版纳甜龙竹遗传多样性及笋用林高效培育技术研究
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摘要
版纳甜龙竹(Dendrocalamus hamiltonii)是世界上有名的三大甜龙竹之一,是集笋用、材用、观赏于一身的极具开发利用价值的优良笋材竹种,分布于印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、锡金、不丹及老挝,在东南亚国家和我国西双版纳、普洱市等地的民间已广泛栽培。具有生长迅速、成林快、笋期长、产量高、营养丰富等优点,还具有涵养水源、保持水土、美化环境等极好的生态效益。经过多种生态环境条件的驯化和人工选择培养,已形成了丰富多彩的遗传资源。但是对于版纳甜龙竹遗传背景和遗传多样性缺乏深入系统研究。同时,根据中国植物志记载,本种学名暂用原产印度的D. hamiltonii Nees et Arn.,因存在一些表型性状的差异,其分类地位一直未能确定。为了解版纳甜龙竹遗传多样性和分类地位及其笋用林丰产的理论基础,充实笋用林丰产栽培理论,对版纳甜龙竹的遗传多样性及其分类地位、竹笋品质与发笋规律、笋用林丰产立竹结构与经营管理技术等进行了系统研究。获得的主要结果如下:
1、版纳甜龙竹的嫩叶含有较多的糖类物质和酚类化合物,严重干扰DNA的抽提或影响其后的AFLP双酶切及其扩增反应。本研究对版纳甜龙竹叶片DNA提取进行较深入的研究,找到一种获得高质量DNA的CTAB改良法,并建立了适于版纳甜龙竹种内遗传多样性分析的AFLP分析的优化体系。
2、本研究从64对E-3/M-3引物组合中选出扩增带纹丰富、清晰,且多态性位点百分比较高的引物组合8对,对来自印度、越南和中国西双版纳以及普尔市的8个居群共计53个版纳甜龙竹个体进行AFLP分析,共扩增出1728条清晰的谱带,其中多态带1080条,并且表现出较好的多态性,这些居群特异带和居群间的共有带的不同揭示了各居群间的遗传差异及相似性,为遗传资源的保护和利用提供参考。在物种水平上,具有高的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率PPL=62.55 %,有效等位基因数Ne=1.2056,Nei基因多样性指数H =0.158;shannon信息指数I = 0.1031;在居群水平上,多态位点百分率PPL=20.08 %,Ne =1.2056, H = 0.069, I =0.2455。遗传分化系数Gst为0.5862,即有58.62 %的遗传变异存在于居群之间,41.38 %的遗传变异存在于居群内。版纳甜龙竹居群间基因流Nm为0.3529。结果表面版纳甜龙竹在物种水平具有较高的遗传多样性,在居群内部遗传多样性较低,且居群间的遗传分化很高。
3、对AFLP扩增结果采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,聚类结果表明,来自同一地区的版纳甜龙竹个体有聚为一类的趋势,说明其遗传变异可能与生境有关。通过计算8个居群间的遗传距离和相似性显示,版纳甜龙竹竹居群的遗传距离和空间距离之间并不存在相关性(r=0.227<0.7,P<0.05)。在遗传距离S=0.88处,53份版纳甜龙竹居群可分为五个类群,在遗传距离S=0.773处,可明显分为两个大的类群,且印度居群、越南居群分属于两个大类群。说明,印度居群和越南居群与中国居群之间的亲缘关系比较相近,同时把中国分布的版纳甜龙竹与印度分布的版纳甜龙竹分离出来,单独作为一个种,在分子水平上是缺乏有力证据的。
4、版纳甜龙竹鲜笋蛋白质中含有17种氨基酸,其中9种必须的氨基酸,总氨基酸含量为185.8 g.kg~(-1),必需氨基酸(EAA)、人体半必需氨基酸(SEAA)和非必需氨基酸含量(NEAA)分别为185.8、74.0、15.8和111.8 g.kg~(-1),其EAA/TAA为39.83 %, EAA/NEAA为66.19 %,是比较理想的蛋白源。N,P,K含量由笋基部至尖部逐渐增加,尖部N,P,K含量分别是基部的2.26倍、2.11倍、1.45倍;总糖、粗脂肪、粗纤维含量由笋基部至笋尖逐渐减少,粗蛋白质则由笋基至笋尖部逐渐增加;氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、半必需氨基酸总量由笋基部至笋尖逐渐增加,尖部分别是基部的1.40倍、1.43倍、1.39倍,其中尖部至中部变幅较小,中部至基部变幅较大。
5、版纳甜龙竹幼竹高生长规律遵循“慢一快一慢”的生长规律,历时约105 d左右;在历时50 d的昼夜生长量观测结果表明,夜总生长量是昼总生长量的1.817倍,持续降雨后,其昼夜生长量相差不大;气温和湿度是影响笋-幼竹高生长的关键因子。
6、立竹数和年龄结构研究结果表明:鲜笋产量、挖笋个数、单株发笋个数、个体重、新竹平均胸径与立竹数和年龄结构密切相关。鲜笋产量、发笋个数随着立竹数和1年生母竹数的增加而增大,与立竹数的回归方程达到极显著。通过此回归方程,可预测到版纳甜龙竹丰产的经济收益在立竹数为6-9株/丛,1年生与2-3年生版纳甜龙竹的比例为2:1,竹丛密度为284-409丛·hm~(-2),其笋产量可达13 591.48 kg·hm~(-2),经济收入为17668.92元·hm~(-2)。
