金属冲击射流形成、断裂和颗粒化分布研究
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摘要
金属冲击射流形成、失稳和颗粒化断裂问题的理论和数值模拟,是当前冲击动力学研究和工程应用研究中的重要课题;尤其是,对于近年来工程物理中普遍关注的高压动载荷下金属材料表面微喷射研究具有重要的现实意义。基于这一应用背景,本论文的研究工作主要集中在以下几个方面:
1.平面来流非对称碰撞形成射流的理论研究。针对目前国内外非对称构形下金属射流形成问题的研究不足,首次在解椭圆上建立了平面来流非对称碰撞形成射流问题的方程组封闭条件,提出了非对称射流形成的几何理论,具体推导了射流形成的临界条件和出流公式。采用理论预测、欧拉程序模拟并结合实验,系统地研究了距离来流交汇点无限远和有限远两类典型碰撞情况下,存在稳态出流的来流交汇条件和出流规律,以及初始非对称因素如:来流厚度比、初始交汇状态和碰撞角等对形成射流和杵体的影响;并讨论了其他理论模型的适用性。本研究提出的非对称射流形成的几何理论,在较广的非对称碰撞条件下,与实验和数值计算结果一致性较好,弥补了以往近似理论的不足。
2.金属冲击射流的失稳和断裂机理研究。建立了射流失稳断裂的近似理论:基于哈密顿原理,推导和建立了能够比较全面描述金属射流拉伸失稳的运动方程,编制了相应计算程序,该方程耦合了射流强度、剪切、应变率效应、动力学粘性、表面张力、气动阻力和惯性力等多种因素对射流稳定性的影响。推导了射流失稳的小扰动方程,具体分析了影响金属射流稳定性的各种因素,并由数值解定量给出其影响大小,以及最不稳定波长与初始应变率乘积λ_m(?)_o值的变化范围;从理论上得到了相邻颗粒的速度差公式和断裂颗粒数目;给出了金属射流断裂的时间判据和近似理论公式,与射流实验点、Chou&Carleone公式比较,符合较好。
3.工程物理中微喷射问题的应用研究。首次将建立的描述金属冲击射流形成、失稳和颗粒化断裂的近似理论,应用于对高压动载荷下金属表面微尺度射流形成、断裂和喷射场颗粒度分布规律研究。模拟了典型金属材料的沟槽微射流实验,对金属表面微粒喷射场的粒径分布和速度分布特征进行理论估计,得到了与LANL实验全息测量定性一致的结果,研究表明微射流拉伸断裂机制是形成金属表面喷射场前端高速颗粒喷射物的主要原因。本研究是对金属表面喷射混合问题研究的探索性新尝试,并为后期流场中喷射颗粒的气粒两相混合研究提供了较为真实的输入条件。
本文的研究工作和相关研究成果对于金属冲击射流形成、断裂的机理研究和高压动载荷下金属材料表面喷射混合问题研究,具有重要的理论参考价值。
Theoretical research and numerical simulation on metallic jets formation, instability and fragmentation under shock-loaded condition,is one of the important research subjects in current impact dynamics and engineering application.Especially, the considerable interest in this problem stems from the fact that it brings realistic significance in recent engineering usage,concerning mass ejection from metallic free surface to high-pressure shock loading.Based on these applications,the studies in this dissertation mainly focus on the following aspects:
1.The theory frame of asymmetrical jets formation in two-metallic-flow collision is established.Aiming at the lack of theoretical works on aspect of asymmetric flows collision,the author firstly investigates the effects on fully scale asymmetry in detail in the dissertation.The close condition of equations is built on the solution ellipse,which is satisfied by the problem of asymmetric collision.The geometrical theory of asymmetric jet formation is presented.The critical condition and theoretical expressions for the width and flow direction of jet and slug are obtained.By means of theoretical prediction,Euler numerical simulation and analysis using experiment data,we systemically investigate two cases of plane asymmetric flows collision:at a finite and infinite distance from the stagnation point.The formation condition and rule of steady outflows are given.The effects on asymmetrical factors of initial colliding figuration are investigated in detail,such as width ratio,flows configuration,colliding angle and so on.The adaptability of other theoretical models is discussed.The geometrical theory overcomes the defect of other models.Theoretic predictions are more accurate than the results of other models and in agreement with experiment data and hydrocode simulations over the majority of the range of flow width ratio variation.
