen cooperation among relevant agencies specially, responsible for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of science communication policies. U.S., UK and Australia tend to stimulate the public to "actively" participate in science.while the public in our nation "passively" participate in science. All nations have proposed targeted science communication policy for their particular problem, the United States calls for increased investment in minority-serving institutions, the United Kingdom calls for strengthening public participation in decision-making and science ethics and risk communications, Australia proposes to strengthen the indigenous science knowledge and marine science dissemination, and to improve the tropical region and desert region's science engagement, while we provide scientific quality construction countermeasures for our farmers, urban labor force,leading cadres and civil servants and other key groups.(2) To science communication policies of the media, the ways of science communication through the media are similar, but the detail levels of measures are different. All countries enhance the quality of science in the media by strengthening exchanges between the scientific community and the media industry, attracting scientific experts involved in scientific programming and reporting, training of scientists and media reporters, making full use of new media, the establishment of scientific and media coordinator or position,and so on. Britain and Australia are focused on planning the "ways" of effective scientific dissemination through the media, and the measures are detailed,while China's measures are not sufficiently specific, focusing on planning the "results" of the effective scientific communication through the media, and put forward to the objectives and requirements of improving the quality of science in films and television works.(3)To the science education-related policies, ways to promote young people to learn science are similar, but they has different values. All nations are taking the methods of science education reform, strengthening science teacher professional development and conducting extensive scientific expand extracurricular activities to improve young people's interest in science. U.S. integrates key competencies into the science curriculum, promoting best science teaching practices and improving students from disadvantaged groups'science engagement. UK focuses on science curriculum development, science learning routine's diversity, school management accountability and integrating moral content, mathematics, science employment guidance and other information in science curriculum. Australia strengthen government funding for science education.We emphasize science curriculum and textbook construction of general and vocational schools and the improvement of science education in rural areas as well as the construction of science facilities and resources. In addition, the United States, Britain and Australia inspire teachers'self-learning "inherent" power,and we emphasis on teacher training,giving teachers "external" thrust to learn continuously. U.S., UK and Australia all provide students hands-on practical activities, the United States also provide students above the high school grade some research experiences, tending to let the students actively "doing" science,while though China has also mentioned to carry out diverse youth science activities, the concept prefer to let the students passively "accept" science.(4)To of science communication policies on evaluation, overall assessment strategy adopted are similar, but assessment techniques'development level and refinement degrees are different. The evaluation criteria or tools in science communication are planned to develop, and public scientific attitude surveys are required to conduct regularly to monitoring the developments in science communication field. Assessment technologies in Britain and the United States are more advanced, agencies' or organizations'evaluation functions are specially mandated, and the shared database of assessment tools and methods are required to establish. National assessment techniques in Australia and China are in their infancy. Assessment policy contents in U.S., UK and Australia are more detailed than us, and all have their uniquenesses. American details the types of data for national assessment agencies to collect. Britain strengthens the shared approach of the assessment methods. Australia provides for the assessment tools development of the scientific dissemination activities and the science communication organizations. In China, Assessment policies are general, focusing on the establishment of monitoring indicators and civic scientific literacy benchmarks.
3. Characteristics of science communication policies' implementation:(1)The overall strategies of science communication policies' implementation are similar. Measures, which are the closest to national priorities and development aims, are implemented in prior, and the policies are adjusted according to the actual situations, in order to promote the realization of science communication policies' goals.(2) Executive bodies responsible for implementation of the science communication policies are slightly different. The science communication policies' implementation in U.S. is mainly in the form of the U.S. federal government funded programs, the communities in society participate in the implementation. Government agencies or organizations are appointed to execute the policies in Australia. Britain government and its delegate agencies commonly coordinate and complete the tasks. The Chinese government departments and science associations'systems coordinately implement the policies.(3)The characteristics of the policy implementation process are different. U.S., UK and Australia mainly uses "bottom-up" and "top-down" integrated paths.At first, the national administrations provide policy standards or orientations, other grassroots organizations, social groups or the public take relevant responses, and the administrations adjust and implementat the policies based on these responses, reflecting the main characteristics of joint decision-making with the public.The characteristics of the policy implementation in our nation are different, biased in favor of "top-down" path, the. feature of interacting with the public in policy making is not obvious.
This study has important practical significance in the enrichment of the international comparison study of science communication policies, and has vital reference value for improving the system of scientific communication policies as well.
本研究从亚洲、欧洲、美洲和大洋洲中分别选择中国、英国、美国和澳大利亚这四个国家的科学传播政策作为比较研究对象,旨在探析我国科学传播政策与国际发达国家的差异,为我国科学传播政策体系的完善提供可借鉴的国际经验。
本研究根据对“科学传播”和“科学传播政策”核心概念的界定以及围绕这一核心概念的文献梳理结果,从美国、英国、澳大利亚和中国四国科学传播政策制定的政府机构出发,全面查询其出台的现行科学传播政策,并根据内容主题和颁布机构对科学传播政策进行归类。以政策文本的可比性为前提,结合制定科学传播政策机构行政级别的对等性和权威性以及政策内容的针对性和时效性为政策文本的选择标准,在所普查的政策文本中,选出重点分析的政策文本。借鉴公共政策分析中的“规范最佳分析”模式以及贝磊和托马斯的比较教育分析框架,综合应用分析性比较研究法和定性内容分析法,对各国科学传播政策总体特征、政策内容及其实施进行重点分析。最后,对本研究比较分析的结果进行总结,并提出相关政策建议。
本研究主要开展如下三个方面的研究：
研究一,分析中英美澳科学传播政策总体特征,其目的是在对各国科学传播政策的普查结果中,选出本研究重点分析的政策文本。从各国负责制定科学传播政策的政府机构出发,研究其现行的科学传播政策内容、表现形式等现状。根据科学传播政策文本选择标准,选出重点研究的科学传播政策文本。
研究二,研究中英美澳国家科学传播政策内容的共同特征与不同特性。重点从关于公众的科学传播政策、关于媒体的科学传播政策、与学校科学教育相关的政策和关于科学传播评估的政策这四个维度展开分析和比较各国科学传播政策内容的相似性和差异性。
研究三,研究中英美澳国家科学传播政策实施的的异同性。从关于公众科学传播政策内容的实施、关于媒体科学传播政策内容的实施、与学校科学教育相关政策内容的实施和关于科学传播评估政策内容的实施这四个方面分析各国科学传播政策实施结果、实施机制等特征。
本论文主要的研究结论如下：
1.政策总体特征：(1)科学传播政策制定机构的组织机制类似。均有专门负责科学传播政策制定的牵头机构,负责出台科学传播领域的领导性政策以及总体协调科学传播工作。均有影响政府科学传播决策的非政府机构,对政府科学传播政策制定提供建议,并监督其实施工作。(2)科学传播政策的表现形式有差别。从文本形式上看,美国将科学传播内容放在科技和教育政策中,英国、澳大利亚和中国既有专门科学传播政策,也在科技政策中包含科学传播内容。美国、英国和澳大利亚政策内容具有原因分析、证据论证、经费预算和责任机构等,而我国政策内容缺少证据论证和经费预算等。
2.政策内容的特征：(1)关于公众的科学传播政策,提高公众科学参与度方式的大方向类似,而要解决的突出问题不同。各国均利用现有设施资源,开展各种科学传播活动,并在科研项目中融入科学传播内容等方式来提高公众的科学参与度。均设立专门科学传播政策的领导或组织机构,负责协调与监督政策实施,加强各相关机构间的合作。美国、英国和澳大利亚侧重于激发公众的“主动”参与科学。而我国公众处于“被动”参与科学的状态。均针对本国特殊问题提出针对性科学传播政策,美国要求加大对少数民族服务机构的投资,英国要求加强公众参与决策以及科技道德和科学风险的传播,澳大利亚提出加强热带地区、沙漠地区、海洋科学和土著知识的科学传播工作,而我国针对农民、城镇劳动人口以及领导干部和公务员等重点人群提出科学素质建设对策。(2)关于媒体的科学传播政策,通过媒体传播科学的途径类似,而措施详略程度不同。各国均通过加强科学界和媒体界间的交流、吸引科学专家参与科学节目制作和报道、培训科学家和媒体记者、充分利用新兴媒体、成立科学与媒体协调机构或职位等方式提高媒体中科学质量。英国和澳大利亚均侧重于对利用媒体有效传播科学的“途径”进行规划,且均较详细。而我国的措施不够具体,侧重于对利用媒体有效传播科学的“结果”进行规划,提出提高科普影视作品等质量的目标要求。(3)与学校科学教育相关的政策,促进青年人学习科学的方式类似,而价值取向不同。各国均采取科学科学教育改革、加强科学教师专业培养以及开展丰富的科学课外拓展活动等方式来提高青年人对科学的兴趣。美国侧重于关键能力融入到科学课程、推广最佳教学实践以及提高来自弱势群体的学生科学参与度。英国侧重多方参与科学课程开发、科学学习路径多样化、学校管理问责制以及在科学课程中的道德、数学、就业信息指导等内容。澳大利亚侧重加强政府对科学教育的资助。我国突出中小学、职业教育等的课程与教材建设、农村地区科学教育改进以及科普设施资源建设。此外,美国、英国和澳大利亚注重激发教师自主学习的“内在”动力。而我国强调对教师进行培训,注重给予教师持续学习的“外在”推力。美国、英国和澳大利亚均侧重于提供学生可亲自动手的实践活动,美国还强调为高中年级以上年级学生提供科研经验,倾向于让学生主动式地“做”科学,而我国虽然也提到开展丰富的青少年科普活动,但倾向于让学生被动式地“接受”科学。(4)关于科学传播评估的政策,评估政策所采用的总体策略类似,而评估技术的发展水平和细化程度不同。均规定开发科学传播评估标准或工具,并定期开展公众科学态度调查,以此监测科学传播领域发展状况。英国与美国的评估技术较为发达,规定专门评估机构或组织的职能,并建立供评估工具和方法共享的数据库。澳大利亚和我国的全国性评估技术处于起步阶段。美国、英国和澳大利亚的评估政策内容均较详细,且各具特色。美国详细规定了国家评估机构收集数据的类型。英国规定了加强评估方法共享的方式。澳大利亚规定了开发对科学传播组织机构和活动的评估工具。而我国的评估政策较为笼统,集中在建立监测指标体系和公民科学素质基准上。
3.政策实施的特征；(1)关于科学传播政策实施总体策略类似。均优先实施与各国优先发展目标达成最贴近的措施,且实施过程中会根据实际情况对政策进行相应调整,以促进科学传播政策目标的实现。(2)关于科学传播政策实施的执行主体略有不同。美国主要是以联邦政府机构资助计划的形式,社会各界力量共同实施。澳大利亚主要是政府部门委派的机构或组织开展。英国是由政府及其委派机构协调完成。我国主要由政府部门与中国科协系统协调完成。(3)在政策执行过程中体现出的特征不同。美国、英国和澳大利亚主要采用“自下而上”和“自上而下”的综合路径,由国家行政机构首先提供政策标准或政策导向,其他基层组织、社会团体或公众作出回应,国家行政机构再根据这些回应调整与实施相关政策,体现了执行主体与公众共同决策的特征。而我国政策的执行特征与此不同,偏向于“自上而下”的路径,决策中与公众互动的特征不明显。
本研究在丰富对科学传播政策国际比较的研究上具有重要实践意义,对我国科学传播政策体系的完善具有重要的参考价值。
The innovation of science and technology in the world is promoting the continuous development of the global economy and society as well as the profound changes in the production of human life.Human beings must continuously improve the scientific literacy to adapt to these changes. Both foreign countries and domestic countries continuously improve the scientific literacy of citizens through the positive development of science communication business in order to success in the fierce competition brought by scientific and technical progress,thus creating a favorable social environment for science and technology innovation. Among them, the scientific dissemination issues in international public policy become important issues in science and technology policy.The comparison of policies on science communication of multiple nations can provide strong accordance to the definition of the international development level of science communication policy.