7、四种肥料处理对版纳甜龙竹笋N、P、K、蛋白质、粗纤维、蛋白质水解氨基酸含量有明显的促进作用。在提早发笋时间,提高早期发笋和经济笋数量和和笋产量以及单笋个体重量,降低退笋数量和退笋率,提高经济效益方面比较突出,表现出不同肥料施肥效应在笋产量与品质差异性。尤以尿素和复合肥施肥量为999.0 kg·hm~(-2);有机肥(猪粪,风干)为3330 kg·hm~(-2)的混合施肥方式为最好,不但笋产量和质量增产(加)效果明显,而且利润较大,投入产出比较高。
8、早期留养母竹其后期出笋量明显减少,7月份留母与10月份留母相比,其发笋个数和产笋量分别减少26.90%和47.48%;个体重以8月份留母竹的鲜笋平均个体重最大,为1.46 kg/个,10月份留母最小,为1.17 kg/个;新竹大小以8月份留母最大,其平均胸径达7.91 cm,10月份留母最小为6.55 cm。说明留母竹时间对笋产量和新竹大小数量有直接影响,留母时间不易过早,也不易过晚,以9月份留笋养母竹较好,既能保证当年的笋产量和经济效益,又能为来年提供质量较好的成竹,满足生产需要。
9、培土高度影响笋体在地下生长时间的长短,培土高度为10 cm时其形态品质好、出笋量高,并且市场价格也较好,竹笋营养一般;培土高度为0 cm时,虽然产量低,形态品质差,但内含物品质较好。因此,版纳甜龙竹笋用林经营过程中,培土高度应以10 cm为宜,既达到增产、增收的目的,也保证其营养品质,且实践操作简单容易,建议在生产实践中广泛采用。
10、采用三种垦复措施,比较其出笋量和经济效益。结果表明不同垦复施肥措施对竹笋产量、单笋质量、退笋率和经济笋发笋率的影响较大。以带翻垦覆措施的笋产量和经济效益最好,带翻收入可达17645元·hm~(-2),利润达3695元·hm~(-2),投入产出比为1.26,明显优于其它两种垦覆措施。因此,在版纳甜龙竹垦覆经营过程中,应以带翻为宜,既可达到增产增收的目的,也可减少水土流失和地表径流,对保护改良土壤和生态环境具有重要意义。
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is one of the three most important sweat bamboo species in the world, distributing in India, Burma, Nepal, Sikkim Bhutan, Laos and other countries of south-east Asia, generally, it is cultivated in purpose of shoot and timber in Xishuangbanna and Puer,Yunnan province of China, With growing rapidly, growing into forest fast, longer shoot-yield time, output high, nutrient and extremely good ecological benefits of conserving the source of water, conserving soil and water, beautifying the environments etc. The cultivated area expand constantly, while the research on genetic background and diversity is weak, and its taxonomy position wasn’t clear by the reasons of different features basing on the Flora of China. In our study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker was used in order to find out the genetic diversity and its taxonomy position, our research also put the importance on nutrition of shoot, the law of shooting and bamboo growth, management technology of bamboo plantation to enrich the theory of the artificial cultivation. The main results of this study are formulated as follows:
1. The content of amylase and hydroxybenzene was high, which disturbed frequently the yield and quality of genome DNA when being extracted or being analyzed with AFLP, by researching on extracting DNA from leaves of D.hamiltonii a modified method was found to get high quality DNA in this paper, a system was also established, which was suitable for AFLP method to analyze the level and change of intra-specific genetic diversity.
