无线mesh网络中覆盖多播流分发研究
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摘要
下一代无线通信网络的设计目标是灵活方便地为用户提供互联网接入和有服务质量保障的多媒体宽带业务,无线mesh网络正是为此目的而产生的一种能够提供更大范围的无线接入新技术。与此同时,各种业务应运而生,如何有效支持以视频点播、移动学习等为代表的实时多媒体业务是无线mesh网络面临的挑战。而且这些业务对多播技术有强烈需求,因此促使本论文将覆盖多播与无线mesh网络相结合,把提高无线mesh网络中多播流的分发质量作为研究目标。
覆盖多播是在应用层实现多播功能,但多播流的分发质量与底层网络的拓扑结构、接入控制机制、路由等有关。而传统的分层协议架构向上屏蔽了这些因素,各层之间缺乏及时的信息交互,若采用传统的分层协议设计将会导致无线mesh网络性能的下降。为此,不少学者采用“优化理论”和“上层从底层获取信息的跨层设计”的方法,但这些方法缺乏对网络全局优化模型的指导。基于此,本论文采用网络效用最大化(Network Utility Maximization,简称NUM)的方法来研究无线mesh网络的跨层设计,提出了基于效用函数模型的多播流分发过程中的时延控制、功率控制以及链路强度控制等分布式优化算法。
论文首先对无线mesh网络和覆盖多播技术的应用背景、研究现状进行了综述,并归纳了面临的关键问题,分析了利用网络效用最大化架构进行跨层设计的意义。在此基础上,从以下几个方面开展了研究工作:
第一,针对多播流在无线mesh网络中进行分发时面临的时延问题,提出了一种联合拥塞控制和信道接入控制的跨层优化算法。通过联合优化调整多播流的速率和无线链路的信道接入概率,减少链路拥塞和冲突的发生,从而降低多播流的分发时延。并将此问题建模为网络效用最大化问题,采用基于效用的定价机制,通过拉格朗日对偶分解获得一个基于价格的分布式算法,以该分布式算法为核心进行链路的信道接入竞争控制和拥塞控制。
第二,为了减少链路间的相互干扰,提高多播流的分发质量,提出了将多播流分发过程中所经链路的功率消耗引入到网络效用最大化架构中,实现净效用最大化。并将此问题抽象成一个非线性优化问题,通过对偶技术将此非线性优化问题分解成若干个可分布式求解的子问题,这些子问题分别对应于传输层的流量控制和物理层的功率控制。通过联合控制,实现在链路消耗功率最小的情况下,获得最佳的多播流分发速率,从而使整个网络的性能趋于最优。
第三,由于覆盖多播是在应用层主机上完成多播流的复制,这就不可避免地会造成链路强度问题。链路强度大,不仅浪费链路的带宽,而且容易导致在一些链路上产生拥塞现象。为此,提出了一种跨层设计的方法来联合优化调整链路的强度。通过引入价格竞争机制,每条链路根据自身强度的大小合理定价,同时转发多播流的节点确定转发价格,每个多播流依据链路的强度价格和转发价格决定其速率大小和转发方向,从而实现链路强度控制。
以上研究工作得到了国家自然科学基金项目“无线mesh网交互式流媒体分发研究”(项目编号:60773193)和“基于网络效用最大化的无线传感器网络研究”(项目编号:60772088)的资助。
The target of next generation wireless communication networks is to provide users with Intemet access and QoS-guaranteed multimedia service broadband connection in a flexible manner.Wireless Mesh Networks(WMNs),which efficiently extends the coverage of wireless access networks,is introduced for this purpose.However,to develop various applications,WMNs faces challenges on how to deliver efficiently real-time mlticast-demanding applications,such as demand of video,mobile e-learning etc.This dissertation is focus on how to improve the quality of flows delivery and the throughput of WMNs by combining overlay multicast with wireless mesh networks.
