鱼类对热带浅水湖泊的影响及其在湖泊修复中的意义
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摘要
随着我国人口的不断增加,人类对环境的干扰也日益加剧,富营养化已经成为影响湖泊水质和湖泊生态系统稳定的主要问题。无论是外源营养负荷的削减,还是各种除藻措施的实行,都不能在大型水域取得良好而持久的效果。而生物操纵理论以及相关生物修复理论的实践与运用为治理富营养化湖泊开辟了一个崭新的途径。就目前国内外的资料来看,较成功的实例主要集中在温带湖泊,而对于热带湖泊在这一理论的探索和研究尚处于起步阶段。鱼类是湖泊生态系统的重要生物因子之一,对湖泊生态系统的影响主要通过摄食行为、营养盐(物)的排泄、对沉积物的扰动等机制实现。鲤鱼是热带、亚热带水域中普遍养殖的一种鱼类,其作为生物操纵中的一个关键环节正日益受到研究者的关注。
论文选择位于南亚热带的浅水城市湖泊—惠州南湖,进行鲤鱼围隔实验和去除鱼类的全湖实验,以鲤鱼对南湖底质扰动所造成的沉积物再悬浮为核心,首次较为系统地研究了鲤鱼对湖泊营养盐水平、浮游植物生产力、浮游动物种类组成和数量等方面的生态效应,探讨了底栖性鲤鱼在热带浅水富营养化湖泊生态系统的作用。主要研究结果如下:
1)围隔实验
鲤鱼围隔氮和磷营养盐浓度均呈下降趋势。在鲤鱼围隔实验初期,有鱼围隔和无鱼围隔总氮、颗粒氮的含量变化不明显,二者差异不大,且均浓度呈下降趋势。但随着时间的延续,鲤鱼围隔组总氮呈波动性下降趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著(p=0.035,a=0.05),颗粒氮,下降更明显,差异显著(p=0.032,a=0.05)。实验前期鲤鱼围隔组总磷、颗粒磷均有明显上升趋势,显著高于对照组,实验中后期鲤鱼围隔组总磷、颗粒磷均低于对照组,但差异不显著(p=0.121,p=0.077)。
围隔中浮游植物生物量变化趋势与系统中的磷营养盐变化趋势具有较明显的吻合现象,在初期鲤鱼围隔组高于对照组,且差异显著(p=0.049;a=0.05),在后期鲤鱼围隔组的却低于对照组,但其差异不显著(p=0.162;a=0.05);悬浮物呈上升趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著(p=0.049,a=0.05),无鱼围隔悬浮物在实验期间浓度变化不大。鲤鱼围隔水体透明度呈显著下降趋势,无鱼围隔透明度在初期下降,后期透明度呈上升趋势,有鱼与无鱼比较,差异显著(p=0.012,a=0.05)。透明度与悬浮物呈显著负相关。鲤鱼围隔和无鱼围隔在实验期间有机物烧失量总体上呈上升趋势,与对照组相比,差异不显著(p=0.697,a=0.05)。鲤鱼围隔捕捉器沉积物平均沉积率为269.21DWg m~(-2)d~(-1),无鱼围隔捕捉器沉积物平均沉积率为9.41gDW m~(-2)d~(-1),前者是后者的28倍。比较捕捉器沉积物有机、无机组分,鲤鱼围隔无机质成分高,无鱼围隔有机质成分高。表明鲤鱼的扰动对水体底质扰动产生的再悬浮十分显著。
2)鱼类清除实验
南湖鱼类去除的全湖实验表明,去鱼后水体氮和磷营养盐呈上升趋势,总氮从去鱼前的0.65mg L~(-1)上升到实验结束时的2.06mg L~(-1),总磷从去鱼前的0.11mg L~(-1)上升到实验结束时的0.18mg L~(-1)。去鱼后水体悬浮物和悬浮物中有机质烧失量均呈波动增高趋势,悬浮物从除鱼前的21.5mg L~(-1)上升到到实验结束时的34.7mg L~(-1),有机质烧失量从除鱼前的11.17mg L~(-1)上升到到实验结束时的20.83mg L~(-1)。悬浮物变化曲线与有机物烧失量变化曲线同步变化。叶绿素-a呈明显增长趋势,从开始时的20.3μg L~(-1)到实验中后期的99.7μg L~(-1),但在实验末期时为64.7μg L~(-1)。南湖水体透明度从鱼类清除前的33cm下降到实验后期的23cm。轮虫数量呈波动下降趋势,南湖枝角类变化不明显,桡足类、无节幼体、桡足幼体数量均呈上升趋势。鱼类摄食压力消失后,桡足类数量在短时间内大量增加。
南湖实验表明,鲤鱼造成围隔水体悬浮物浓度增加,特别是无机类悬浮物显著增高,透明度下降,水体呈混黄态,但鱼类去除又提高了透明度,促进浮游植物生长,又致使水体透明度降低,水体仍呈浅绿色。因此,在南亚热带浅水性南湖的水质管理中,在外源污染负荷得到控制之后,仅靠改变鱼类种类和数量的调控手段来改善水质是不可行的,还必须结合沉水植物恢复等手段方能建立和维持湖泊的长期清水态。
Human inputs of nutrients have accelerated the eutrophication of lakes.Eutrophication is a serious problem to many lake ecosystems.Though measures by reducing external nutrient loading and algae biomass removal etc.have been taken,the transparency of lakes is still low. Biomanipulation defined as re-structuring of the biological community to achieve a favourable response,usually leads to reduction in algae biomass,shifting to a clear water state and promotion of a diverse biological community.The term is typically applied to top-down manipulation of fish communities,i.e.enhancement of piscivores or reduction of zooplanktivores and/or benthivores.Until now,the successful cases have been reported in temperate lakes and no application has been done in tropical regions.