In this study, Science communication policies from China, UK, USA and Australia are choosed as comparison study objects,which countries are from Asia, Europe, America and Oceania respectively, aiming to analysis the differences between the developed countries' and Chinese science communication policies, providing international experiences for the science dissemination policy system's improvement.
According to the definition of core concepts,"science communication" and " Science Communication Policy", as well as the results of the literature review around this core concepts,this study comprehensively searches current science communication policies developed by government agencies of the United States, Britain, Australia and China, and the polices are classified according to the content themes and types of the enacted institutions. The selection standards of the policy texts are administrative and authority level of institutions developing science communication policy premised with policy comparability,as well as the policy relevance and timeliness of the content. According to the standards, the policy texts to be focused are selected.Drawing on the "Specification Best Analysis" mode and Bray&Thomas comparative education analysis framework in the public policy analysis, the overall features,contents and implementations of national science communication policies are analysed by analytically comparative study method and qualitative content analysis method. Finally, the comparative analysis results of this study are summarized, and put forward to some relevant policy recommendations.
The study contains the following three main research parts:
In the first research part, the general characteristics of science communication policies in China, UK, USA and Australia are analyzed,which is aimed at selecting science communication policies to be focus analyzed from the census policies.Starting from the government agencies responsible for the development of science communication policies,study the existing science communication policy content forms and other status quo. According to scientific communication policy text selection criteria, the focus science communication policies of the study are selected.
In the second research part, the common features and different characteristics of the science communication policies' contents in the United States, Britain, Australia and China, the similarities and differences of science communication policies about the public, the media, science education and assessment are focus analyzed.
In the third research part, the implementation similarities and differences of the science communication policies in China, UK, USA and Australia are studied.The implementation results and mechanism of the science communication policies about the public,,the media, science education and assessment are discussed.
The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
1. The general characteristics of the science communication policies:(1) science communication policy-making bodies' organizing mechanisms are similar. Leading agencies responsible for the introduction and execution of science communication policies are set up, and overall coordinate the work of science communication in science communication field. NGOs have influence on government's decision-making in science communication, provide advices about the science communication policies and oversee government's policy implementation.(2)There are differences in the presentation forms of science communication policy. From the form of text presentation, the United States' science communication contents are put in the science education or in the science and technology policies.The UK, Australia and China all have specialized science communication policies and some science communication contents are also included in science and technology policies. In U.S., UK and Australia, science communication policies have policy reason analysis, the evidence demonstration, responsible institutions, budgets, etc. and the contents of the science communication policies in China lack evidence and funding budget to demonstrate.
2. Features of the science communication policies'contents:(1)To the science communication policies of the public, the general directions of ways improving the public science participation are similar, but different outstanding issues are to be resolved. All countries use existing facilities and resources to carry out various science communication activities,integrate science dissemination into scientific research projects to improve the public scientific participation and set up leadership or organization to strengthen cooperation among relevant agencies specially, responsible for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of science communication policies. U.S., UK and Australia tend to stimulate the public to "actively" participate in science.while the public in our nation "passively" participate in science. All nations have proposed targeted science communication policy for their particular problem, the United States calls for increased investment in minority-serving institutions, the United Kingdom calls for strengthening public participation in decision-making and science ethics and risk communications, Australia proposes to strengthen the indigenous science knowledge and marine science dissemination, and to improve the tropical region and desert region's science engagement, while we provide scientific quality construction countermeasures for our farmers, urban labor force,leading cadres and civil servants and other key groups.(2) To science communication policies of the media, the ways of science communication through the media are similar, but the detail levels of measures are different. All countries enhance the quality of science in the media by strengthening exchanges between the scientific community and the media industry, attracting scientific experts involved in scientific programming and reporting, training of scientists and media reporters, making full use of new media, the establishment of scientific and media coordinator or position,and so on. Britain and Australia are focused on planning the "ways" of effective scientific dissemination through the media, and the measures are detailed,while China's measures are not sufficiently specific, focusing on planning the "results" of the effective scientific communication through the media, and put forward to the objectives and requirements of improving the quality of science in films and television works.(3)To the science education-related policies, ways to promote young people to learn science are similar, but they has different values. All nations are taking the methods of science education reform, strengthening science teacher professional development and conducting extensive scientific expand extracurricular activities to improve young people's interest in science. U.S. integrates key competencies into the science curriculum, promoting best science teaching practices and improving students from disadvantaged groups'science engagement. UK focuses on science curriculum development, science learning routine's diversity, school management accountability and integrating moral content, mathematics, science employment guidance and other information in science curriculum. Australia strengthen government funding for science education.We emphasize science curriculum and textbook construction of general and vocational schools and the improvement of science education in rural areas as well as the construction of science facilities and resources. In addition, the United States, Britain and Australia inspire teachers'self-learning "inherent" power,and we emphasis on teacher training,giving teachers "external" thrust to learn continuously. U.S., UK and Australia all provide students hands-on practical activities, the United States also provide students above the high school grade some research experiences, tending to let the students actively "doing" science,while though China has also mentioned to carry out diverse youth science activities, the concept prefer to let the students passively "accept" science.(4)To of science communication policies on evaluation, overall assessment strategy adopted are similar, but assessment techniques'development level and refinement degrees are different. The evaluation criteria or tools in science communication are planned to develop, and public scientific attitude surveys are required to conduct regularly to monitoring the developments in science communication field. Assessment technologies in Britain and the United States are more advanced, agencies' or organizations'evaluation functions are specially mandated, and the shared database of assessment tools and methods are required to establish. National assessment techniques in Australia and China are in their infancy. Assessment policy contents in U.S., UK and Australia are more detailed than us, and all have their uniquenesses. American details the types of data for national assessment agencies to collect. Britain strengthens the shared approach of the assessment methods. Australia provides for the assessment tools development of the scientific dissemination activities and the science communication organizations. In China, Assessment policies are general, focusing on the establishment of monitoring indicators and civic scientific literacy benchmarks.
3. Characteristics of science communication policies' implementation:(1)The overall strategies of science communication policies' implementation are similar. Measures, which are the closest to national priorities and development aims, are implemented in prior, and the policies are adjusted according to the actual situations, in order to promote the realization of science communication policies' goals.(2) Executive bodies responsible for implementation of the science communication policies are slightly different. The science communication policies' implementation in U.S. is mainly in the form of the U.S. federal government funded programs, the communities in society participate in the implementation. Government agencies or organizations are appointed to execute the policies in Australia. Britain government and its delegate agencies commonly coordinate and complete the tasks. The Chinese government departments and science associations'systems coordinately implement the policies.(3)The characteristics of the policy implementation process are different. U.S., UK and Australia mainly uses "bottom-up" and "top-down" integrated paths.At first, the national administrations provide policy standards or orientations, other grassroots organizations, social groups or the public take relevant responses, and the administrations adjust and implementat the policies based on these responses, reflecting the main characteristics of joint decision-making with the public.The characteristics of the policy implementation in our nation are different, biased in favor of "top-down" path, the. feature of interacting with the public in policy making is not obvious.
This study has important practical significance in the enrichment of the international comparison study of science communication policies, and has vital reference value for improving the system of scientific communication policies as well.
