超（特）高压输电线路电流差动保护的研究
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摘要
随着电力系统的发展,超高压和特高压线路逐渐出现和增多,对继电保护装置性能提出了更高的要求。针对目前超高压和特高压线路保护中存在的问题,论文在以下几个方面开展了深入的研究:
论文基于电容电流稳态补偿和暂态补偿法,提出适合于TV断线或通道容量受限某侧电压无法获取的单端电压补偿方案,并将补偿方法从双端线路扩展到T接分支线路。对两种模型的仿真表明:稳态补偿法和暂态补偿法都能有效补偿稳态电容电流,但区外故障、空充合闸等暂态过程中电容电流频率成分复杂,两种方法均只能补偿部分暂态电容电流,无法完全消除电容电流对差动保护的影响。
论文基于行波基本特性和行波差动保护原理,提出4种行波差流的构成方案,并深入分析了区内故障时各自的灵敏性和动作速度,以寻求适合于不同条件的最优方案;对于实际三相线路,解耦变换得到的分相动作判据能实现保护选相跳闸。
线路无故障时行波差流值理论上为零,但在实用时由于受数据插值误差、同步对时误差、线路模型误差、波速不一致性、线路参数不确定性以及CVT暂态噪声等因素的影响,会产生一定的不平衡差流。论文从上述6方面着手,在理论上深刻剖析了不平衡差流来源及各自影响因素,从而得出一些重要的结论,为行波差动保护的应用奠定基础。
论文在行波不平衡差流分析的基础上,研究提出一种行波差动保护实用方案及其具体的实现技术。该方案引入比例制动判据,采用滤波算法消除暂态高频分量的影响,并采取措施消除波速不一致和测量误差等的影响,可在现有光纤通道基础上实现,能有效防止区外故障、线路空充时误动,区内故障时能快速灵敏动作,有很强的选相跳闸能力。
随着电力系统的发展,一些特殊结构的输电线路如带并联电抗器线路、T接线路、带串补线路、同杆双回线等应用日益广泛。当行波差动保护应用于这些特殊线路时会面临一些新的问题。为此,论文基于这些特殊线路各自的模型分别研究推导出合理准确的行波差流定义式,同时结合所提的实用方案及技术,实现了行波差动保护在这些特殊线路中的应用。
特高压线路空充暂态电流大且衰减缓慢,电流差动保护按此整定的门槛值较高,为此论文研究了一种空载合闸于故障保护来作为电流差动保护的辅助保护。论文基于线路空载合闸的暂态特性及其对传统合闸于故障保护的影响,通过分析合闸于正常线路和故障线路时保护安装处测量阻抗角的不同,以及两种情况下电流谐波噪声水平的差异,提出了一种适用于超(特)高压线路空载合闸于故障保护的新方案。大量的仿真计算表明,该方案能快速准确地识别线路正常或故障状态,且灵敏度很高。
As the development of the power system, the EHV and UHV transmission line are appeared and increased rapidly, which elevates the performance requirements of the protective relay equipments. Currently the micro-computer based protection devices are widely used in EHV/UHV lines, the effect are good as whole, but some limitations are also emerged through long-term practical operations. In order to solve these problems, comprehensive and systematic researches are discussed in this thesis.
Based on the capacitance current steady-state compensation and time domain transient compensation, the compensation scheme using single-terminal voltage is described in this thesis in view of TV wire-break or capacity limitation of communication channel. Since teed lines are increased, the compensation method suitable for teed lines is also presented. Large numbers of simulation results for two topology lines show that the steady-state capacitance current could be calculated well in two kinds of compensation method, however, the transient capacitance current is difficult to compensate fully. Therefore, the traveling-wave differential relay is proposed for its immune to capacitance current.
4 kinds of differential current expressions are presented in this thesis based on the basic characteristics of traveling-wave and principle of traveling-wave differential protection. Further more, in order to seek the optimal differential current expression in different conditions, the sensitivity and operation speed for in-zone fault are compared and analyzed respectively. With respect to actual three-phase line, the fault phase selected trip could be realized by split-phase criterion from decoupling transformation.
Traveling-wave differential protection possesses a special advantage in EHV/UHV transmission line protection. However, unbalanced differential current is brought under normal conditions due to the interpolated truncation error, the data synchronization error, the line resistance model error, the unequal traveling speed between earth sequence and spatial sequence, the uncertainty of line parameters and the transient noise of capacitor voltage transformer(CVT). These causations of unbalanced differential current afore-cited are analyzed theoretically and detailedly, and then draw some important conclusions, which provide a good foundation for the application of traveling-wave differential relay.
Referring to the conventional current differential protection, an applied scheme and its specific implementation technique for traveling-wave differential protection are presented in this thesis. Theoretical research and simulation study show that the relay scheme operates sensitively, rapidly and selectively, and possesses a good capacity for application.
Several specific transmission lines such as lines with shunt reactors, teed lines, lines with series compensated capacitor and double-circuit parallel line on the same pole are widely used in the power system. When applying traveling-wave differential protection to these particular transmission lines, it will confront with some new problems. Based on ilka equivalent model, alternative forms of the differential current expressions suitable for each specific transmission line are described in this thesis which makes it possible to apply such schemes to the protection of such lines.
The rapidity of conventional switching into fault protection is decelerated heavily because of the serious transient of unloaded switching in EHV/UHV transmission lines. Based on analyzing the difference of the measurement impedance angle between switching into normal and fault state, comparing the level of harmonic noise under the two conditions, the thesis presents a novel scheme of unloaded switching into fault protection which is assisted by speedy distance relay with diviation characteristic. Theoretical analysis and simulation shows that the scheme can distinguish fault state from normal line quickly and accurately. Accordingly it possesses a good engineering application prospect for its sensitivity and rapidity.