Although overlay multicast is designed to carry out multicast in the application layer, many factors in other layers also affect the quality of delivery flows,such as physical topology,access control,routing etc.The conventional layered-protocol architecture screens those factors upward and lacks interaction between different protocol layers. WMNs will have a poor performance if the conventional layered protocol design methods and algorithms are employed.Thus,the methods of "optimization principle" and "cross-layer design method that up-layers achieve information from bottom-layers" are investigated in the literatures.However,these methods.usually lack the guidance of global optimization.In this dissertation,the cross-layer design using Network Utility Maximization(NUM) in WMNs and a distributing optimization algorithm based on utility to control delay,power consumption,link stress which take place in the process of delivery flows,are presented.
In this dissertation,the background,and key issues of WMNs and overlay multicast are introduced.The necessity of Network Utility Maximization for the cross-layer design in WMNs is analyzed.The major works are as follows:
Firstly,an approach for carrying out cross-layer design by joining congestion control and contention control aiming at end-to-end delay of the multicast flows in WMNs is proposed.It utilizes the network utility maximization framework to tackle this problem, by combining optimization flow rate allocation and channel access probabilities of links to decrease congestion and confliction so that the end-to-end delay of the delivery multicast flows in WMNs is decreased.Then,a distributed algorithm based on pricing scheme by using Lagrange dual decomposition technique for contention control and congestion control is presented.
Secondly,to decrease mutual interference between links and improve the quality of flows delivery,the idea of net utility maximization is proposed by introducing the power consumption of links along flow's routing path to the NUM.The optimal design of WMNs is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem.By using the dual decomposition method,the primal nonlinear problem is separated into several sub-problems which correspond to a protocol layer in the traditional network respectively.Based on this,the distributed power control and flows rate adjusting algorithm are designed to improve network performance by minimizing power consumption of the links and optimizing the rate of flows.
Thirdly,in the application of overlay multicast,due to duplication of the data flows at end host,the problem of link stress is inevitable.When the link stress increases,this will introduce the issue of congestion and consume more network bandwidth.In this dissertation,an approach to combine optimizing rate allocation of flows and stress of delivering data flow links along flow's routing path,is proposed by a pricing scheme,in which each link adjusts its stress price according to the traffic load and each flow in turn collects the stress prices of all links along its routing path and calculates the overall network price.Basing on this,it adjusts the streaming rate and forward path.
The works in this dissertation have been supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China program "Research on interactive media streaming distrioution technologies in wireless mesh network"(No.60773193) and the Natural Science Foundation of China program "Research on Wireless Sensor Networks based on Network Utility Maximization"(No.60772088).
覆盖多播是在应用层实现多播功能,但多播流的分发质量与底层网络的拓扑结构、接入控制机制、路由等有关。而传统的分层协议架构向上屏蔽了这些因素,各层之间缺乏及时的信息交互,若采用传统的分层协议设计将会导致无线mesh网络性能的下降。为此,不少学者采用“优化理论”和“上层从底层获取信息的跨层设计”的方法,但这些方法缺乏对网络全局优化模型的指导。基于此,本论文采用网络效用最大化(Network Utility Maximization,简称NUM)的方法来研究无线mesh网络的跨层设计,提出了基于效用函数模型的多播流分发过程中的时延控制、功率控制以及链路强度控制等分布式优化算法。
论文首先对无线mesh网络和覆盖多播技术的应用背景、研究现状进行了综述,并归纳了面临的关键问题,分析了利用网络效用最大化架构进行跨层设计的意义。在此基础上,从以下几个方面开展了研究工作:
第一,针对多播流在无线mesh网络中进行分发时面临的时延问题,提出了一种联合拥塞控制和信道接入控制的跨层优化算法。通过联合优化调整多播流的速率和无线链路的信道接入概率,减少链路拥塞和冲突的发生,从而降低多播流的分发时延。并将此问题建模为网络效用最大化问题,采用基于效用的定价机制,通过拉格朗日对偶分解获得一个基于价格的分布式算法,以该分布式算法为核心进行链路的信道接入竞争控制和拥塞控制。
第二,为了减少链路间的相互干扰,提高多播流的分发质量,提出了将多播流分发过程中所经链路的功率消耗引入到网络效用最大化架构中,实现净效用最大化。并将此问题抽象成一个非线性优化问题,通过对偶技术将此非线性优化问题分解成若干个可分布式求解的子问题,这些子问题分别对应于传输层的流量控制和物理层的功率控制。通过联合控制,实现在链路消耗功率最小的情况下,获得最佳的多播流分发速率,从而使整个网络的性能趋于最优。
第三,由于覆盖多播是在应用层主机上完成多播流的复制,这就不可避免地会造成链路强度问题。链路强度大,不仅浪费链路的带宽,而且容易导致在一些链路上产生拥塞现象。为此,提出了一种跨层设计的方法来联合优化调整链路的强度。通过引入价格竞争机制,每条链路根据自身强度的大小合理定价,同时转发多播流的节点确定转发价格,每个多播流依据链路的强度价格和转发价格决定其速率大小和转发方向,从而实现链路强度控制。