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② GOV. UK.Science and Learning[EB/OL].http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100113202026/http:/in teractive.dius.gov.uk/scienceandsociety/site/science-and-learning,2013-7-19.
① GOV.UK.Science for Careers[EB/OL].http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100113202026/http:/inte ractive.dius.gov.uk/scienceandsociety/site/science-for-careers,2013-7-19.
② GOV.UK.Science and Trust[EB/OL].http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100113202026/http:/intera ctive.dius.gov.uk/scienceandsociety/site/science-and-trust,2013-7-19.
① BIS.Science for All Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/al l/files/2012/09/Science-for-All-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.doc,2013-7-15.
② BIS.Science and the Media Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis. gov.uk/media/files/2012/09/Copy-of-D12-1122172-Science-and-the-Media-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.xls, 2013-7-15.
③ BIS.Science and Trust Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.u k/trust/files/2012/09/Science-and-Trust-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.doc, 2013-7-15.
④ BIS.Science for Careers Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov. uk/careers/files/2012/09/Science-for-Careers-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.xls,2013-7-15
⑤ BIS.Engaging the public in science and engineering Latest on this policy[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/g overnment/policies/engaging-the-public-in-science-and-engineering--3/activity, 2013-9-5.
① Whitehouse.Executive Order 13539--President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology[EB/ OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/executive-order-presidents-council-advisors-science-and-technology 2013-8-19.
② JSTOR.Innovation Policy and the Economy[EB/OL].http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherC ode=nber,2013-12-1.
① THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the United States of America. 21st Century Readiness Act,JANUARY 22, 2013[EB/OL].http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hr347ih/pdf/BILLS-113hr347ih.pdf, 2013-08-04.
② Executive Office of the President Department of Education, Preparing Our Children for the Future Sc ience, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2011 Budget[EB/OL].http://www. whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/stem_11_final.pdf,2013-12-8.
③ Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.MAY 2013 FEDERAL SC IENCE,TECHNOLOGY,ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS(STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN [EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
④ Whitehouse.Executive Office of the President Department of Education, Preparing Our Children for th e Future Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2011 Budget [EB/OL]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/stem_11_final.pdf, 2013-12-8.
⑤ Whitehouse. Winning the Race to Educate Our Children Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math ematics (STEM) Education in the 2012 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ ostp/OSTP-fy 12-STEM-fs.pdf, 2013-12-8.
⑥ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf,2013-12-2.
⑦ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
① Department of Industry.Previous Portfolio Responsibilities [EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/AboutU s/Pages/PreviousPortfolioResponsibilities.aspx,2014-2-11.
② DIISRTE.The Prime Minister's Science, Engineering and Innovation Council[EB/OL].http://www.innovat ion.gov.au/Science/PMSEIC/Pages/default.aspx,2013-7-11.
① CSIRO.About CSIRO[EB/OL].http://www.csiro.au/en/Portals/About-CSIRO.aspx,2013-6-21.
② AIMS,About AIMS[EB/OL].http://www.aims.gov.au/docs/about/about.html,2013-7-12.
③ ANSTO.About ANSTO [EB/OL].http://www.ansto.gov.au/AboutANSTO/About/index.htm,2013-7-11.
④ AIATSIS,About The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies[EB/OL].http:// www.aiatsis.gov.au/corporate/about.html,2013-7-12.
⑤ ASC.About Science Communication[EB/OL].http://www.asc.asn.au/about/about-science-communication,20 13-6-21.
⑥ Econnect Communication,About Econnect Communication[EB/OL].http://www.econnect.com.au,2013-7-1 2.
① IISRTE.Inspiring Australia: A national strategy for engaging with the sciences[EB/OL].http://www.inn ovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/Pages/InspiringAustraliaAnationalstrategy.aspx,2013-7-18.
② IISRTE.Public Awareness and Engagement[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/industry/nanotechnolog y/publicawarenessandengagement/pages/default.aspx,2013-7-19.
① IISRTE.Expert Working Group-Science and the media[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/ InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Pages/EWGScienceandtheMedia.aspx,2013-7-18.
② IISRTE.Science and the media: from ideas to action[EB/OL].,http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/Ins piringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/ScienceandtheMedia-FromldeastoAction.pdf, 2013-7-19
③ DlISRTE.Expert Working Group-Developing an evidence base for science engagement[EB/OL].http:// www.innovation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/DevelopinganEvidenceBasefor ScienceEngagement.pdf, 2013-7-18.
① DIISRTE.Science Engagement and Tropical Australia: Building a prosperous and sustainable future for the north[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/Tropi calRegionEWGreport.pdf, 2013-7-19.
② DIISRTE.Expert Working Group on Engaging Communities in Tropical Australia[EB/OL].http://www.in novation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Pages/EWGTropicalRegions.aspx,2013-7-18.
③ DIISRTE.Marine Science: a story for Australia[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringA ustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/MarineScienceAStoryForAustralia.pdf,2013-7-18.
① Ninti One是一个成立于2003年的国家级非营利性公司,它通过实地研究和创新的应用以及社区的发展,为澳大利亚偏远地区人民创造发展机会。其工作是在澳大利亚偏远社区层而,与土著和托雷斯海峡岛民社区及相关组织合作,理清研究、政策和实践的关系,重点强调研究的实际应用,并为各类对澳大利亚偏远地区感兴趣的组织和企业提供独立的、基于证据的的专业性研究与咨询服务。
② DIISRTE.Inspirations from the Deserts: Science engagement in and about Australia's desert regions[E B/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/InspirationFromTh eDeserts.pdf, 2013-7-19.
③ DIISRTE.Inspirations From the Deserts: Science engagement in and about Australia's desert regions[E B/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/InspirationFromTh eDeserts.pdf, 2013-7-19.
④ DIISRTE.Expert Working Group in Indigenous Engagement with Sciences[EB/OL].http://www.innovatio n.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/Indigenous%20Engagement%20with%20Scien ce.pdf,2013-11-27.
① DIISRTE. Indigenous Engagement with Science:Towards deeper understandings[EB/OL]. http://www.in novation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/IndigenousEngagementwithScienceTo wardsDeeperUnderstandings.pdf, 2013-7-18.
② DIISRTE.Super Science Initiative[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/ResearchInfrastructure/Pag es/SuperScience.aspx.2013-7-21.
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.htm,2014-2-15.
② 国务院.全民科学素质行动计划纲要实施方案(2011—2015年)[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zhon gyaowenjian/guowuyuan/2013/0401/680.html, 2013-4-28.
③ BIS.The new BIS Vision and Aims[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/blog/2012/12/06/bis-vision-and-objectives/#visionhttp://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/blog/2012/12/06/bis-vision-and-objectives/,2013-7-6.
① Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.FEDER A L SCIENCE, T ECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEM AT ICS (STEM) EDUCATION 5-Y EAR STR ATEGIC PLAN,MAY 2013[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
② DIISRTE.Public Awareness and Engagement[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/industry/nanotechnolog y/publicawarenessandengagement/pages/default.aspx,2013-7-19.
① 国务院.全民科学素质行动计划纲要实施方案(2011—2015年)[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zhon gyao wenjian/guo wuyuan/2013/0401/680.html,2013-4-28.
② Sciencewise是由政府资助的、帮助政策制定者发现和收集公众对科技新兴领域看法的计划,并使政策制定者能在国家政策制定中考虑公众的意见。该计划源于政府的宗旨,即促进公众、科学界和政策制定者能更好地处理科技所带来的问题,并促进科学和技术为社会带来更多利益。
③ NCCPE成立于2008年,作为由英国研究理事会、英格兰高等教育拨款委员会和威康信托基金会资助的“公众参与灯塔(Beacons for Public Engagement Initiative)"举措的一部分,NCCPE支持高校与公众保持联系,促进公众参与科学。
④ BIS.Engaging the public in science and engineering[EB/OL].http://www.gov.uk/government/policies/enga ging-the-public-in-science-and-engineering--3,2013-6-11.
① TechNyou组织提供关于所有生物、纳米、信息技术等领域新兴技术的免费信息服务、推广计划和外联服务,以帮助提高人们对新兴技术及其相关问题的认识,如转基因食品、干细胞,基因检测,基因治疗、克隆技术和纳米技术。为教师和学生开展专业发展工作坊,面向社区团体召开展示会和在公共场合设置交互式信息亭,其办公室设立于墨尔本大学。
② DIISRTE.Public Awareness and Engagement[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/industry/nanotechnolog y/publicawarenessandengagement/pages/default.aspx,2013-7-19.
③ 刘延东.在《全民科学素质行动计划纲要》实施工作汇报会上的讲话[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n350 81/n38213/n38244/n13614546/13767276.html, 2014-2-13.
① Vitae是一个由英国职业研究与咨询中心(Careers Research and Advisory Centre,CRAC)领导和管理的、致力于积极职业学习和发展的非营利性慈善机构,该组织致力于促进研究人员的专业和职业发展以及其潜力的发挥,以满足社会高水平技能和创新能力的需求。它从1968年开始为博士研究人员向产业转换提高支持服务,是全球范围内提高研究人员技能和职业影响力的专业机构。其大部分工作得到英国研究理事会(RC UK)的资助,并在英国高水平技能、创新能力和世界一流研究人才培养中起到关键作用。从2013年起,该组织得到RCUK以及四个英国高等教育拨款机构：就业和学习部(DELNI)、高等教育拨款委员会(HEFCE)、威尔士高等教育拨款委员会(HEFCW)和苏格兰基金委员会(SFC)的支持。
① BIS.THE ALLOCATION OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH FUNDING 2011/12 TO 2014/15 INVES TING IN WORLD-CLASS SCIENCE AND RESEARCH[EB/OL].http://www.gov.uk/govemment/uploads/syste m/uploads/attachment_data/file/32478/10-1356-allocation-of-science-and-research-funding-2011-2015.pdf,2013-7-1 9.
① Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.FEDER A L SCIENCE, T ECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEM AT ICS (STEM) EDUCATION 5-Y EAR STR ATEGIC PLAN,MAY 2013[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/, 2013-11-8.
② DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia: A national strategy for engaging with the sciences[EB/OL].http://www.inn ovation.gov.au/Science/lnspiringAustralia/Pages/lnspiringAustraliaAnationalstrategy. aspx,2013-7-18.
① DIISRTE.Framework of Principles[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/Pages/ Library%20Card/National%20Framework%20of%20Principles.aspx,2013-11-26.
② 海洋政策科学咨询小组(OPSAG)是澳大利亚政府的科学顾问组织,促进澳大利亚政府海洋科学机构和更广泛的澳大利亚海洋科学团体之间的协调和信息共享。
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.htm,2014-2-15.
② 中国科协.科普人才发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n38213/n382 74/n11128213/12046211.html,2014-2-13.
③ 中国科协.科普基础设施发展规划(2008-2010-2015) [EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n38213/n38 259/12041338.html,2014-2-15.
① 科技部,农业部等.关于进一步加强少数民族和民族地区科技工作的若干意见[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/ gongbao/content/2009/content_1322131.htm, 2014-2-13.
① BIS.The new BIS Vision and Aims[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/blog/2012/12/06/bis-vision-and-objectives/#visionhttp://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/blog/2012/12/06/bis-vision-and-objectives/,2013-7-6.
① BIS.Engaging the public in science and engineering[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/eng aging-the-public-in-science-and-engineering--3,2013-6-11.
① SCORE(Science Community Partnership Supporting Education)是由英国物理研究所、科学教育协会、英国皇家学会、英国皇家化学学会和生物学学会组成的支持科学教育的合作组织,旨在支持有效教育政策的制定和实施,以提高英国科学教育质量。
① Heather B Gonzalez.America COMPETES 2010: FY2012 Funding and FY2008-FY2011 Funding Sum mary[EB/OL].http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/eyeonwashington/2011/documents/americacompetes.pdf,2013-12-1.
② DlISRTE.Inspiring Industry to Inspire Australia-Business and Science Outreach[EB/OL].http://www.in novation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/InspiringIndustry.PDF.2013-7-22.
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.html,2014-2-15.
① Bazian NHS Choices是由两名医生于1999年成立的公司,专门从事药品、医疗器械和医疗服务分析,并以证据为基础,确定可行的医疗产品和服务,提供相关分析数据。
① 国务院.全民科学素质行动计划纲要实施方案(2011—2015年)[EB/OL]. http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zho ngyaowenjian/guowuyuan/2013/0401/680.html,2013-4-28.
① 澳大利亚科学媒体中心(The Australian Science Media Centre,AusSMC)是一个独立的、为新闻媒体服务的非营利性组织,让记者直接获取以证据为基础的科学和专业知识。
① DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia: A national strategy for engaging with the sciences[EB/OL].http://www.inn ovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/Pages/InspiringAustraliaAnationalstrategy. aspx,2013-7-18.
① BIS.THE ALLOCATION OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH FUNDING 2011/12 TO 2014/15 INVES TING IN WORLD-CLASS SCIENCE AND RESEARCH [EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/syst em/uploads/attachment_data/file/32478/10-1356-allocation-of-science-and-research-funding-2011-2015.pdf,2013-7-1 9.
① Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council,FEDER A L SCIENCE, T ECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEM AT ICS (STEM) EDUCATION 5-Y EAR STR ATEGIC PLAN,MAY 2013[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2014-03-03.
② THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the United States of America, 21st Century Readiness Act, J ANUARY 22, 2013[EB/OL].http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hr347ih/pdf/BILLS-113hr347ih.pdf, 2013-08-04.
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.html, 2014-2-15.
① 2010年更名为Department for Education(教育部)。
① 113TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 347 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the United States of America. 21st Century Readiness Act, JANUARY 22, 2013[EB/OL].http://www.gpo.go v/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hr347ih/pdf/BILLS-113hr347ih.pdf,2013-08-04.
① BIS.Engaging the public in science and engineering[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/govemment/policies/eng aging-the-public-in-science-and-engineering--3,2013-6-11.
① National Science Week. Science week website[EB/OL].http://www.scienceweek.net.au/,2013-11-26.
① Govtrack. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUMMARY[EB/OL]. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hrl 353#summary, 2013-12-1.
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.html,2014-2-15.
① One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America. America COMPETES Reauthorizat ion Act of 2010' or the 'America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Reauthorization Act of 2010[EB/OL].http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BI LLS-111hr5116enr/pdf/BILLS-111hr5116enr. pdf, 2013-08-04.
② DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia: A national strategy for engaging with the sciences[EB/OL].http://www.inn ovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/Pages/InspiringAustraliaAnationalstrategy.aspx,2013-7-18.
① 科技部.科技活动周指南[EB/OL].http://www.most.gov.cn/ztzl/kjhdz/2013/hdzzn2013/201305/P0201305173 48963287614.pdf,2014-3-8.
① 中国科协办公厅,教育部办公厅.关于印发《2012年全国高校科普开放日活动实施方案》的通知[EB/OL]. http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35743/n12081467/14086766.html,2014-2-13.
② 中国科协.5276项科普活动亮相全国科普日[EB/OL].http://zt.cast.org.cn/n435777/n435799/n 14135657/n 14 136593/14151219.html,2014-3-8.
③ 中国科协.2013年全国科普日北京主场活动圆满落下帷幕[EB/OL].http://zt.cast.org.cn/n435777/n435799/n 15000007/n15000058/15054487.html,2014-3-8.
④ 中国科协办公厅.关于2013年全国科普日活动工作考核结果的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n3508 1/n35488/15220238.html, 2014-3-9.
⑤ 中国科协.关于公布择优支持2012年度全国学会重点科普活动项目的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.c n/n35081/n35668/n35743/n12081467/13960866.html.2014-2-13.
① 徐延豪.谈科普日十年回顾与未来发展[EB/OL].http://zt.cast.org.cn/n435777/n435799/n15000007/n 150000 58/15063116.html,2014-2-15.
② 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2009-2010[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35 863/n39781/n 12883479.files/n12883498.xls,2014-2-22.
③ 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2010-2011[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35 863/n39781/n14024632.files/n14024895.xls,2014-2-22.
④ 中国科协.科技传播[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n39781/n14909964.file s/n14910019.xls,2014-2-22.
① 农业部办公厅.关于开展2012年水生野生动物保护科普宣传月活动的通知[EB/OL].http://www.moa.gov. cn/govpublic/YYJ/201207/t20120731_2811032.htm,2014-2-13.
② 农业部办公厅.关于开展2013年水生野生动物保护科普宣传月活动的通知[EB/OL].http://www.moa.gov. cn/govpublic/YYJ/201307/t20130729_3541639.htm, 2014-3-9.
③ 国务院.关于2013年度国家科学技术奖励的决定[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2014/content 2567156.htm,2014-2-13.
① Newcastle University.the British Science Association. British Science Festival Newcastle 2013[EB/OL].h ttp://www.britishscienceassociation.org/sites/default/files/root/festival/British%20Science%20Festival%202013%20E valuation%20Report%20Executive%20Summary%20070114.pdf,2014-3-13.
② British Science Association.National Science & Engineering Week 2013 Evaluation Report[EB/OL].http: //www.britishscienceassociation.org/sites/default/files/root/NSEW/Evaluation_reports/2013%20full%20report_final.p df,2014-3-13.
③ 4-H (Head, Heart, Hands, and Health)是美国最大的促进青年人发展组织。它为来自城市和农村的青年提供与成人一起工作和学习机会。
① Smithsonian Institution.Smithsonian museums and National Zoo[EB/OL].http://www.si.edu/About.2014-2-26
② DIISRTE.Super Science Initiative[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/ResearchInfrastructure/Pag es/SuperScience.aspx,2013-7-21.
① DIISRTE. Guidelines[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/PrimeMinistersPrizesf orScience/Nominations/Pages/Guidelines.aspx, 2013-9-13.
① DIISRTE.About the Science Prizes[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/Prime MinistersPrizesforScience/Pages/AboutthePrizes.aspx,2013-7-18.
② DIISRTE.Grants[EB/OL]. http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/NationalScienceWeekGra nts/Pages/NationalScienceWeekGrants.aspx,2013-7-19.
③ Department of industry.National Science Week Grants[EB/OL].http://www.industry.gov.au/Science/Inspiri ngAustralia/NationalScienceWeekGrants/Pages/default.aspx,2014-2-22.
① Department of industry. Science Engagement Toolkit Top Content[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/ Science/InspiringAustralia/ScienceEngagementToolkit/Pages/default.aspx,3013-9-6.
② 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2009-2010[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35 863/n39781/n 12883479.files/n12883498.xls,2014-2-22.
③ 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2010-2011[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35 863/n39781/n14024632.files/n14024895.xls,2014-2-22.
④ 中国科协.科技传播[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n39781/n14909964.file s/n14910019.xls,2014-2-22.
① 中国科协.关于聘任第一批首席科学传播专家的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35488/1530 4072.html, 2014-3-9.
① BIS.Science for All Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/al l/files/2012/09/Science-for-All-Action-Plan-Update-Seplember-2012.doc, 2013-7-15.
