聚丙烯/聚苯乙烯共混物相结构形成演变及其动力学研究
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摘要
本文利用小角激光光散射和在线取样-显微分析的方法研究了聚丙烯/聚苯乙烯(PP/PS)共混体系相分散以及相归并过程中相形成、相形态及其演变规律,对相应的机理和动力学作了分析,并测试了材料的力学性能。对在线所取样品的电镜显微照片进行了数字化处理从而计算相应的结构参数-粒径及其分布宽度,并在此基础之上讨论了分散相粒径及其分布与体系组成、加工时间以及相容剂含量的关系。根据Debye-Bueche和Mie散射理论,利用光散射处理软件对光散射在线采集数据进行了分析并得出表征合金体系相结构的参数:相关距离ac、积分不变量Q、分形维数Dc等并分析了各结构参数与体系组成、共混时间及相容剂含量的关系。
结果表明,在相分散过程中,相形态主要发生在共混的初期,后期处于颗粒破裂和归并的动态平衡中,粒径变化不大,继续延长时间,颗粒粒径会因彼此归并出现小幅反弹;加入相容剂能够有效地细化相结构,粒径尺寸对相容剂用量的依赖关系符合Favis曲线。在静态归并过程中,相尺寸随归并的进行相应地增加,分布宽度变大,加入相容剂能有效地减缓颗粒的归并;对粒径分布分维的计算结果表明,静态归并具有类似于旋节相分离后期的标度行为。在剪切诱导归并过程中,颗粒尺寸在归并前期大幅增加并于后期进入假稳态;颗粒尺寸对剪切应变的依赖关系受体系组成和剪切速率的双重影响。
研究了PP/PS共混体系混炼初期颗粒的破碎机理,发现分散相颗粒的破碎具有脆性破碎的特征,并在此基础上分析了分散系数与共混温度及转子转速的关系,发现分散系数与共混温度及转子转速的关系有赖于共混时段。通过将相分散过程和归并过程看作不同的生灭过程,推导了多分散性体系在分散和归并过程中尺寸演变的动力学方程,方程拟和曲线与光散射计算结果能够很好的吻合表明动力学方程是适用的,特别地,对相尺寸演变标度行为的研究结果表明:在剪切诱导归并过程中,存在不同于静态归并过程中的标度行为。
对材料力学性能的研究表明:体系的机械性能与其介观结构密切相关,对于PP/PS非相容体系,分散相颗粒更多得起到了惰性填料(或缺陷)的作用,因此,颗粒分散越均匀,性能越差;加入相容剂可有效的改善材料的性能;微观力学模型在共混聚合物的弹性模量预报上是可行的,其中Mori-Tanaka法更有效。
Small angle light scattering (SALS) and online-sampling-microscope were employed to study the morphology development of polypropylene/polystyrene blending system during the process of dispersion and coalescence. Further, the corresponding mechanism and dynamics of morphology development, as well as the mechanical properties of final products were also investigated. For SEM micrographs, a method of digital analysis was applied to these micrographs to get corresponding structure parameters-particle diameter and their distribution and subsequently, relationship between particle diameter and their distribution with blend composition, blending time and content of compatibilizer was studied. Moreover, the SALS images were digitally analyzed by means of Debye-Bueche and Mie scattering theory to obtain corresponding structure parameters describing the morphology, e.g., correlation distance ac, integral constant Q and fractal dimension Dc as well as the relationship between these parameters with blend composition, blending time and content of the compatibilizer.
The results shows that, during the phase dispersion, the main morphology development occurs in the initial stage of the mixing and approaches to a dynamic equibilium between particle breakup and coalescence in the late stage, leading to a stable and fine phase morphology. More interesting, further increase in blending time will lead to a rebound of particle size. The addition of compatibilizer will result in a decrease in particle diameter and the dependence of particle diameter on the content of compatibilizer obeys the Favis emulsification curve; during the quiescent coalescence, particle diameter and their distribution increase with the coalescence time or equivalently, the shear strain. Analysis regarding to the fractal character of particle diameter indicated that the quiescent coalescence may obeys a scaling law which is similar with that in spinodal decomposition. During the shear-induced coalescence, the particle diameter increases distinctly and attains to a quasi-stable situation, the dependence of particle diameter on the shear stain is affected by both blend composition and shear rate.
The mechanism of morphology development was studied. The results shows that in the initial stage of the mixing, the breakup of particles complies with a crisp-break rule and consequently, the development dynamics can be described by the typical dispersion parameter in the crisp-break theory. Study concerning these dispersion parameters shows that the effect of rotor speed and mixing temperature on the dispersion parameter was different at different mixing stage.
Regarding the process of phase dispersion and coalescence as different living-death process, we deduced different dynamic equations of morphology development of phase dispersion and coalescence, respectively. The simulation results by these equations are accord to our experimental results, indicating these dynamic equation s are appropriate to describe the morphology development in some respects. Especially, examination of scaling character during the shear-induced coalescence indicated that there exists another scaling behavior during the shear-induced coalescence which is different from that in spinodal decomposition.