2.The approximate theory frame of stretching metallic jets instability and fragmentation is established.Based on the Hamilton principle,a coupling motion equation of stretching metallic shaped charge jets is presented.The corresponding codes are accomplished,which can be applied to study the effects of yield strength, shear,strain rate,viscosity,surface tensile force,gas resistance and inertial force on jet instability.The disturbance equations describing jets instability are derived.We discuss quantitatively various factors affecting on jet stability and obtain the varying range of non-dimensionalλ_m(?)_0 value versus initial strain rate.The velocity difference between particulated metallic jet particles and numbers of fragment particles are derived theoretically.The jet breakup time criterion and theoretical formula are given. It yields the prediction curves of jet breakup time versus initial strain rate in fairly good agreement with jet experimental data and other empirical formula.
3.Theoretical results are applied to the subject in engineering field,concerning shock-induced metallic ejection.All research achievements on stretching jet breakup theory in this dissertation are,for the first time,successfully applied to the problem, concerning instability,fragmentation and particle size distributions of micro-jets from high-pressure shocked metal free surface.The formation process of micro-jets from shocked AL target sample with grooved surface is simulated by two-dimensional Eulerian code.Particle diameter and velocity of micro-jets are given.The calculated ejecta particle size and velocity distributions are compared with LANL experimental data.The qualitative consistency shows that the main reason of high-velocity matter ejection from shocked metal free surface is,the micro-jet fragmentation mechanism. It is an effective attempt to study the problem of shock-induced metal ejection and gas-particle flows.The results can be applied to provide real initial parameters for the study of gas-ejecta particle two-phase flows.
The research of this dissertation and its achievements are valuable for the study on the mechanism of metallic jets fragmentation,as well as the study on the problem of shock-induced metal ejection and gas-particle multiphase flows.
1.平面来流非对称碰撞形成射流的理论研究。针对目前国内外非对称构形下金属射流形成问题的研究不足,首次在解椭圆上建立了平面来流非对称碰撞形成射流问题的方程组封闭条件,提出了非对称射流形成的几何理论,具体推导了射流形成的临界条件和出流公式。采用理论预测、欧拉程序模拟并结合实验,系统地研究了距离来流交汇点无限远和有限远两类典型碰撞情况下,存在稳态出流的来流交汇条件和出流规律,以及初始非对称因素如:来流厚度比、初始交汇状态和碰撞角等对形成射流和杵体的影响;并讨论了其他理论模型的适用性。本研究提出的非对称射流形成的几何理论,在较广的非对称碰撞条件下,与实验和数值计算结果一致性较好,弥补了以往近似理论的不足。
2.金属冲击射流的失稳和断裂机理研究。建立了射流失稳断裂的近似理论:基于哈密顿原理,推导和建立了能够比较全面描述金属射流拉伸失稳的运动方程,编制了相应计算程序,该方程耦合了射流强度、剪切、应变率效应、动力学粘性、表面张力、气动阻力和惯性力等多种因素对射流稳定性的影响。推导了射流失稳的小扰动方程,具体分析了影响金属射流稳定性的各种因素,并由数值解定量给出其影响大小,以及最不稳定波长与初始应变率乘积λ_m(?)_o值的变化范围;从理论上得到了相邻颗粒的速度差公式和断裂颗粒数目;给出了金属射流断裂的时间判据和近似理论公式,与射流实验点、Chou&Carleone公式比较,符合较好。
3.工程物理中微喷射问题的应用研究。首次将建立的描述金属冲击射流形成、失稳和颗粒化断裂的近似理论,应用于对高压动载荷下金属表面微尺度射流形成、断裂和喷射场颗粒度分布规律研究。模拟了典型金属材料的沟槽微射流实验,对金属表面微粒喷射场的粒径分布和速度分布特征进行理论估计,得到了与LANL实验全息测量定性一致的结果,研究表明微射流拉伸断裂机制是形成金属表面喷射场前端高速颗粒喷射物的主要原因。本研究是对金属表面喷射混合问题研究的探索性新尝试,并为后期流场中喷射颗粒的气粒两相混合研究提供了较为真实的输入条件。
本文的研究工作和相关研究成果对于金属冲击射流形成、断裂的机理研究和高压动载荷下金属材料表面喷射混合问题研究,具有重要的理论参考价值。
Theoretical research and numerical simulation on metallic jets formation, instability and fragmentation under shock-loaded condition,is one of the important research subjects in current impact dynamics and engineering application.Especially, the considerable interest in this problem stems from the fact that it brings realistic significance in recent engineering usage,concerning mass ejection from metallic free surface to high-pressure shock loading.Based on these applications,the studies in this dissertation mainly focus on the following aspects:
1.The theory frame of asymmetrical jets formation in two-metallic-flow collision is established.Aiming at the lack of theoretical works on aspect of asymmetric flows collision,the author firstly investigates the effects on fully scale asymmetry in detail in the dissertation.The close condition of equations is built on the solution ellipse,which is satisfied by the problem of asymmetric collision.The geometrical theory of asymmetric jet formation is presented.The critical condition and theoretical expressions for the width and flow direction of jet and slug are obtained.By means of theoretical prediction,Euler numerical simulation and analysis using experiment data,we systemically investigate two cases of plane asymmetric flows collision:at a finite and infinite distance from the stagnation point.The formation condition and rule of steady outflows are given.The effects on asymmetrical factors of initial colliding figuration are investigated in detail,such as width ratio,flows configuration,colliding angle and so on.The adaptability of other theoretical models is discussed.The geometrical theory overcomes the defect of other models.Theoretic predictions are more accurate than the results of other models and in agreement with experiment data and hydrocode simulations over the majority of the range of flow width ratio variation.
2.The approximate theory frame of stretching metallic jets instability and fragmentation is established.Based on the Hamilton principle,a coupling motion equation of stretching metallic shaped charge jets is presented.The corresponding codes are accomplished,which can be applied to study the effects of yield strength, shear,strain rate,viscosity,surface tensile force,gas resistance and inertial force on jet instability.The disturbance equations describing jets instability are derived.We discuss quantitatively various factors affecting on jet stability and obtain the varying range of non-dimensionalλ_m(?)_0 value versus initial strain rate.The velocity difference between particulated metallic jet particles and numbers of fragment particles are derived theoretically.The jet breakup time criterion and theoretical formula are given. It yields the prediction curves of jet breakup time versus initial strain rate in fairly good agreement with jet experimental data and other empirical formula.
3.Theoretical results are applied to the subject in engineering field,concerning shock-induced metallic ejection.All research achievements on stretching jet breakup theory in this dissertation are,for the first time,successfully applied to the problem, concerning instability,fragmentation and particle size distributions of micro-jets from high-pressure shocked metal free surface.The formation process of micro-jets from shocked AL target sample with grooved surface is simulated by two-dimensional Eulerian code.Particle diameter and velocity of micro-jets are given.The calculated ejecta particle size and velocity distributions are compared with LANL experimental data.The qualitative consistency shows that the main reason of high-velocity matter ejection from shocked metal free surface is,the micro-jet fragmentation mechanism. It is an effective attempt to study the problem of shock-induced metal ejection and gas-particle flows.The results can be applied to provide real initial parameters for the study of gas-ejecta particle two-phase flows.
The research of this dissertation and its achievements are valuable for the study on the mechanism of metallic jets fragmentation,as well as the study on the problem of shock-induced metal ejection and gas-particle multiphase flows.
引文
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