① STFC.Public Engagement Funding[EB/OL].http://www.stfc.ac.uk/1361,2013-7-14.
① BIS.Science for All Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/al l/files/2012/09/Science-for-All-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.doc,2013-7-15.
② DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia-Unlocking Australia's Potential[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Scie nce/InspiringAustralia/UnlockingAustral iasPotential/Documents/2012Recipients.pdf,2014-1-19.
① DIISRTE.Unlocking Australia's Potential Grants Program[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/I nspiringAustralia/UnlockingAustraliasPotential/Pages/default.aspx,2013-7-18.
② 全民科学素质纲要实施工作办公室.全民科学素质纲要实施工作办公室机构简介[EB/OL].http://210.14.1 21.9:8080/a/newfile3.html,2014-2-15.
① 全民科学素质纲要实施工作办公室.关于全民科学素质纲要“十二五”中期评估情况及工作督导意见的通知[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zhongyaowenjian/bangongshi/2013/1225/1434.html,2014-2-13.
② Involve是由公众参与专家组成的团队。该团队追求民主制度,在此制度下,公民能够自己作与他们生活相关的决策或影响相关决策。该团队通过研究和实践,力求公民与政府之间的关系得到根本改变,以在决策过程中更好地利用各方的创造性、能力、知识技能和资源。
① DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia Framework of Principles[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/Inspi ringAustralia/Documents/National%20Framework%20of%20Principles.pdf. 2013-7-19.
② 农业部.科技教育司.阳光工程简介[EB/OL].http://www.nmpx.gov.cn/gcjs/201312/t20131212_126334.html, 2014-3-9.
① 徐延豪.谈科普日十年回顾与未来发展[EB/OL].http://zt.cast.org.cn/n435777/n435799/n 15000007/n 150000 58/15063116.html,2014-2-15.
② 中国科协.关于组织实施2013年“基层科普行动计划”的通知[EB/OL].http://kpym.cast.org.cn/cms/content manager.do?method=view&pageid=view&id=cms000a9c480857b,2014-3-9.
③ 中国科协,财政部.启动2013年基层科普行动计划[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35096/n102259 18/14606460.html,2014-3-8.
④ 中国科协.全国科普示范县(市、区)科协主席培训班][EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35 743/n12081467/14206579.html,2014-2-13.
⑤ 中国科协.中国科协关于印发《中国科协关于加强城镇社区科普工作的意见》的通知[EB/OL].http://www. cast.org.cn/n35081/n35488/14815855.html,2014-3-9.
⑥ 中国科协科普部.关于举办全国城镇社区科普培训班的通知(科协普函基字(2013)50号)[EB/OL].htt p://kpym.cast.org.cn/cms/contentmanager.do?method=view&pageid=view&id=cms07b18d7e08fd5,2014-3-9.
① BIS.Science and Trust Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.u k/trust/files/2012/09/Science-and-Trust-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.doc,2013-7-15.
① Whitehouse.Executive Office of the President Department of Education, Preparing Our Children for th e Future Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2011 Budget[EB/OL]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/stem_11_final.pdf, 2013-12-8.
② Whitehouse. Winning the Race to Educate Our Children Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathe matics (STEM) Education in the 2012 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/o stp/OSTP-fy12-STEM-fs.pdf, 2013-12-8.
① Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf, 2013-12-2.
② Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
③ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
④ Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.MAY 2013 FEDERAL SC IENCE,TECHNOLOGY,ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS(STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN [EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/, 2013-11-8.
① DIISRTE.Marine Science: a story for Australia[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringA ustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/MarineScienceAStoryForAustralia.pdf, 2013-7-18.
① DIISRTE.Marine Science: a story for Australia[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringA ustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/MarineScienceAStoryForAustralia.pdf, 2013-7-18.
① 中国互联网协会网络科普联盟.科学家与媒体面对面：直面中小城镇气象灾害[EB/OL].http://www.uisp.o rg.cn/2014-02/25/content_6696238.htm,2014-2-28.
② 中国科普研究所.中国科普研究所举办科学家与媒体科学传播技能培圳[EB/OL].http://www.crsp.org.cn/s how.php?id=2877,2014-3-21.
③ 北京市科协.2013年科技记者培训活动举办[EB/OL].http://www.bjkxsz.gov.cn/art/2013/11/21/art_3590_22 0760.html,2014-3-21.
① Bridge8是成立于2004年的、为联邦政府、州政府以及科学、新兴技术、自然资源、气候、水资源、城市设计、医疗服务和教育等领域的研究机构、非营利性机构、顾问和各类公司提供服务的组织,包括提供技术预见、教学与研讨、动画及视觉化处理、活动及社区建设等服务。
② ScienceNetwork WA (SNWA)是一个独立的、不以营利为目的的新闻网站,专门向公众讲述西澳大利亚的科学研究和成果,包括报道来自研究机构、政府部门和私营行业的科学家及其研究。
① Fresh Science.What is Fresh Science?[EB/OL].http://freshscience.org.au/about, 2013-7-20.
② 国务院.全民科学素质行动计划纲要实施方案(2011—2015年)[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zhon gyaowenjian/guowuyuan/2013/0401/680.html,2013-4-28.
③ 中国科协.各级科协科技传播汇总表[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n3978 l/n14909964.files/n14910019.xls,2014-2-22.
① Australian Science Media Centre. Science Media Exchange[EB/OL].http://www.smc.org.au/.2013-7-20.
① 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2009-2010[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n3 5863/n39781/n12883479.files/n12883498.xls,2014-2-22.
② 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2010-2011[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n3 5863/n39781/n 14024632.files/n 14024895.xls, 2014-2-22.
③ 中国科协.科技传播[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n39781/n14909964.fil es/n14910019.xls, 2014-2-22.
④ DIISRTE.Communicating science and risk through social media[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/In dustry/Nanotechnology/PublicAwarenessandEngagement/Pages/CommunityEngagementEvents.aspx,2013-7-19.
① GOV. UK.Reforming qualifications and the curriculum to better prepare pupils for life after school[EB/ OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/reforming-qualifications-and-the-curriculum-to-better-prepare-pupils-f or-Life-after-school,2014-3-22.
② Gatsby是由英国大卫·塞恩斯伯里(David Sainsbury)于1967年成立的慈善基金,大卫·塞恩斯伯里已资助慈善事业十亿多英镑。目前,该基金重点关注对植物科学研究、神经科学研究、科学与工程教育、公共政策研究和建议、非洲经济发展以及艺术这六个领域的资助。
① Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/defeult/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf,2013-12-2.
② Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.MAY 2013 FEDERAL SC IENCE,TECHNOLOGY,ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS(STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN [EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
① Whitehouse.Executive Office of the President Department of Education, Preparing Our Children for th e Future Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2011 Budget[EB/OL]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/stem_11_final.pdf, 2013-12-8.
② Whitehouse. Winning the Race to Educate Our Children Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathe matics (STEM) Education in the 2012 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/o stp/OSTP-fy12-STEM-fs.pdf, 2013-12-8.
③ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf, 2013-12-2.
④ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
① Office for Learning and Teaching.About the Office for Learning and Teaching[EB/OL].http://www.olt.g ov.au/about-olt,2014-3-22.
② DIlSRTE.Investing in science and maths for a smarter future[EB/OL].http://archive.industry.gov.au/mini sterarchive2013/chrisevans/mediareleases/pages/investinginscienceandmathsforasmarterfuture.aspx.htm, 2014-3-22.
① 教育部,国培计划[EB/OL].http://www.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s6811/201209/141516. html.2013-7-22.
① GOV.UK.Teachers' Standards Statutory guidance for school leaders, school staff and governing bodies [EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/283198/Teachers__Standards. pdf,2014-3-22.
② GOV.UK.Improving the quality of teaching and leadership[EB/OL]. https://www.gov.uk/government/polici es/improving-the-quality-of-teaching-and-leadership,2014-3-22.
③ Whitehouse.Executive Office of the President Department of Education, Preparing Our Children for th e Future Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2011 Budget[EB/OL]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/stem_11_final.pdf, 2013-12-8.
① Whitehouse. Winning the Race to Educate Our Children Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathe matics (STEM) Education in the 2012 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/o stp/OSTP-fy12-STEM-fs.pdf,2013-12-8.
② Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf,2013-12-2.
③ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
④ OLT. Office for Learning and Teaching, Enhancing the Training of Mathematics and Science Teachers P rogram[EB/OL].http://www.olt.gov.au/maths-and-science-teachers,2014-3-22.
① 中国科协.科学技术普及活动(含青少年科技教育)2009-2010[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n3 5668/n35698/n35863/n39781/nl2883479.files/n12883494.xls,2014-2-22.
② 中国科协.科学技术普及活动(含青少年科技教育)2010-2011 [EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n3566 8/n35698/n35863/n39781/n14024632.files/n14024718.xls,2014-2-22.
③ 中国科协..青少年科技教育2012[EB/OL]http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n39781/nl 4909964.files/n14910006.xls,2014-2-22.
④ 中国科协.关于印发《2012年全国青少年高校科学营试点活动实施方案》和《2012年全国青少年高校科学营试点活动实施管理办法》的通知科协办发青字[2012]32号[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n38 213/n38274/n13614715/13938332.html,2014-2-13.
① 中国科协科普部教育部科技司,高校科普创作与传播试点活动工作方案[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/ n35081/n35668/n35743/n12081467/14122410.html,2014-2-13.
② 中央政府门户网站.第28届全国青少年科技创新大赛举行[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-08/03/con tent_2460785.htm, 2014-3-8.