2. A total of 53 individuals from 8 populations in India, Vietnam and Xishuanbanna and Puer, China, were detected by eight pairs of AFLP primers, which were chosen from 64 pairs of primers. These primers generated a total of 1,728 bands, of which 1080 bands were polymorphic. The results revealed a high level of genetic diversity. At species level, the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) was 62.55 %, the effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) was 1.2056, Nei’s genediversuty (H) was 0.158, and the Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.1031, respectively. At the population level, the estimates for the population PPL = 20.08 %, H=0.069, I=0.2455, Na =1.6255 and Ne =1.2056. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gst) was 0.5862, this means 58.62 % genetic variation that occurred between populations. The gene flow (Nm) was 0.3529. These showed that the genetic diversity of Chrysanthemum is abundant; the genetic diversity of D.hamiltonii at the species level is higher than that at the population level, and the genetic differentiation among the population is very apparent.
3. Thought cluster analyses by UPGMA showed that 53 D. hamiltonii cultivars could be divided into five groups where the genetic distance was 0.88. It was consistent with the morphologic classification based on petal type on the whole. Their origin was correlated with the cluster results to a certain extent. The India subpopulations were all divided into the same subdivision, Vietnam subpopulations as same as India; and the Menghai’s subpopulation, Jinghong’s subpopulation were divided into the Lancang-Menglian of Puer’s population; the other subpopulation of Puer subpopulation was divided into Mengla’s population. There was a possible correlation between genetic variance and habitat differences, genetic Identity and Genetic Distance between populations were estimated, and the results indicated that there was no correlation between geography distance and the genetic distance (r=0.227<0.7,P<0.05), and the genetic relationship between India population, Vietnam population and Chinese population was very close.
4. D. hamiltonii shoot protein contained seventeen amino acids,of which 9 was essential amino acids.The total of amino acids (TAA) was 185.8 g.kg~(-1), essential amino acids (EAA) ,semi essential amino acids (SEAA) and the nonessentia1 amino acids (NEAA) was 185.8, 74.0, 15.8 and 111.8 g.kg~(-1),respectively, the EAA of D. hamiltonii shoot meet the standard of protein pattern recommended by FAO. N, P and K from shoot base to tip increased by 2.26, 2.11 and 1.45 times respectively. Nutrition concentration, including total soluble sugar, rough fibre decreased from shoot base to tip, but rough albumen increased. Total amino acids, necessary amino acids, semi-necessary amino acids from shoot base to tip gradually increased by 1.40, 1.43 and 1.385 times respectively, the change from tip to middle was little, while from middle to base was heavy .
5. Young bamboo followed the growth the law of "slow-fast-slow", which lasting about 105 days. The findings during the observation for 50 days’indicated that the growth rate at night was 1.817 times than during the day, but after constant raining its growth rate change was small. Temperature and humidity were the key factors which affected the shoot to young bamboo.
6. Researches on bamboo density and age structure showed that the shoot yield, bamboo number, individual weight, average diameter were correlated with bamboo density and age structure by regressive equation .The yield and quantity of shoot increased by the density of bamboo and the quantity of one-year-old bamboo increased. So we could forecast the yield will reach 13591.48 kg.hm~(-2) and economic profit will be 17668.92 yuan.hm~(-2), while the plantation density of bamboo is 284-409 cluster.hm~(-2), the structure of cluster is 6-9 cluters~(-1) and the ratio of one-year-old bamboo and 2-3 years old bamboo is 2: 1.
