多孔介质内预混气体燃烧的实验和数值研究
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摘要
多孔介质内气体预混燃烧是一种新型的燃烧技术。通过气固体间的热交换可以实现超绝热火焰温度,极大地提高燃烧稳定性,显著地拓宽燃烧贫富燃极限,有效地控制污染物排放。研究多孔介质燃烧机理和火焰特性,有助于设计开发多孔介质燃烧器。本文通过实验测量和数值模拟相结合,对多孔介质燃烧特性进行了研究,并对多孔介质燃烧的应用进行了实验研究。
设计并搭建了多孔介质燃烧器,对单层惰性堆积床中的丙烷/空气预混气燃烧进行了实验研究,分析了单层堆积床内不同工作条件对火焰结构、燃烧稳定性的影响;同时对非稳态过程的燃烧波传播进行了简单的观测和分析。采用一维模型,考虑气、固之间的对流换热和气相的弥散效应,采用详细的化学反应机理和双通量辐射传递方程,对多孔介质燃烧进行数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,多孔介质燃烧能够实现超绝热火焰温度,提高火焰传播速度,减少污染物(CO,CO2)的排放。
对双层多孔介质燃烧器内的贫燃料燃烧进行了实验和数值研究。分析了双层多孔介质燃烧的火焰结构、火焰稳定性能、污染物排放及燃烧器出口对外辐射性能。结果表明,双层多孔介质燃烧器具有很宽的火焰稳定范围;通过控制火焰位置可以控制出口辐射输出,而实现贫燃料低流速燃烧是提高表面辐射效率的有效途径。
对双层多孔介质内甲烷/空气富燃料燃烧进行了一维数值模拟。结果表明,多孔介质内的富燃料燃烧同样可以实现超绝热火焰温度,燃烧产物中H2含量很高,验证了富燃制氢的可行性。H2的转化效率强烈依赖于预混气的当量比,选择合适的当量比是提高转化效率的关键。
利用商业软件FLUENT6.2结合用户自定义标量和用户自定义函数,采用二维稳态模型和简单化学反应机理,对堆积床内丙烷/空气预混燃烧进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,由于壁面粘性和壁面散热的影响,多孔介质燃烧的火焰结构、密度分布和速度分布等都呈现明显的二维结构。所以在实际的燃烧器设计中应考虑壁面带来的影响。
设计并搭建了带回热-换热装置的多孔介质燃烧器。实验研究了回热对燃烧温度、贫燃料燃烧极限和污染物排放的影响。结果表明,回热效果可以有效地提高燃烧温度,并拓宽贫燃料极限,在来流预混气速度等于42cm/s时,实现了丙烷/空气当量比为0.31的贫燃料燃烧。同时在燃烧器的整体热效率在当量比0.67时可以达到42%。
对小尺度的多孔介质燃烧器进行了研究。在小型燃烧室(内径2cm、长2cm的圆柱形腔体)组织多孔介质燃烧,可以在较宽的当量比范围内稳定点燃和稳定燃烧。实验测量了温度和压力等参数;将燃烧室与渐缩喷管结构相结合,获得了稳定的微推力,验证了小型多孔介质燃烧推进器的可行性。
Combustion of premixed gases in porous media is a novel combustion technology. Heat exchanged between solid matrix and gases, resulting in superadiabatic combustion temperature, which greatly improved combustion stability, significantly broaden the flammabilities, and effectively controlled pollution emissions. Studying of combustion mechanism and flame characteristics in porous media can be contributed to the design and development of porous media burners. In this paper, the combustion characteristics in porous media were studied by both experimental measurements and numerical simulation.
The experimental facility was designed and set up to research propane/air premixed combustion in an inert packed bed. The effects of different operation conditions on flame structures and combustion stabilities were experimented. The un-stabilized combustion wave propagation was simply investigated and analyzed. The numerical simulation of the combustion in porous media used one-dimension steady laminar reacting model with the interphase convective heat change and dispersion effects, the detailed mechanism and two-flux radiative transfer equation. The experimental and simulation results showed that combustion in porous media can achieve superadiabatic combustion temperature, improve flame speed and reduce pollution emissions.
Combustion in two-layer porous media burner was studied experimentally and numerically. The flame structure, the flame propagation and stability, the emissions and the radiative output efficiency burner were analyzed. The results have shown that two-layer porous media burner has broader lean flammabilities. The radiative output efficiency can be influenced by controlling the flame position, and lean-fuel low-velocity combustion can effectively improve the radiative output efficiency.
Rich combustion of methane/air in two-layer porous media burner was simulated using one-dimension model. It was concluded that, rich combustion in porous media can also achieve superadiabatic temperature. H_2 product is quite rich after combustion, so rich combustion can be used to hydrogen production. H_2 conversion efficiency is strongly dependent on the equivalence ratio, when suitable equivalence ratio is the key to improve conversion efficiency.
CFD software FLUENT 6.2 was used to simulation propane/air premixed combustion in packed bed with user-defined scalars and user-defined functions. Two-dimensional stabilized model and simple reaction mechanism were adopted. It is concluded that, because of the wall viscosity and wall heat loss, the flame structure, velocity and density et al in porous medium presents a 2D structure obviously, so it is significant to consider the effects of wall in actual porous medium burner designing.
Porous media burner with heat regenerator and heat exchanger was designed and set up. The effects of heat regenerator on combustion temperature, lean limit and pollution emission were experimentally studied. The results have shown that, heat recycle can effectively improve combustion temperature, broad lean limit. A lean limit of propane/air combustion with the equivalence ratio of 0.31 was achieved when flow speed was 42cm/s. And the burner thermal efficiency achieved 42% at the equivalence ratio of 0.67.