③ Bloodhoundssc.THE BLOODHOUND PROJECT[EB/OL].http://www.bloodhoundssc.com/,2013-11-24.
① Stemnet.STEM Clubs Programme[EB/OL].http://www.stemnet.org.uk/about-us/,2013-11-24.
① 改变公式(CTEq)是一个非盈利、无党派、CEO领导的举措,该联盟是由100多名总裁共同推出,动员商界提高美国STEM学习的质量。自2010年9月推出,CTEq已经帮助了其100多个成员公司联系和调整其慈善和宣传工作。
② Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.MAY 2013 FEDERAL SC IENCE,TECHNOLOGY,ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS(STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN [EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
① 中国科协.科普基础设施建设2009-2010[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n3 9781/n12883479.files/n12883495.xls,2014-2-22.
② 中国科协.科普基础设施建设2010-2011[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n3 9781/n14024632.files/n14024727.xls,2014-2-22.
③ 中国科协.关于2013年度科普大篷车申报工作的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n357 43/n12081467/14596755.html.2014-2-13.
① 科技部.关于转发关于继续执行宣传文化增值税和营业税优惠政策的通知和关于鼓励科普事业发展的进口税收政策的通知的通知[EB/OL].http://wvvw.most.gov.cn/fggw/zfwj/zfwj2012/201203/t20120309_93101.htm,2 014-2-13.
② 中国科协.关于推荐2013年农村中学科技馆公益项目试点的通知2013年05月16口[EB/OL].http://www. cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35743/n12081467/14697818.html,2014-2-13.
③ 教育部办公厅,科技部办公厅,中国科学院办公厅,中国科协办公厅.关于公布首批全国中小学科普教育社会实践基地名单的通知[EB/OL].http://www.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s7362/201303/xxgk_14 8466.html,2014-2-13.
④ GOV.UK.Improving the quality of teaching and leadership[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/governrnent/polici es/improving-the-quality-of-teaching-and-leadership,2014-3-22.
① Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf.2013-12-2.
① Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf,2013-12-2.
② Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.MAY 2013 FEDERAL SC IENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS(STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN [EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
① Whitehouse. Winning the Race to Educate Our Children Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathe matics (STEM) Education in the 2012 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/o stp/OSTP-fy 12-STEM-fs.pdf,2013-12-8.
② Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
① BIS.Science for All Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/al l/files/2012/09/Science-for-All-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.doc, 2013-7-15.
② Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council, FEDERAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
① 中国科协.关于印发《2013年全民科学素质行动工作要点》的通知[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zh ongyaowenjian/bangongshi/2013/0401/677.html,2013-4-28.
② Ipsos MORI是英国和爱尔兰地区具有全球影响力的、领先的政治、社会和商业研究公司,专门从事广告(品牌价值和传播)、忠诚度(客户和员工关系管理)、市场营销(消费、零售、购物者和医疗机构)、媒体和电信技术、社会政治以及信誉度的研究。
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③ HE Stem(国家高等教育STEM)计划是由英格兰和威尔士高等教育拨款委员会资助的为期三年的行动.其目的是扩大STEM参与以及提高劳动力人口的STEM技能和知识基础,该项目由英国伯明翰大学、物理研究所、英国皇家化学学会、皇家工程学院和数学及其应用研究所合作管理。英国皇家化学学会对此的贡献有四个方面的工作：提供拓展活动,促进学生从高中向大学过渡、提高高等教育教学和学习水平以及加强用人单位的教育参与。该项目于2012年7月31号结束。
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② DIISRTE.Expert Working Group on Engaging Communities in Tropical Australia[EB/OL].http://www.in novation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Pages/EWGTropicalRegions.aspx,2013-7-18.
③ DIISRTE.Marine Science: a story for Australia[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringA ustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/MarineScienceAStoryForAustralia.pdf,2013-7-18.
① Ninti One是一个成立于2003年的国家级非营利性公司,它通过实地研究和创新的应用以及社区的发展,为澳大利亚偏远地区人民创造发展机会。其工作是在澳大利亚偏远社区层而,与土著和托雷斯海峡岛民社区及相关组织合作,理清研究、政策和实践的关系,重点强调研究的实际应用,并为各类对澳大利亚偏远地区感兴趣的组织和企业提供独立的、基于证据的的专业性研究与咨询服务。
② DIISRTE.Inspirations from the Deserts: Science engagement in and about Australia's desert regions[E B/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/InspirationFromTh eDeserts.pdf, 2013-7-19.
③ DIISRTE.Inspirations From the Deserts: Science engagement in and about Australia's desert regions[E B/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/InspirationFromTh eDeserts.pdf, 2013-7-19.
④ DIISRTE.Expert Working Group in Indigenous Engagement with Sciences[EB/OL].http://www.innovatio n.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/Indigenous%20Engagement%20with%20Scien ce.pdf,2013-11-27.
① DIISRTE. Indigenous Engagement with Science:Towards deeper understandings[EB/OL]. http://www.in novation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/IndigenousEngagementwithScienceTo wardsDeeperUnderstandings.pdf, 2013-7-18.
② DIISRTE.Super Science Initiative[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/ResearchInfrastructure/Pag es/SuperScience.aspx.2013-7-21.
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.htm,2014-2-15.
② 国务院.全民科学素质行动计划纲要实施方案(2011—2015年)[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zhon gyaowenjian/guowuyuan/2013/0401/680.html, 2013-4-28.
③ BIS.The new BIS Vision and Aims[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/blog/2012/12/06/bis-vision-and-objectives/#visionhttp://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/blog/2012/12/06/bis-vision-and-objectives/,2013-7-6.
① Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.FEDER A L SCIENCE, T ECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEM AT ICS (STEM) EDUCATION 5-Y EAR STR ATEGIC PLAN,MAY 2013[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
② DIISRTE.Public Awareness and Engagement[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/industry/nanotechnolog y/publicawarenessandengagement/pages/default.aspx,2013-7-19.
① 国务院.全民科学素质行动计划纲要实施方案(2011—2015年)[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zhon gyao wenjian/guo wuyuan/2013/0401/680.html,2013-4-28.
② Sciencewise是由政府资助的、帮助政策制定者发现和收集公众对科技新兴领域看法的计划,并使政策制定者能在国家政策制定中考虑公众的意见。该计划源于政府的宗旨,即促进公众、科学界和政策制定者能更好地处理科技所带来的问题,并促进科学和技术为社会带来更多利益。
③ NCCPE成立于2008年,作为由英国研究理事会、英格兰高等教育拨款委员会和威康信托基金会资助的“公众参与灯塔(Beacons for Public Engagement Initiative)"举措的一部分,NCCPE支持高校与公众保持联系,促进公众参与科学。
④ BIS.Engaging the public in science and engineering[EB/OL].http://www.gov.uk/government/policies/enga ging-the-public-in-science-and-engineering--3,2013-6-11.
① TechNyou组织提供关于所有生物、纳米、信息技术等领域新兴技术的免费信息服务、推广计划和外联服务,以帮助提高人们对新兴技术及其相关问题的认识,如转基因食品、干细胞,基因检测,基因治疗、克隆技术和纳米技术。为教师和学生开展专业发展工作坊,面向社区团体召开展示会和在公共场合设置交互式信息亭,其办公室设立于墨尔本大学。
② DIISRTE.Public Awareness and Engagement[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/industry/nanotechnolog y/publicawarenessandengagement/pages/default.aspx,2013-7-19.
③ 刘延东.在《全民科学素质行动计划纲要》实施工作汇报会上的讲话[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n350 81/n38213/n38244/n13614546/13767276.html, 2014-2-13.
① Vitae是一个由英国职业研究与咨询中心(Careers Research and Advisory Centre,CRAC)领导和管理的、致力于积极职业学习和发展的非营利性慈善机构,该组织致力于促进研究人员的专业和职业发展以及其潜力的发挥,以满足社会高水平技能和创新能力的需求。它从1968年开始为博士研究人员向产业转换提高支持服务,是全球范围内提高研究人员技能和职业影响力的专业机构。其大部分工作得到英国研究理事会(RC UK)的资助,并在英国高水平技能、创新能力和世界一流研究人才培养中起到关键作用。从2013年起,该组织得到RCUK以及四个英国高等教育拨款机构：就业和学习部(DELNI)、高等教育拨款委员会(HEFCE)、威尔士高等教育拨款委员会(HEFCW)和苏格兰基金委员会(SFC)的支持。
① BIS.THE ALLOCATION OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH FUNDING 2011/12 TO 2014/15 INVES TING IN WORLD-CLASS SCIENCE AND RESEARCH[EB/OL].http://www.gov.uk/govemment/uploads/syste m/uploads/attachment_data/file/32478/10-1356-allocation-of-science-and-research-funding-2011-2015.pdf,2013-7-1 9.
① Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.FEDER A L SCIENCE, T ECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEM AT ICS (STEM) EDUCATION 5-Y EAR STR ATEGIC PLAN,MAY 2013[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/, 2013-11-8.
② DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia: A national strategy for engaging with the sciences[EB/OL].http://www.inn ovation.gov.au/Science/lnspiringAustralia/Pages/lnspiringAustraliaAnationalstrategy. aspx,2013-7-18.
① DIISRTE.Framework of Principles[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/InspiringAustralia/Pages/ Library%20Card/National%20Framework%20of%20Principles.aspx,2013-11-26.
② 海洋政策科学咨询小组(OPSAG)是澳大利亚政府的科学顾问组织,促进澳大利亚政府海洋科学机构和更广泛的澳大利亚海洋科学团体之间的协调和信息共享。
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.htm,2014-2-15.