论文基于电容电流稳态补偿和暂态补偿法,提出适合于TV断线或通道容量受限某侧电压无法获取的单端电压补偿方案,并将补偿方法从双端线路扩展到T接分支线路。对两种模型的仿真表明:稳态补偿法和暂态补偿法都能有效补偿稳态电容电流,但区外故障、空充合闸等暂态过程中电容电流频率成分复杂,两种方法均只能补偿部分暂态电容电流,无法完全消除电容电流对差动保护的影响。
论文基于行波基本特性和行波差动保护原理,提出4种行波差流的构成方案,并深入分析了区内故障时各自的灵敏性和动作速度,以寻求适合于不同条件的最优方案;对于实际三相线路,解耦变换得到的分相动作判据能实现保护选相跳闸。
线路无故障时行波差流值理论上为零,但在实用时由于受数据插值误差、同步对时误差、线路模型误差、波速不一致性、线路参数不确定性以及CVT暂态噪声等因素的影响,会产生一定的不平衡差流。论文从上述6方面着手,在理论上深刻剖析了不平衡差流来源及各自影响因素,从而得出一些重要的结论,为行波差动保护的应用奠定基础。
论文在行波不平衡差流分析的基础上,研究提出一种行波差动保护实用方案及其具体的实现技术。该方案引入比例制动判据,采用滤波算法消除暂态高频分量的影响,并采取措施消除波速不一致和测量误差等的影响,可在现有光纤通道基础上实现,能有效防止区外故障、线路空充时误动,区内故障时能快速灵敏动作,有很强的选相跳闸能力。
随着电力系统的发展,一些特殊结构的输电线路如带并联电抗器线路、T接线路、带串补线路、同杆双回线等应用日益广泛。当行波差动保护应用于这些特殊线路时会面临一些新的问题。为此,论文基于这些特殊线路各自的模型分别研究推导出合理准确的行波差流定义式,同时结合所提的实用方案及技术,实现了行波差动保护在这些特殊线路中的应用。
特高压线路空充暂态电流大且衰减缓慢,电流差动保护按此整定的门槛值较高,为此论文研究了一种空载合闸于故障保护来作为电流差动保护的辅助保护。论文基于线路空载合闸的暂态特性及其对传统合闸于故障保护的影响,通过分析合闸于正常线路和故障线路时保护安装处测量阻抗角的不同,以及两种情况下电流谐波噪声水平的差异,提出了一种适用于超(特)高压线路空载合闸于故障保护的新方案。大量的仿真计算表明,该方案能快速准确地识别线路正常或故障状态,且灵敏度很高。
As the development of the power system, the EHV and UHV transmission line are appeared and increased rapidly, which elevates the performance requirements of the protective relay equipments. Currently the micro-computer based protection devices are widely used in EHV/UHV lines, the effect are good as whole, but some limitations are also emerged through long-term practical operations. In order to solve these problems, comprehensive and systematic researches are discussed in this thesis.
Based on the capacitance current steady-state compensation and time domain transient compensation, the compensation scheme using single-terminal voltage is described in this thesis in view of TV wire-break or capacity limitation of communication channel. Since teed lines are increased, the compensation method suitable for teed lines is also presented. Large numbers of simulation results for two topology lines show that the steady-state capacitance current could be calculated well in two kinds of compensation method, however, the transient capacitance current is difficult to compensate fully. Therefore, the traveling-wave differential relay is proposed for its immune to capacitance current.
4 kinds of differential current expressions are presented in this thesis based on the basic characteristics of traveling-wave and principle of traveling-wave differential protection. Further more, in order to seek the optimal differential current expression in different conditions, the sensitivity and operation speed for in-zone fault are compared and analyzed respectively. With respect to actual three-phase line, the fault phase selected trip could be realized by split-phase criterion from decoupling transformation.
Traveling-wave differential protection possesses a special advantage in EHV/UHV transmission line protection. However, unbalanced differential current is brought under normal conditions due to the interpolated truncation error, the data synchronization error, the line resistance model error, the unequal traveling speed between earth sequence and spatial sequence, the uncertainty of line parameters and the transient noise of capacitor voltage transformer(CVT). These causations of unbalanced differential current afore-cited are analyzed theoretically and detailedly, and then draw some important conclusions, which provide a good foundation for the application of traveling-wave differential relay.
Referring to the conventional current differential protection, an applied scheme and its specific implementation technique for traveling-wave differential protection are presented in this thesis. Theoretical research and simulation study show that the relay scheme operates sensitively, rapidly and selectively, and possesses a good capacity for application.
Several specific transmission lines such as lines with shunt reactors, teed lines, lines with series compensated capacitor and double-circuit parallel line on the same pole are widely used in the power system. When applying traveling-wave differential protection to these particular transmission lines, it will confront with some new problems. Based on ilka equivalent model, alternative forms of the differential current expressions suitable for each specific transmission line are described in this thesis which makes it possible to apply such schemes to the protection of such lines.
The rapidity of conventional switching into fault protection is decelerated heavily because of the serious transient of unloaded switching in EHV/UHV transmission lines. Based on analyzing the difference of the measurement impedance angle between switching into normal and fault state, comparing the level of harmonic noise under the two conditions, the thesis presents a novel scheme of unloaded switching into fault protection which is assisted by speedy distance relay with diviation characteristic. Theoretical analysis and simulation shows that the scheme can distinguish fault state from normal line quickly and accurately. Accordingly it possesses a good engineering application prospect for its sensitivity and rapidity.
引文
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