Fish is an important component of aquatic ecosystems.Bethivorous fish have direct/indirect effect on lake ecolosystems via both predation,and nutrient excretion,and sediment resuspension.The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of fish on shallow lake ecosystems in tropical region.
Enclosure experiments were carried out from August 29 to November 6,2007 in a shallow and eutrophic lake Huizhou West Lake in southern tropic region,Guangdong Province, China.Nanhu is one of the sub-lakes in West Lake,its mean depth is 1.8 m and 12 ha~(-1), stocking in high density(2471.1 kg ha~(-1)) of fish including Tilapias niloticus、Cyprinus carpio、Cirrihia molitorella、Carassius carassius、Hypphthalmichthys molitri and Aristichthys nobilis. Six enclosures,three enclosure stocking 15 Cyprinus carpio and three enclosure without fish as control,were set up.
During the fish-enclosure experiment period,total nitrogen(TN) and particulate nitrogen (PN) declined,from 1.67mg L~(-1),0.91mg L~(-1)at beginning of the experiment August 8 to 0.92 mg L~(-1),0.20 mg L~(-1) at the ending of the experiment November 6,significantly different from fish-free enclosure(TN p=0.035,a=0.05,PN p=0.032,a=0.05).Total phosphorus(TP) and particulate phosphorus(PP) increased at the beginning of the experiment,then declined, from 0.10 mg L~(-1),0.091 mg L~(-1)at beginning of the experiment August to 0.05 mg L~(-1),0.04 mg L~(-1),significantly different from fish-free enclosure(TPp=0.001,a=0.05,PP p=0.007;a= 0.05).Suspended solids(SS) in fish-enclosure increased from 11.00 mg L~(-1) to 19.75 mg L~(-1), and SS in fish-free enclosure was significantly lower than fish-free enclosure(p = 0.049,a = 0.05).
Sedimentation rate was measured using 6 traps made of plastic tubes(diameter 6 cm;total height 30cm) placed in each enclosure on 29 August,2007.The traps were recovered on 10 and 17 November,2007.Sedimentation rate in fish-enclosure(269.21DWg m~(-2) d~(-1)) is significantly higher than that in fish-free enclosure(9.41gDW m~(-2) d~(-1)).
Secchi depth(SD) was found to exhibit an opposite trend,SD in the fish-enclosure declined from 55.3 cm at the begging of the experiment to 40.3 cm at the end of the experiment, in contrast SD in fish- free enclosure increased from 60 cm to 82 cm,the difference between fish- and fish-free enclosure is significant(p=0.012,a=0.05).
We also evaluated the response of a whole lake to fish removal.Fish were removed from Nanhu on 9 May to 31 July.The concentrations of TN、PN、TN、PP、SS and Chl-a of Nanhu increased:Chl-a rapidly ranged from 20.34 um L~(-1) at the beginning of fish removal 9 May, 2007 to 93.11 um L~(-1) on 21 June,2007.Meanwhile metazoan zooplankton spieces and abundance dramatic changed.The abundance of rotifers declined from 1022.5 ind.L~(-1)(9 May, 2007) to 216.6 ind L~(-1)(14 July,2007).The abundance of copepods increased from 1.1 ind·L~(-1) to 60.5 ind L~(-1),nauplii increased from 42.5 ind·L~(-1) to 55.0 ind L~(-1),copepods increased from 8.2 ind·L~(-1) to 191.1 ind L~(-1).These changes are likely due to decrease in predation after fish removal.