② 中国科协.科普人才发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n38213/n382 74/n11128213/12046211.html,2014-2-13.
③ 中国科协.科普基础设施发展规划(2008-2010-2015) [EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n38213/n38 259/12041338.html,2014-2-15.
① 科技部,农业部等.关于进一步加强少数民族和民族地区科技工作的若干意见[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/ gongbao/content/2009/content_1322131.htm, 2014-2-13.
① BIS.The new BIS Vision and Aims[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/blog/2012/12/06/bis-vision-and-objectives/#visionhttp://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/blog/2012/12/06/bis-vision-and-objectives/,2013-7-6.
① BIS.Engaging the public in science and engineering[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/eng aging-the-public-in-science-and-engineering--3,2013-6-11.
① SCORE(Science Community Partnership Supporting Education)是由英国物理研究所、科学教育协会、英国皇家学会、英国皇家化学学会和生物学学会组成的支持科学教育的合作组织,旨在支持有效教育政策的制定和实施,以提高英国科学教育质量。
① Heather B Gonzalez.America COMPETES 2010: FY2012 Funding and FY2008-FY2011 Funding Sum mary[EB/OL].http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/eyeonwashington/2011/documents/americacompetes.pdf,2013-12-1.
② DlISRTE.Inspiring Industry to Inspire Australia-Business and Science Outreach[EB/OL].http://www.in novation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/InspiringIndustry.PDF.2013-7-22.
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.html,2014-2-15.
① Bazian NHS Choices是由两名医生于1999年成立的公司,专门从事药品、医疗器械和医疗服务分析,并以证据为基础,确定可行的医疗产品和服务,提供相关分析数据。
① 国务院.全民科学素质行动计划纲要实施方案(2011—2015年)[EB/OL]. http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zho ngyaowenjian/guowuyuan/2013/0401/680.html,2013-4-28.
① 澳大利亚科学媒体中心(The Australian Science Media Centre,AusSMC)是一个独立的、为新闻媒体服务的非营利性组织,让记者直接获取以证据为基础的科学和专业知识。
① DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia: A national strategy for engaging with the sciences[EB/OL].http://www.inn ovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/Pages/InspiringAustraliaAnationalstrategy. aspx,2013-7-18.
① BIS.THE ALLOCATION OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH FUNDING 2011/12 TO 2014/15 INVES TING IN WORLD-CLASS SCIENCE AND RESEARCH [EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/syst em/uploads/attachment_data/file/32478/10-1356-allocation-of-science-and-research-funding-2011-2015.pdf,2013-7-1 9.
① Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council,FEDER A L SCIENCE, T ECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEM AT ICS (STEM) EDUCATION 5-Y EAR STR ATEGIC PLAN,MAY 2013[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2014-03-03.
② THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the United States of America, 21st Century Readiness Act, J ANUARY 22, 2013[EB/OL].http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hr347ih/pdf/BILLS-113hr347ih.pdf, 2013-08-04.
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.html, 2014-2-15.
① 2010年更名为Department for Education(教育部)。
① 113TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 347 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the United States of America. 21st Century Readiness Act, JANUARY 22, 2013[EB/OL].http://www.gpo.go v/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hr347ih/pdf/BILLS-113hr347ih.pdf,2013-08-04.
① BIS.Engaging the public in science and engineering[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/govemment/policies/eng aging-the-public-in-science-and-engineering--3,2013-6-11.
① National Science Week. Science week website[EB/OL].http://www.scienceweek.net.au/,2013-11-26.
① Govtrack. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUMMARY[EB/OL]. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hrl 353#summary, 2013-12-1.
① 国务院.关于印发全民科学素质行动计划纲要(2006—2010—2020年)的通知[EB/OL].http://www.gov.c n/gongbao/content/2006/content_244978.html,2014-2-15.
① One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America. America COMPETES Reauthorizat ion Act of 2010' or the 'America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Reauthorization Act of 2010[EB/OL].http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BI LLS-111hr5116enr/pdf/BILLS-111hr5116enr. pdf, 2013-08-04.
② DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia: A national strategy for engaging with the sciences[EB/OL].http://www.inn ovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/Pages/InspiringAustraliaAnationalstrategy.aspx,2013-7-18.
① 科技部.科技活动周指南[EB/OL].http://www.most.gov.cn/ztzl/kjhdz/2013/hdzzn2013/201305/P0201305173 48963287614.pdf,2014-3-8.
① 中国科协办公厅,教育部办公厅.关于印发《2012年全国高校科普开放日活动实施方案》的通知[EB/OL]. http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35743/n12081467/14086766.html,2014-2-13.
② 中国科协.5276项科普活动亮相全国科普日[EB/OL].http://zt.cast.org.cn/n435777/n435799/n 14135657/n 14 136593/14151219.html,2014-3-8.
③ 中国科协.2013年全国科普日北京主场活动圆满落下帷幕[EB/OL].http://zt.cast.org.cn/n435777/n435799/n 15000007/n15000058/15054487.html,2014-3-8.
④ 中国科协办公厅.关于2013年全国科普日活动工作考核结果的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n3508 1/n35488/15220238.html, 2014-3-9.
⑤ 中国科协.关于公布择优支持2012年度全国学会重点科普活动项目的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.c n/n35081/n35668/n35743/n12081467/13960866.html.2014-2-13.
① 徐延豪.谈科普日十年回顾与未来发展[EB/OL].http://zt.cast.org.cn/n435777/n435799/n15000007/n 150000 58/15063116.html,2014-2-15.
② 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2009-2010[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35 863/n39781/n 12883479.files/n12883498.xls,2014-2-22.
③ 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2010-2011[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35 863/n39781/n14024632.files/n14024895.xls,2014-2-22.
④ 中国科协.科技传播[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n39781/n14909964.file s/n14910019.xls,2014-2-22.
① 农业部办公厅.关于开展2012年水生野生动物保护科普宣传月活动的通知[EB/OL].http://www.moa.gov. cn/govpublic/YYJ/201207/t20120731_2811032.htm,2014-2-13.
② 农业部办公厅.关于开展2013年水生野生动物保护科普宣传月活动的通知[EB/OL].http://www.moa.gov. cn/govpublic/YYJ/201307/t20130729_3541639.htm, 2014-3-9.
③ 国务院.关于2013年度国家科学技术奖励的决定[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2014/content 2567156.htm,2014-2-13.
① Newcastle University.the British Science Association. British Science Festival Newcastle 2013[EB/OL].h ttp://www.britishscienceassociation.org/sites/default/files/root/festival/British%20Science%20Festival%202013%20E valuation%20Report%20Executive%20Summary%20070114.pdf,2014-3-13.
② British Science Association.National Science & Engineering Week 2013 Evaluation Report[EB/OL].http: //www.britishscienceassociation.org/sites/default/files/root/NSEW/Evaluation_reports/2013%20full%20report_final.p df,2014-3-13.
③ 4-H (Head, Heart, Hands, and Health)是美国最大的促进青年人发展组织。它为来自城市和农村的青年提供与成人一起工作和学习机会。
① Smithsonian Institution.Smithsonian museums and National Zoo[EB/OL].http://www.si.edu/About.2014-2-26
② DIISRTE.Super Science Initiative[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/science/ResearchInfrastructure/Pag es/SuperScience.aspx,2013-7-21.
① DIISRTE. Guidelines[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/PrimeMinistersPrizesf orScience/Nominations/Pages/Guidelines.aspx, 2013-9-13.
① DIISRTE.About the Science Prizes[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/Prime MinistersPrizesforScience/Pages/AboutthePrizes.aspx,2013-7-18.
② DIISRTE.Grants[EB/OL]. http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringAustralia/NationalScienceWeekGra nts/Pages/NationalScienceWeekGrants.aspx,2013-7-19.
③ Department of industry.National Science Week Grants[EB/OL].http://www.industry.gov.au/Science/Inspiri ngAustralia/NationalScienceWeekGrants/Pages/default.aspx,2014-2-22.
① Department of industry. Science Engagement Toolkit Top Content[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/ Science/InspiringAustralia/ScienceEngagementToolkit/Pages/default.aspx,3013-9-6.
② 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2009-2010[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35 863/n39781/n 12883479.files/n12883498.xls,2014-2-22.
③ 中国科协.科普资源建设及科技传媒2010-2011[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35 863/n39781/n14024632.files/n14024895.xls,2014-2-22.
④ 中国科协.科技传播[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35698/n35863/n39781/n14909964.file s/n14910019.xls,2014-2-22.
① 中国科协.关于聘任第一批首席科学传播专家的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35488/1530 4072.html, 2014-3-9.
① BIS.Science for All Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/al l/files/2012/09/Science-for-All-Action-Plan-Update-Seplember-2012.doc, 2013-7-15.
① STFC.Public Engagement Funding[EB/OL].http://www.stfc.ac.uk/1361,2013-7-14.
① BIS.Science for All Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/al l/files/2012/09/Science-for-All-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.doc,2013-7-15.
② DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia-Unlocking Australia's Potential[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Scie nce/InspiringAustralia/UnlockingAustral iasPotential/Documents/2012Recipients.pdf,2014-1-19.
① DIISRTE.Unlocking Australia's Potential Grants Program[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/I nspiringAustralia/UnlockingAustraliasPotential/Pages/default.aspx,2013-7-18.
② 全民科学素质纲要实施工作办公室.全民科学素质纲要实施工作办公室机构简介[EB/OL].http://210.14.1 21.9:8080/a/newfile3.html,2014-2-15.
① 全民科学素质纲要实施工作办公室.关于全民科学素质纲要“十二五”中期评估情况及工作督导意见的通知[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zhongyaowenjian/bangongshi/2013/1225/1434.html,2014-2-13.