7. The results from the experiment showed that nutrients of the shoot increased significantly with fertilizer application, the four kinds of fertilizer treatment play a good part in increasing N, P, K, protein, rough fiber and the protein water hydrolyzed amino acids, and advancing the bamboo shoots time, improving the amount and output of economic shoots, increasing economic value. While different fertilizer treatment influenced the yield and the quality of shoot , in inorganic fertilizer treatment ,N and protein content was the highest; in reunited fertilizer treatment, the amount of P, amino acids and the needed amino acids was the highest ; in the organism fertilizer treatment ,the sum of K,rough fiber, the half-needed amino acids was the highest; the sum of sugar of CK was distinctly higher than that in the fertilizer treatment. The influence of these four treatments on N, P, K content was discrepant in different shoot periods. On initial stage N, P, K was distinctly higher in fertilizer treatment than that of in CK, especially in the chemical treatment, the mixed fertilization of carbamide and compound fertilizer with 999.0 kg.hm~(-2) and livestock fertilizer with 3330 kg.hm~(-2) was the best fertilizer treatment; it improved the amount and output of shoots, increased the economic value.
8. Containing bamboo stem earlier, the yield and quantity of shoot reduced distinctively, which decreased by 26.90 % and 47.48 % compared June with October. Containing bamboo stem at August, the weight of individual shoot was the heaviest, which was 1.46 kg, but the lightest at October, which was only 1.17 kg. One-year-old bamboo stem contained at August was the largest, the average diameter at breast height reached 7.91 cm, but only 6.55 cm at October. So it showed that contain bamboo stem at September could not only improve the amount and output of bamboo shoots of the year, but also ensure the amount and quality of growing bamboo that assure the amount and output of bamboo shoots next year.
9. Height of earthed up effected the growth time of bamboo shoot underground. When the height reached l0 cm, bamboo shoot had good figure, high quality, large quantity and high price, but low inclusion quality. When the height was 0 cm only, bamboo shoot had low quality and bad figure, but high inclusion quality.
10. Three soil cultivation treatments of fertilization were adopted, which were strip plough, overall plough and control plough, it showed that strip plough treatment was the best, which could bring the biggest profits, the income was 17,645 yuan.hm~(-2), the net profit was 3695 yuan.hm~(-2), the ratio of output to devotion was 1.26. So, strip plough can be widely used in production practices, it will not only increase the yield of bamboo shoots and economic value, but also reduce water loss,soil erosion and surface runoff, improve soil conditions and protect ecological environment.
1、版纳甜龙竹的嫩叶含有较多的糖类物质和酚类化合物,严重干扰DNA的抽提或影响其后的AFLP双酶切及其扩增反应。本研究对版纳甜龙竹叶片DNA提取进行较深入的研究,找到一种获得高质量DNA的CTAB改良法,并建立了适于版纳甜龙竹种内遗传多样性分析的AFLP分析的优化体系。