This study suggests that stocking bethivorous fish such as carp may stir up sediment and lead to turbid water.Fish removal can improve transparency in a short term as increased algal biomass reduces water transparency and becomes turbid again.In order to establish a clear water state,it needs to combine fish removal with aquatic macrophyte restoration..
论文选择位于南亚热带的浅水城市湖泊—惠州南湖,进行鲤鱼围隔实验和去除鱼类的全湖实验,以鲤鱼对南湖底质扰动所造成的沉积物再悬浮为核心,首次较为系统地研究了鲤鱼对湖泊营养盐水平、浮游植物生产力、浮游动物种类组成和数量等方面的生态效应,探讨了底栖性鲤鱼在热带浅水富营养化湖泊生态系统的作用。主要研究结果如下:
1)围隔实验
鲤鱼围隔氮和磷营养盐浓度均呈下降趋势。在鲤鱼围隔实验初期,有鱼围隔和无鱼围隔总氮、颗粒氮的含量变化不明显,二者差异不大,且均浓度呈下降趋势。但随着时间的延续,鲤鱼围隔组总氮呈波动性下降趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著(p=0.035,a=0.05),颗粒氮,下降更明显,差异显著(p=0.032,a=0.05)。实验前期鲤鱼围隔组总磷、颗粒磷均有明显上升趋势,显著高于对照组,实验中后期鲤鱼围隔组总磷、颗粒磷均低于对照组,但差异不显著(p=0.121,p=0.077)。
围隔中浮游植物生物量变化趋势与系统中的磷营养盐变化趋势具有较明显的吻合现象,在初期鲤鱼围隔组高于对照组,且差异显著(p=0.049;a=0.05),在后期鲤鱼围隔组的却低于对照组,但其差异不显著(p=0.162;a=0.05);悬浮物呈上升趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著(p=0.049,a=0.05),无鱼围隔悬浮物在实验期间浓度变化不大。鲤鱼围隔水体透明度呈显著下降趋势,无鱼围隔透明度在初期下降,后期透明度呈上升趋势,有鱼与无鱼比较,差异显著(p=0.012,a=0.05)。透明度与悬浮物呈显著负相关。鲤鱼围隔和无鱼围隔在实验期间有机物烧失量总体上呈上升趋势,与对照组相比,差异不显著(p=0.697,a=0.05)。鲤鱼围隔捕捉器沉积物平均沉积率为269.21DWg m~(-2)d~(-1),无鱼围隔捕捉器沉积物平均沉积率为9.41gDW m~(-2)d~(-1),前者是后者的28倍。比较捕捉器沉积物有机、无机组分,鲤鱼围隔无机质成分高,无鱼围隔有机质成分高。表明鲤鱼的扰动对水体底质扰动产生的再悬浮十分显著。
2)鱼类清除实验
南湖鱼类去除的全湖实验表明,去鱼后水体氮和磷营养盐呈上升趋势,总氮从去鱼前的0.65mg L~(-1)上升到实验结束时的2.06mg L~(-1),总磷从去鱼前的0.11mg L~(-1)上升到实验结束时的0.18mg L~(-1)。去鱼后水体悬浮物和悬浮物中有机质烧失量均呈波动增高趋势,悬浮物从除鱼前的21.5mg L~(-1)上升到到实验结束时的34.7mg L~(-1),有机质烧失量从除鱼前的11.17mg L~(-1)上升到到实验结束时的20.83mg L~(-1)。悬浮物变化曲线与有机物烧失量变化曲线同步变化。叶绿素-a呈明显增长趋势,从开始时的20.3μg L~(-1)到实验中后期的99.7μg L~(-1),但在实验末期时为64.7μg L~(-1)。南湖水体透明度从鱼类清除前的33cm下降到实验后期的23cm。轮虫数量呈波动下降趋势,南湖枝角类变化不明显,桡足类、无节幼体、桡足幼体数量均呈上升趋势。鱼类摄食压力消失后,桡足类数量在短时间内大量增加。
南湖实验表明,鲤鱼造成围隔水体悬浮物浓度增加,特别是无机类悬浮物显著增高,透明度下降,水体呈混黄态,但鱼类去除又提高了透明度,促进浮游植物生长,又致使水体透明度降低,水体仍呈浅绿色。因此,在南亚热带浅水性南湖的水质管理中,在外源污染负荷得到控制之后,仅靠改变鱼类种类和数量的调控手段来改善水质是不可行的,还必须结合沉水植物恢复等手段方能建立和维持湖泊的长期清水态。
Human inputs of nutrients have accelerated the eutrophication of lakes.Eutrophication is a serious problem to many lake ecosystems.Though measures by reducing external nutrient loading and algae biomass removal etc.have been taken,the transparency of lakes is still low. Biomanipulation defined as re-structuring of the biological community to achieve a favourable response,usually leads to reduction in algae biomass,shifting to a clear water state and promotion of a diverse biological community.The term is typically applied to top-down manipulation of fish communities,i.e.enhancement of piscivores or reduction of zooplanktivores and/or benthivores.Until now,the successful cases have been reported in temperate lakes and no application has been done in tropical regions.