Mini-burner with porous media was studied. Porous media combustion was organized in a 2 cm diameter and 2 cm long cylindrical cavity, which has broadly ignition and combustion ranges. Parameters were measured such as temperatures and pressures. A stable micro-thrust was achieved when the burner was combined with a mini-nozzle.
设计并搭建了多孔介质燃烧器,对单层惰性堆积床中的丙烷/空气预混气燃烧进行了实验研究,分析了单层堆积床内不同工作条件对火焰结构、燃烧稳定性的影响;同时对非稳态过程的燃烧波传播进行了简单的观测和分析。采用一维模型,考虑气、固之间的对流换热和气相的弥散效应,采用详细的化学反应机理和双通量辐射传递方程,对多孔介质燃烧进行数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,多孔介质燃烧能够实现超绝热火焰温度,提高火焰传播速度,减少污染物(CO,CO2)的排放。
对双层多孔介质燃烧器内的贫燃料燃烧进行了实验和数值研究。分析了双层多孔介质燃烧的火焰结构、火焰稳定性能、污染物排放及燃烧器出口对外辐射性能。结果表明,双层多孔介质燃烧器具有很宽的火焰稳定范围;通过控制火焰位置可以控制出口辐射输出,而实现贫燃料低流速燃烧是提高表面辐射效率的有效途径。
对双层多孔介质内甲烷/空气富燃料燃烧进行了一维数值模拟。结果表明,多孔介质内的富燃料燃烧同样可以实现超绝热火焰温度,燃烧产物中H2含量很高,验证了富燃制氢的可行性。H2的转化效率强烈依赖于预混气的当量比,选择合适的当量比是提高转化效率的关键。
利用商业软件FLUENT6.2结合用户自定义标量和用户自定义函数,采用二维稳态模型和简单化学反应机理,对堆积床内丙烷/空气预混燃烧进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,由于壁面粘性和壁面散热的影响,多孔介质燃烧的火焰结构、密度分布和速度分布等都呈现明显的二维结构。所以在实际的燃烧器设计中应考虑壁面带来的影响。
设计并搭建了带回热-换热装置的多孔介质燃烧器。实验研究了回热对燃烧温度、贫燃料燃烧极限和污染物排放的影响。结果表明,回热效果可以有效地提高燃烧温度,并拓宽贫燃料极限,在来流预混气速度等于42cm/s时,实现了丙烷/空气当量比为0.31的贫燃料燃烧。同时在燃烧器的整体热效率在当量比0.67时可以达到42%。
对小尺度的多孔介质燃烧器进行了研究。在小型燃烧室(内径2cm、长2cm的圆柱形腔体)组织多孔介质燃烧,可以在较宽的当量比范围内稳定点燃和稳定燃烧。实验测量了温度和压力等参数;将燃烧室与渐缩喷管结构相结合,获得了稳定的微推力,验证了小型多孔介质燃烧推进器的可行性。
Combustion of premixed gases in porous media is a novel combustion technology. Heat exchanged between solid matrix and gases, resulting in superadiabatic combustion temperature, which greatly improved combustion stability, significantly broaden the flammabilities, and effectively controlled pollution emissions. Studying of combustion mechanism and flame characteristics in porous media can be contributed to the design and development of porous media burners. In this paper, the combustion characteristics in porous media were studied by both experimental measurements and numerical simulation.
The experimental facility was designed and set up to research propane/air premixed combustion in an inert packed bed. The effects of different operation conditions on flame structures and combustion stabilities were experimented. The un-stabilized combustion wave propagation was simply investigated and analyzed. The numerical simulation of the combustion in porous media used one-dimension steady laminar reacting model with the interphase convective heat change and dispersion effects, the detailed mechanism and two-flux radiative transfer equation. The experimental and simulation results showed that combustion in porous media can achieve superadiabatic combustion temperature, improve flame speed and reduce pollution emissions.
Combustion in two-layer porous media burner was studied experimentally and numerically. The flame structure, the flame propagation and stability, the emissions and the radiative output efficiency burner were analyzed. The results have shown that two-layer porous media burner has broader lean flammabilities. The radiative output efficiency can be influenced by controlling the flame position, and lean-fuel low-velocity combustion can effectively improve the radiative output efficiency.
Rich combustion of methane/air in two-layer porous media burner was simulated using one-dimension model. It was concluded that, rich combustion in porous media can also achieve superadiabatic temperature. H_2 product is quite rich after combustion, so rich combustion can be used to hydrogen production. H_2 conversion efficiency is strongly dependent on the equivalence ratio, when suitable equivalence ratio is the key to improve conversion efficiency.
CFD software FLUENT 6.2 was used to simulation propane/air premixed combustion in packed bed with user-defined scalars and user-defined functions. Two-dimensional stabilized model and simple reaction mechanism were adopted. It is concluded that, because of the wall viscosity and wall heat loss, the flame structure, velocity and density et al in porous medium presents a 2D structure obviously, so it is significant to consider the effects of wall in actual porous medium burner designing.
Porous media burner with heat regenerator and heat exchanger was designed and set up. The effects of heat regenerator on combustion temperature, lean limit and pollution emission were experimentally studied. The results have shown that, heat recycle can effectively improve combustion temperature, broad lean limit. A lean limit of propane/air combustion with the equivalence ratio of 0.31 was achieved when flow speed was 42cm/s. And the burner thermal efficiency achieved 42% at the equivalence ratio of 0.67.
Mini-burner with porous media was studied. Porous media combustion was organized in a 2 cm diameter and 2 cm long cylindrical cavity, which has broadly ignition and combustion ranges. Parameters were measured such as temperatures and pressures. A stable micro-thrust was achieved when the burner was combined with a mini-nozzle.
引文
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