2、本研究从64对E-3/M-3引物组合中选出扩增带纹丰富、清晰,且多态性位点百分比较高的引物组合8对,对来自印度、越南和中国西双版纳以及普尔市的8个居群共计53个版纳甜龙竹个体进行AFLP分析,共扩增出1728条清晰的谱带,其中多态带1080条,并且表现出较好的多态性,这些居群特异带和居群间的共有带的不同揭示了各居群间的遗传差异及相似性,为遗传资源的保护和利用提供参考。在物种水平上,具有高的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率PPL=62.55 %,有效等位基因数Ne=1.2056,Nei基因多样性指数H =0.158;shannon信息指数I = 0.1031;在居群水平上,多态位点百分率PPL=20.08 %,Ne =1.2056, H = 0.069, I =0.2455。遗传分化系数Gst为0.5862,即有58.62 %的遗传变异存在于居群之间,41.38 %的遗传变异存在于居群内。版纳甜龙竹居群间基因流Nm为0.3529。结果表面版纳甜龙竹在物种水平具有较高的遗传多样性,在居群内部遗传多样性较低,且居群间的遗传分化很高。
3、对AFLP扩增结果采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,聚类结果表明,来自同一地区的版纳甜龙竹个体有聚为一类的趋势,说明其遗传变异可能与生境有关。通过计算8个居群间的遗传距离和相似性显示,版纳甜龙竹竹居群的遗传距离和空间距离之间并不存在相关性(r=0.227<0.7,P<0.05)。在遗传距离S=0.88处,53份版纳甜龙竹居群可分为五个类群,在遗传距离S=0.773处,可明显分为两个大的类群,且印度居群、越南居群分属于两个大类群。说明,印度居群和越南居群与中国居群之间的亲缘关系比较相近,同时把中国分布的版纳甜龙竹与印度分布的版纳甜龙竹分离出来,单独作为一个种,在分子水平上是缺乏有力证据的。
4、版纳甜龙竹鲜笋蛋白质中含有17种氨基酸,其中9种必须的氨基酸,总氨基酸含量为185.8 g.kg~(-1),必需氨基酸(EAA)、人体半必需氨基酸(SEAA)和非必需氨基酸含量(NEAA)分别为185.8、74.0、15.8和111.8 g.kg~(-1),其EAA/TAA为39.83 %, EAA/NEAA为66.19 %,是比较理想的蛋白源。N,P,K含量由笋基部至尖部逐渐增加,尖部N,P,K含量分别是基部的2.26倍、2.11倍、1.45倍;总糖、粗脂肪、粗纤维含量由笋基部至笋尖逐渐减少,粗蛋白质则由笋基至笋尖部逐渐增加;氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、半必需氨基酸总量由笋基部至笋尖逐渐增加,尖部分别是基部的1.40倍、1.43倍、1.39倍,其中尖部至中部变幅较小,中部至基部变幅较大。
5、版纳甜龙竹幼竹高生长规律遵循“慢一快一慢”的生长规律,历时约105 d左右;在历时50 d的昼夜生长量观测结果表明,夜总生长量是昼总生长量的1.817倍,持续降雨后,其昼夜生长量相差不大;气温和湿度是影响笋-幼竹高生长的关键因子。
6、立竹数和年龄结构研究结果表明:鲜笋产量、挖笋个数、单株发笋个数、个体重、新竹平均胸径与立竹数和年龄结构密切相关。鲜笋产量、发笋个数随着立竹数和1年生母竹数的增加而增大,与立竹数的回归方程达到极显著。通过此回归方程,可预测到版纳甜龙竹丰产的经济收益在立竹数为6-9株/丛,1年生与2-3年生版纳甜龙竹的比例为2:1,竹丛密度为284-409丛·hm~(-2),其笋产量可达13 591.48 kg·hm~(-2),经济收入为17668.92元·hm~(-2)。
7、四种肥料处理对版纳甜龙竹笋N、P、K、蛋白质、粗纤维、蛋白质水解氨基酸含量有明显的促进作用。在提早发笋时间,提高早期发笋和经济笋数量和和笋产量以及单笋个体重量,降低退笋数量和退笋率,提高经济效益方面比较突出,表现出不同肥料施肥效应在笋产量与品质差异性。尤以尿素和复合肥施肥量为999.0 kg·hm~(-2);有机肥(猪粪,风干)为3330 kg·hm~(-2)的混合施肥方式为最好,不但笋产量和质量增产(加)效果明显,而且利润较大,投入产出比较高。
8、早期留养母竹其后期出笋量明显减少,7月份留母与10月份留母相比,其发笋个数和产笋量分别减少26.90%和47.48%;个体重以8月份留母竹的鲜笋平均个体重最大,为1.46 kg/个,10月份留母最小,为1.17 kg/个;新竹大小以8月份留母最大,其平均胸径达7.91 cm,10月份留母最小为6.55 cm。说明留母竹时间对笋产量和新竹大小数量有直接影响,留母时间不易过早,也不易过晚,以9月份留笋养母竹较好,既能保证当年的笋产量和经济效益,又能为来年提供质量较好的成竹,满足生产需要。
9、培土高度影响笋体在地下生长时间的长短,培土高度为10 cm时其形态品质好、出笋量高,并且市场价格也较好,竹笋营养一般;培土高度为0 cm时,虽然产量低,形态品质差,但内含物品质较好。因此,版纳甜龙竹笋用林经营过程中,培土高度应以10 cm为宜,既达到增产、增收的目的,也保证其营养品质,且实践操作简单容易,建议在生产实践中广泛采用。
10、采用三种垦复措施,比较其出笋量和经济效益。结果表明不同垦复施肥措施对竹笋产量、单笋质量、退笋率和经济笋发笋率的影响较大。以带翻垦覆措施的笋产量和经济效益最好,带翻收入可达17645元·hm~(-2),利润达3695元·hm~(-2),投入产出比为1.26,明显优于其它两种垦覆措施。因此,在版纳甜龙竹垦覆经营过程中,应以带翻为宜,既可达到增产增收的目的,也可减少水土流失和地表径流,对保护改良土壤和生态环境具有重要意义。
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is one of the three most important sweat bamboo species in the world, distributing in India, Burma, Nepal, Sikkim Bhutan, Laos and other countries of south-east Asia, generally, it is cultivated in purpose of shoot and timber in Xishuangbanna and Puer,Yunnan province of China, With growing rapidly, growing into forest fast, longer shoot-yield time, output high, nutrient and extremely good ecological benefits of conserving the source of water, conserving soil and water, beautifying the environments etc. The cultivated area expand constantly, while the research on genetic background and diversity is weak, and its taxonomy