Fish is an important component of aquatic ecosystems.Bethivorous fish have direct/indirect effect on lake ecolosystems via both predation,and nutrient excretion,and sediment resuspension.The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of fish on shallow lake ecosystems in tropical region.
Enclosure experiments were carried out from August 29 to November 6,2007 in a shallow and eutrophic lake Huizhou West Lake in southern tropic region,Guangdong Province, China.Nanhu is one of the sub-lakes in West Lake,its mean depth is 1.8 m and 12 ha~(-1), stocking in high density(2471.1 kg ha~(-1)) of fish including Tilapias niloticus、Cyprinus carpio、Cirrihia molitorella、Carassius carassius、Hypphthalmichthys molitri and Aristichthys nobilis. Six enclosures,three enclosure stocking 15 Cyprinus carpio and three enclosure without fish as control,were set up.
During the fish-enclosure experiment period,total nitrogen(TN) and particulate nitrogen (PN) declined,from 1.67mg L~(-1),0.91mg L~(-1)at beginning of the experiment August 8 to 0.92 mg L~(-1),0.20 mg L~(-1) at the ending of the experiment November 6,significantly different from fish-free enclosure(TN p=0.035,a=0.05,PN p=0.032,a=0.05).Total phosphorus(TP) and particulate phosphorus(PP) increased at the beginning of the experiment,then declined, from 0.10 mg L~(-1),0.091 mg L~(-1)at beginning of the experiment August to 0.05 mg L~(-1),0.04 mg L~(-1),significantly different from fish-free enclosure(TPp=0.001,a=0.05,PP p=0.007;a= 0.05).Suspended solids(SS) in fish-enclosure increased from 11.00 mg L~(-1) to 19.75 mg L~(-1), and SS in fish-free enclosure was significantly lower than fish-free enclosure(p = 0.049,a = 0.05).
Sedimentation rate was measured using 6 traps made of plastic tubes(diameter 6 cm;total height 30cm) placed in each enclosure on 29 August,2007.The traps were recovered on 10 and 17 November,2007.Sedimentation rate in fish-enclosure(269.21DWg m~(-2) d~(-1)) is significantly higher than that in fish-free enclosure(9.41gDW m~(-2) d~(-1)).
Secchi depth(SD) was found to exhibit an opposite trend,SD in the fish-enclosure declined from 55.3 cm at the begging of the experiment to 40.3 cm at the end of the experiment, in contrast SD in fish- free enclosure increased from 60 cm to 82 cm,the difference between fish- and fish-free enclosure is significant(p=0.012,a=0.05).
We also evaluated the response of a whole lake to fish removal.Fish were removed from Nanhu on 9 May to 31 July.The concentrations of TN、PN、TN、PP、SS and Chl-a of Nanhu increased:Chl-a rapidly ranged from 20.34 um L~(-1) at the beginning of fish removal 9 May, 2007 to 93.11 um L~(-1) on 21 June,2007.Meanwhile metazoan zooplankton spieces and abundance dramatic changed.The abundance of rotifers declined from 1022.5 ind.L~(-1)(9 May, 2007) to 216.6 ind L~(-1)(14 July,2007).The abundance of copepods increased from 1.1 ind·L~(-1) to 60.5 ind L~(-1),nauplii increased from 42.5 ind·L~(-1) to 55.0 ind L~(-1),copepods increased from 8.2 ind·L~(-1) to 191.1 ind L~(-1).These changes are likely due to decrease in predation after fish removal.
This study suggests that stocking bethivorous fish such as carp may stir up sediment and lead to turbid water.Fish removal can improve transparency in a short term as increased algal biomass reduces water transparency and becomes turbid again.In order to establish a clear water state,it needs to combine fish removal with aquatic macrophyte restoration..
引文
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