② Involve是由公众参与专家组成的团队。该团队追求民主制度,在此制度下,公民能够自己作与他们生活相关的决策或影响相关决策。该团队通过研究和实践,力求公民与政府之间的关系得到根本改变,以在决策过程中更好地利用各方的创造性、能力、知识技能和资源。
① DIISRTE.Inspiring Australia Framework of Principles[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/Inspi ringAustralia/Documents/National%20Framework%20of%20Principles.pdf. 2013-7-19.
② 农业部.科技教育司.阳光工程简介[EB/OL].http://www.nmpx.gov.cn/gcjs/201312/t20131212_126334.html, 2014-3-9.
① 徐延豪.谈科普日十年回顾与未来发展[EB/OL].http://zt.cast.org.cn/n435777/n435799/n 15000007/n 150000 58/15063116.html,2014-2-15.
② 中国科协.关于组织实施2013年“基层科普行动计划”的通知[EB/OL].http://kpym.cast.org.cn/cms/content manager.do?method=view&pageid=view&id=cms000a9c480857b,2014-3-9.
③ 中国科协,财政部.启动2013年基层科普行动计划[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35096/n102259 18/14606460.html,2014-3-8.
④ 中国科协.全国科普示范县(市、区)科协主席培训班][EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35 743/n12081467/14206579.html,2014-2-13.
⑤ 中国科协.中国科协关于印发《中国科协关于加强城镇社区科普工作的意见》的通知[EB/OL].http://www. cast.org.cn/n35081/n35488/14815855.html,2014-3-9.
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① DIISRTE.Marine Science: a story for Australia[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/Science/InspiringA ustralia/ExpertWorkingGroup/Documents/MarineScienceAStoryForAustralia.pdf, 2013-7-18.
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① 中国互联网协会网络科普联盟.科学家与媒体面对面：直面中小城镇气象灾害[EB/OL].http://www.uisp.o rg.cn/2014-02/25/content_6696238.htm,2014-2-28.
② 中国科普研究所.中国科普研究所举办科学家与媒体科学传播技能培圳[EB/OL].http://www.crsp.org.cn/s how.php?id=2877,2014-3-21.
③ 北京市科协.2013年科技记者培训活动举办[EB/OL].http://www.bjkxsz.gov.cn/art/2013/11/21/art_3590_22 0760.html,2014-3-21.
① Bridge8是成立于2004年的、为联邦政府、州政府以及科学、新兴技术、自然资源、气候、水资源、城市设计、医疗服务和教育等领域的研究机构、非营利性机构、顾问和各类公司提供服务的组织,包括提供技术预见、教学与研讨、动画及视觉化处理、活动及社区建设等服务。
② ScienceNetwork WA (SNWA)是一个独立的、不以营利为目的的新闻网站,专门向公众讲述西澳大利亚的科学研究和成果,包括报道来自研究机构、政府部门和私营行业的科学家及其研究。
① Fresh Science.What is Fresh Science?[EB/OL].http://freshscience.org.au/about, 2013-7-20.
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① Australian Science Media Centre. Science Media Exchange[EB/OL].http://www.smc.org.au/.2013-7-20.
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④ DIISRTE.Communicating science and risk through social media[EB/OL].http://www.innovation.gov.au/In dustry/Nanotechnology/PublicAwarenessandEngagement/Pages/CommunityEngagementEvents.aspx,2013-7-19.
① GOV. UK.Reforming qualifications and the curriculum to better prepare pupils for life after school[EB/ OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/reforming-qualifications-and-the-curriculum-to-better-prepare-pupils-f or-Life-after-school,2014-3-22.
② Gatsby是由英国大卫·塞恩斯伯里(David Sainsbury)于1967年成立的慈善基金,大卫·塞恩斯伯里已资助慈善事业十亿多英镑。目前,该基金重点关注对植物科学研究、神经科学研究、科学与工程教育、公共政策研究和建议、非洲经济发展以及艺术这六个领域的资助。
① Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/defeult/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf,2013-12-2.
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① Whitehouse.Executive Office of the President Department of Education, Preparing Our Children for th e Future Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2011 Budget[EB/OL]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/stem_11_final.pdf, 2013-12-8.
② Whitehouse. Winning the Race to Educate Our Children Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathe matics (STEM) Education in the 2012 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/o stp/OSTP-fy12-STEM-fs.pdf, 2013-12-8.
③ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf, 2013-12-2.
④ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
① Office for Learning and Teaching.About the Office for Learning and Teaching[EB/OL].http://www.olt.g ov.au/about-olt,2014-3-22.
② DIlSRTE.Investing in science and maths for a smarter future[EB/OL].http://archive.industry.gov.au/mini sterarchive2013/chrisevans/mediareleases/pages/investinginscienceandmathsforasmarterfuture.aspx.htm, 2014-3-22.
① 教育部,国培计划[EB/OL].http://www.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s6811/201209/141516. html.2013-7-22.
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③ Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
④ OLT. Office for Learning and Teaching, Enhancing the Training of Mathematics and Science Teachers P rogram[EB/OL].http://www.olt.gov.au/maths-and-science-teachers,2014-3-22.
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③ Bloodhoundssc.THE BLOODHOUND PROJECT[EB/OL].http://www.bloodhoundssc.com/,2013-11-24.
① Stemnet.STEM Clubs Programme[EB/OL].http://www.stemnet.org.uk/about-us/,2013-11-24.
① 改变公式(CTEq)是一个非盈利、无党派、CEO领导的举措,该联盟是由100多名总裁共同推出,动员商界提高美国STEM学习的质量。自2010年9月推出,CTEq已经帮助了其100多个成员公司联系和调整其慈善和宣传工作。
② Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.MAY 2013 FEDERAL SC IENCE,TECHNOLOGY,ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS(STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN [EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
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③ 中国科协.关于2013年度科普大篷车申报工作的通知[EB/OL].http://www.cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n357 43/n12081467/14596755.html.2014-2-13.
① 科技部.关于转发关于继续执行宣传文化增值税和营业税优惠政策的通知和关于鼓励科普事业发展的进口税收政策的通知的通知[EB/OL].http://wvvw.most.gov.cn/fggw/zfwj/zfwj2012/201203/t20120309_93101.htm,2 014-2-13.
② 中国科协.关于推荐2013年农村中学科技馆公益项目试点的通知2013年05月16口[EB/OL].http://www. cast.org.cn/n35081/n35668/n35743/n12081467/14697818.html,2014-2-13.
③ 教育部办公厅,科技部办公厅,中国科学院办公厅,中国科协办公厅.关于公布首批全国中小学科普教育社会实践基地名单的通知[EB/OL].http://www.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s7362/201303/xxgk_14 8466.html,2014-2-13.
④ GOV.UK.Improving the quality of teaching and leadership[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/governrnent/polici es/improving-the-quality-of-teaching-and-leadership,2014-3-22.
① Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2013 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy2 013rd_summary.pdf.2013-12-2.
① Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf,2013-12-2.
② Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council.MAY 2013 FEDERAL SC IENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS(STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN [EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
① Whitehouse. Winning the Race to Educate Our Children Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathe matics (STEM) Education in the 2012 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/o stp/OSTP-fy 12-STEM-fs.pdf,2013-12-8.
② Whitehouse.Preparing a 21st Century Workforce Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2014 Budget[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/201 4_R&Dbudget_STEM.pdf, 2013-12-2.
① BIS.Science for All Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/al l/files/2012/09/Science-for-All-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.doc, 2013-7-15.
② Committee on STEM Education National Science and Technology Council, FEDERAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) EDUCATION 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN[EB/OL].http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/,2013-11-8.
① 中国科协.关于印发《2013年全民科学素质行动工作要点》的通知[EB/OL].http://210.14.121.9:8080/a/zh ongyaowenjian/bangongshi/2013/0401/677.html,2013-4-28.
② Ipsos MORI是英国和爱尔兰地区具有全球影响力的、领先的政治、社会和商业研究公司,专门从事广告(品牌价值和传播)、忠诚度(客户和员工关系管理)、市场营销(消费、零售、购物者和医疗机构)、媒体和电信技术、社会政治以及信誉度的研究。
③ BIS.Science for All Action Plan Update-September 2012[EB/OL].http://scienceandsociety.bis.gov.uk/al l/files/2012/09/Science-for-All-Action-Plan-Update-September-2012.doc,2013-7-15.
① National Science Board.SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2012[EB/OL].http://www.nsf.g ov/statistics/seindl2/pdf/seindl2.pdf,2013-2-27.
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③ Whitehouse.Executive Office of the President Department of Education. Preparing Our Children for th e Future Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education in the 2011 Budget[EB/OL]. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/stem_11_fmal.pdf, 2013-12-8.
① 任福君.中国科普基础设施发展报告2012-2013[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社.2013.
② 科技部.关于实施2012年度全国科普统计调查工作的通知[EB/OL].http://www.most.gov.cn/fggw/zfwj/zfw j2013/201304/t20130419_101009.htm,2014-2-13.
③ HE Stem(国家高等教育STEM)计划是由英格兰和威尔士高等教育拨款委员会资助的为期三年的行动.其目的是扩大STEM参与以及提高劳动力人口的STEM技能和知识基础,该项目由英国伯明翰大学、物理研究所、英国皇家化学学会、皇家工程学院和数学及其应用研究所合作管理。英国皇家化学学会对此的贡献有四个方面的工作：提供拓展活动,促进学生从高中向大学过渡、提高高等教育教学和学习水平以及加强用人单位的教育参与。该项目于2012年7月31号结束。
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