position wasn’t clear by the reasons of different features basing on the Flora of China. In our study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker was used in order to find out the genetic diversity and its taxonomy position, our research also put the importance on nutrition of shoot, the law of shooting and bamboo growth, management technology of bamboo plantation to enrich the theory of the artificial cultivation. The main results of this study are formulated as follows:
1. The content of amylase and hydroxybenzene was high, which disturbed frequently the yield and quality of genome DNA when being extracted or being analyzed with AFLP, by researching on extracting DNA from leaves of D.hamiltonii a modified method was found to get high quality DNA in this paper, a system was also established, which was suitable for AFLP method to analyze the level and change of intra-specific genetic diversity.
2. A total of 53 individuals from 8 populations in India, Vietnam and Xishuanbanna and Puer, China, were detected by eight pairs of AFLP primers, which were chosen from 64 pairs of primers. These primers generated a total of 1,728 bands, of which 1080 bands were polymorphic. The results revealed a high level of genetic diversity. At species level, the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) was 62.55 %, the effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) was 1.2056, Nei’s genediversuty (H) was 0.158, and the Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.1031, respectively. At the population level, the estimates for the population PPL = 20.08 %, H=0.069, I=0.2455, Na =1.6255 and Ne =1.2056. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gst) was 0.5862, this means 58.62 % genetic variation that occurred between populations. The gene flow (Nm) was 0.3529. These showed that the genetic diversity of Chrysanthemum is abundant; the genetic diversity of D.hamiltonii at the species level is higher than that at the population level, and the genetic differentiation among the population is very apparent.
3. Thought cluster analyses by UPGMA showed that 53 D. hamiltonii cultivars could be divided into five groups where the genetic distance was 0.88. It was consistent with the morphologic classification based on petal type on the whole. Their origin was correlated with the cluster results to a certain extent. The India subpopulations were all divided into the same subdivision, Vietnam subpopulations as same as India; and the Menghai’s subpopulation, Jinghong’s subpopulation were divided into the Lancang-Menglian of Puer’s population; the other subpopulation of Puer subpopulation was divided into Mengla’s population. There was a possible correlation between genetic variance and habitat differences, genetic Identity and Genetic Distance between populations were estimated, and the results indicated that there was no correlation between geography distance and the genetic distance (r=0.227<0.7,P<0.05), and the genetic relationship between India population, Vietnam population and Chinese population was very close.