Investigation with regard to the mechanical properties of blends shows that, the properties depend on the micro-structure of blends. For PP/PS incompatible blends, the dispersed phase often acts as inert stuff. Addition of compatibilizer can improve the mechanical properties of blends to great extent. The mechanical properties can be forecasted using corresponding micro-mechanical model among which the Mori-Tanaka is more effective.
结果表明,在相分散过程中,相形态主要发生在共混的初期,后期处于颗粒破裂和归并的动态平衡中,粒径变化不大,继续延长时间,颗粒粒径会因彼此归并出现小幅反弹;加入相容剂能够有效地细化相结构,粒径尺寸对相容剂用量的依赖关系符合Favis曲线。在静态归并过程中,相尺寸随归并的进行相应地增加,分布宽度变大,加入相容剂能有效地减缓颗粒的归并;对粒径分布分维的计算结果表明,静态归并具有类似于旋节相分离后期的标度行为。在剪切诱导归并过程中,颗粒尺寸在归并前期大幅增加并于后期进入假稳态;颗粒尺寸对剪切应变的依赖关系受体系组成和剪切速率的双重影响。
研究了PP/PS共混体系混炼初期颗粒的破碎机理,发现分散相颗粒的破碎具有脆性破碎的特征,并在此基础上分析了分散系数与共混温度及转子转速的关系,发现分散系数与共混温度及转子转速的关系有赖于共混时段。通过将相分散过程和归并过程看作不同的生灭过程,推导了多分散性体系在分散和归并过程中尺寸演变的动力学方程,方程拟和曲线与光散射计算结果能够很好的吻合表明动力学方程是适用的,特别地,对相尺寸演变标度行为的研究结果表明:在剪切诱导归并过程中,存在不同于静态归并过程中的标度行为。
对材料力学性能的研究表明:体系的机械性能与其介观结构密切相关,对于PP/PS非相容体系,分散相颗粒更多得起到了惰性填料(或缺陷)的作用,因此,颗粒分散越均匀,性能越差;加入相容剂可有效的改善材料的性能;微观力学模型在共混聚合物的弹性模量预报上是可行的,其中Mori-Tanaka法更有效。
Small angle light scattering (SALS) and online-sampling-microscope were employed to study the morphology development of polypropylene/polystyrene blending system during the process of dispersion and coalescence. Further, the corresponding mechanism and dynamics of morphology development, as well as the mechanical properties of final products were also investigated. For SEM micrographs, a method of digital analysis was applied to these micrographs to get corresponding structure parameters-particle diameter and their distribution and subsequently, relationship between particle diameter and their distribution with blend composition, blending time and content of compatibilizer was studied. Moreover, the SALS images were digitally analyzed by means of Debye-Bueche and Mie scattering theory to obtain corresponding structure parameters describing the morphology, e.g., correlation distance ac, integral constant Q and fractal dimension Dc as well as the relationship between these parameters with blend composition, blending time and content of the compatibilizer.
The results shows that, during the phase dispersion, the main morphology development occurs in the initial stage of the mixing and approaches to a dynamic equibilium between particle breakup and coalescence in the late stage, leading to a stable and fine phase morphology. More interesting, further increase in blending time will lead to a rebound of particle size. The addition of compatibilizer will result in a decrease in particle diameter and the dependence of particle diameter on the content of compatibilizer obeys the Favis emulsification curve; during the quiescent coalescence, particle diameter and their distribution increase with the coalescence time or equivalently, the shear strain. Analysis regarding to the fractal character of particle diameter indicated that the quiescent coalescence may obeys a scaling law which is similar with that in spinodal decomposition. During the shear-induced coalescence, the particle diameter increases distinctly and attains to a quasi-stable situation, the dependence of particle diameter on the shear stain is affected by both blend composition and shear rate.
The mechanism of morphology development was studied. The results shows that in the initial stage of the mixing, the breakup of particles complies with a crisp-break rule and consequently, the development dynamics can be described by the typical dispersion parameter in the crisp-break theory. Study concerning these dispersion parameters shows that the effect of rotor speed and mixing temperature on the dispersion parameter was different at different mixing stage.
Regarding the process of phase dispersion and coalescence as different living-death process, we deduced different dynamic equations of morphology development of phase dispersion and coalescence, respectively. The simulation results by these equations are accord to our experimental results, indicating these dynamic equation s are appropriate to describe the morphology development in some respects. Especially, examination of scaling character during the shear-induced coalescence indicated that there exists another scaling behavior during the shear-induced coalescence which is different from that in spinodal decomposition.
Investigation with regard to the mechanical properties of blends shows that, the properties depend on the micro-structure of blends. For PP/PS incompatible blends, the dispersed phase often acts as inert stuff. Addition of compatibilizer can improve the mechanical properties of blends to great extent. The mechanical properties can be forecasted using corresponding micro-mechanical model among which the Mori-Tanaka is more effective.
引文
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