以上研究工作得到了国家自然科学基金项目“无线mesh网交互式流媒体分发研究”(项目编号:60773193)和“基于网络效用最大化的无线传感器网络研究”(项目编号:60772088)的资助。
The target of next generation wireless communication networks is to provide users with Intemet access and QoS-guaranteed multimedia service broadband connection in a flexible manner.Wireless Mesh Networks(WMNs),which efficiently extends the coverage of wireless access networks,is introduced for this purpose.However,to develop various applications,WMNs faces challenges on how to deliver efficiently real-time mlticast-demanding applications,such as demand of video,mobile e-learning etc.This dissertation is focus on how to improve the quality of flows delivery and the throughput of WMNs by combining overlay multicast with wireless mesh networks.
Although overlay multicast is designed to carry out multicast in the application layer, many factors in other layers also affect the quality of delivery flows,such as physical topology,access control,routing etc.The conventional layered-protocol architecture screens those factors upward and lacks interaction between different protocol layers. WMNs will have a poor performance if the conventional layered protocol design methods and algorithms are employed.Thus,the methods of "optimization principle" and "cross-layer design method that up-layers achieve information from bottom-layers" are investigated in the literatures.However,these methods.usually lack the guidance of global optimization.In this dissertation,the cross-layer design using Network Utility Maximization(NUM) in WMNs and a distributing optimization algorithm based on utility to control delay,power consumption,link stress which take place in the process of delivery flows,are presented.
In this dissertation,the background,and key issues of WMNs and overlay multicast are introduced.The necessity of Network Utility Maximization for the cross-layer design in WMNs is analyzed.The major works are as follows:
Firstly,an approach for carrying out cross-layer design by joining congestion control and contention control aiming at end-to-end delay of the multicast flows in WMNs is proposed.It utilizes the network utility maximization framework to tackle this problem, by combining optimization flow rate allocation and channel access probabilities of links to decrease congestion and confliction so that the end-to-end delay of the delivery multicast flows in WMNs is decreased.Then,a distributed algorithm based on pricing scheme by using Lagrange dual decomposition technique for contention control and congestion control is presented.
Secondly,to decrease mutual interference between links and improve the quality of flows delivery,the idea of net utility maximization is proposed by introducing the power consumption of links along flow's routing path to the NUM.The optimal design of WMNs is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem.By using the dual decomposition method,the primal nonlinear problem is separated into several sub-problems which correspond to a protocol layer in the traditional network respectively.Based on this,the distributed power control and flows rate adjusting algorithm are designed to improve network performance by minimizing power consumption of the links and optimizing the rate of flows.
Thirdly,in the application of overlay multicast,due to duplication of the data flows at end host,the problem of link stress is inevitable.When the link stress increases,this will introduce the issue of congestion and consume more network bandwidth.In this dissertation,an approach to combine optimizing rate allocation of flows and stress of delivering data flow links along flow's routing path,is proposed by a pricing scheme,in which each link adjusts its stress price according to the traffic load and each flow in turn collects the stress prices of all links along its routing path and calculates the overall network price.Basing on this,it adjusts the streaming rate and forward path.
The works in this dissertation have been supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China program "Research on interactive media streaming distrioution technologies in wireless mesh network"(No.60773193) and the Natural Science Foundation of China program "Research on Wireless Sensor Networks based on Network Utility Maximization"(No.60772088).
引文
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