4. D. hamiltonii shoot protein contained seventeen amino acids,of which 9 was essential amino acids.The total of amino acids (TAA) was 185.8 g.kg~(-1), essential amino acids (EAA) ,semi essential amino acids (SEAA) and the nonessentia1 amino acids (NEAA) was 185.8, 74.0, 15.8 and 111.8 g.kg~(-1),respectively, the EAA of D. hamiltonii shoot meet the standard of protein pattern recommended by FAO. N, P and K from shoot base to tip increased by 2.26, 2.11 and 1.45 times respectively. Nutrition concentration, including total soluble sugar, rough fibre decreased from shoot base to tip, but rough albumen increased. Total amino acids, necessary amino acids, semi-necessary amino acids from shoot base to tip gradually increased by 1.40, 1.43 and 1.385 times respectively, the change from tip to middle was little, while from middle to base was heavy .
5. Young bamboo followed the growth the law of "slow-fast-slow", which lasting about 105 days. The findings during the observation for 50 days’indicated that the growth rate at night was 1.817 times than during the day, but after constant raining its growth rate change was small. Temperature and humidity were the key factors which affected the shoot to young bamboo.
6. Researches on bamboo density and age structure showed that the shoot yield, bamboo number, individual weight, average diameter were correlated with bamboo density and age structure by regressive equation .The yield and quantity of shoot increased by the density of bamboo and the quantity of one-year-old bamboo increased. So we could forecast the yield will reach 13591.48 kg.hm~(-2) and economic profit will be 17668.92 yuan.hm~(-2), while the plantation density of bamboo is 284-409 cluster.hm~(-2), the structure of cluster is 6-9 cluters~(-1) and the ratio of one-year-old bamboo and 2-3 years old bamboo is 2: 1.
7. The results from the experiment showed that nutrients of the shoot increased significantly with fertilizer application, the four kinds of fertilizer treatment play a good part in increasing N, P, K, protein, rough fiber and the protein water hydrolyzed amino acids, and advancing the bamboo shoots time, improving the amount and output of economic shoots, increasing economic value. While different fertilizer treatment influenced the yield and the quality of shoot , in inorganic fertilizer treatment ,N and protein content was the highest; in reunited fertilizer treatment, the amount of P, amino acids and the needed amino acids was the highest ; in the organism fertilizer treatment ,the sum of K,rough fiber, the half-needed amino acids was the highest; the sum of sugar of CK was distinctly higher than that in the fertilizer treatment. The influence of these four treatments on N, P, K content was discrepant in different shoot periods. On initial stage N, P, K was distinctly higher in fertilizer treatment than that of in CK, especially in the chemical treatment, the mixed fertilization of carbamide and compound fertilizer with 999.0 kg.hm~(-2) and livestock fertilizer with 3330 kg.hm~(-2) was the best fertilizer treatment; it improved the amount and output of shoots, increased the economic value.
8. Containing bamboo stem earlier, the yield and quantity of shoot reduced distinctively, which decreased by 26.90 % and 47.48 % compared June with October. Containing bamboo stem at August, the weight of individual shoot was the heaviest, which was 1.46 kg, but the lightest at October, which was only 1.17 kg. One-year-old bamboo stem contained at August was the largest, the average diameter at breast height reached 7.91 cm, but only 6.55 cm at October. So it showed that contain bamboo stem at September could not only improve the amount and output of bamboo shoots of the year, but also ensure the amount and quality of growing bamboo that assure the amount and output of bamboo shoots next year.
9. Height of earthed up effected the growth time of bamboo shoot underground. When the height reached l0 cm, bamboo shoot had good figure, high quality, large quantity and high price, but low inclusion quality. When the height was 0 cm only, bamboo shoot had low quality and bad figure, but high inclusion quality.
10. Three soil cultivation treatments of fertilization were adopted, which were strip plough, overall plough and control plough, it showed that strip plough treatment was the best, which could bring the biggest profits, the income was 17,645 yuan.hm~(-2), the net profit was 3695 yuan.hm~(-2), the ratio of output to devotion was 1.26. So, strip plough can be widely used in production practices, it will not only increase the yield of bamboo shoots and economic value, but also reduce water loss,soil erosion and surface runoff, improve soil conditions and protect ecological environment.
引文
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