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基于Agent的自主多卫星系统建模与仿真应用研究
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摘要
随着以小卫星技术为核心的诸多现代航天科学技术的发展,航天领域正经历着一场巨大的变革,自主多卫星系统(AMSS,Autonomic Multi-Satellite System)在给人们带来诸多方便的同时,也向人们提出了挑战。AMSS可被看成一类既包含物理属性、又包含事理属性的复杂适应系统(CAS,Complex Adaptive System),对CAS的分析和评估无法在传统解析方法和普通仿真方法的基础上开展,必须寻求新的研究手段。为此,本文提出了以基于agent的建模与仿真(ABMS,Agent-Based Modeling andSimulation)方法为核心的一套完整的建模与仿真(M&S,Modeling and Simulation)应用方法论,以解决对AMSS的M&S应用研究和效能评估问题,主要内容包括:
     (1)从当前AMSS分布化和自主化两大发展趋势出发,在分析综合大量ABMS应用研究最新成果的基础上,详细总结了ABMS的基本概念、基本理论和基本方法,论证了使用ABMS研究AMSS的必要性、可行性及实现的基本策略。
     (2)由于ABMS源自生物生态学和社会科学领域,因此对以微分/差分方程为主要模型的动力学系统的分析描述能力比较欠缺。针对ABMS这一不足,选择另一种先进的M&S方法——离散-连续组合仿真(CDCS,Combined Discrete-ContinuousSimulation)与ABMS综合应用;以二者为基础,提出一种新的M&S方法:基于Agent的离散-连续组合仿真方法(ABCDCS,Agent-Based CDCS),并对其agent模型的行为逻辑进行了深入、全面的分析。
     (3)AMSS的自主性是使用ABMS方法进行研究的必要条件。为此,对AMSS的自治性和自主性进行了深入的研究,建立了支持AMSS自主性实现的AMSS体系结构,提出了AMSS自主性实现的策略和方法,介绍了支持AMSS自主性实现的技术,并建立了一个用于演示AMSS自主性实现的想定案例。
     (4)以对AMSS的自主性研究为基础,分析了AMSS的功能行为属性,并提出一套适用于AMSS的agent智能模型:扩展的信念-愿望-意图模型(E-BDI,ExtendedBelief-Desire-Intention)。以星上组件为基本模型单元,建立了卫星各分系统的元agent模型,通过契约将这些agent聚集成卫星agent模型,同时建立了地面系统的元agent模型。进而在上述卫星系统agent模型体系的基础上,提出了对模型的分布性和自主性扩展。最后,为演示所建立agent模型体系的具体实现,构建了两个具有代表性的应用案例:激光卫星电源分系统分析仿真和火灾监视多卫星系统应用仿真。
     (5)根据对所建立AMSS的agent仿真模型体系在计算机上实现的需要,开展了AMSS ABMS实现技术的研究。首先,对当前航天领域的仿真软件和支持ABMS应用研究的仿真软件等进行了深入分析,讨论了对Matlab/Simulink和STK进行集成的局限性,剖析了ObjectAgent、Swarm、Repast和JADE等软件的源代码,并在作者所改写的simlib软件包的基础上独立开发了一个支持AMSS ABMS研究的软件平台:absimlib。Absimlib以面向对象技术和中间件技术为主要的技术基础,实现了支持AMSS ABMS研究的主要功能,并实现了向分布式仿真环境的扩展。
     (6)在总结传统M&S应用校验、确认与鉴定验收(VV&A,Verification,Validation,and Accreditation)方法论的基础上,详细分析了ABMS应用的VV&A的重点和难点及实现的策略和步骤,针对AMSS ABMS应用对VV&A的实现开展了研究,并结合内容(4)中激光卫星电源分系统仿真的例子进行了对VV&A实现的演示。
     (7)在系统效能分析法(SEA,System Effectiveness Analysis)的基础上,提出一种新的基于ABMS进行复杂系统效能评估的方法:ABMS支持下的SEA(ABMSEA,ABMS Supported SEA)。此方法打破了SEA以还原论为基础的局限性,突破了对使命建模困难的瓶颈,支持对包括AMSS在内的大多数复杂系统的效能评估。为了演示ABMSEA的应用实现,针对内容(4)两个AMSS的例子开展了效能评估研究。
     此外,本文所涉及的三个AMSS的例子,对未来为适应空间对抗而制定空间力量部署的决策具有一定参考价值。
Along with the development of several modern sciences and technologies of spaceflight whose essential technology is on small satellites, the spaceflight industry has experienced an ongoing revolution when the Autonomic Multi-Satellite System (AMSS) brings some challenges while granting people so many conveniences. The AMSS can be viewed as a type of Complex Adaptive System (CAS) with both the physical and the logical attributes, and the CAS cannot be analyzed and evaluated on the basis of the traditional analytical techniques or the common simulation technologies, it is therefore new methodologies should be expected. Thus, a set of integral methodologies with their essential points on Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) is proposed in this dissertation so as to solve the research issues on Modeling and Simulation (M&S) applications and the effectiveness evaluation for AMSSs, with their main contents provide in this dissertation as follows:
     (1) Viewing from the two main current directions of the AMSS, on distribution and autonomicity, many achievements of recent studies on ABMS have been applied and synthetized, the basic concept, theory and methodology of the ABMS is summarized in detail and the necessity and the feasibility of studying AMSS by using ABMS with the fundamental strategy for implementation are demonstrated.
     (2) Since ABMS comes from simulations in the fields of bioecology and social science, so there is some demerits on the analytical and describing abilities of the dynamic systems whose main model is the differential or difference equation. Aiming at such demerits, another advanced method on M&S, i.e. the Combined Discrete-Continuous Simulation (CDCS) is chosen to integrate with the ABMS in this dissertation, and based on which a new M&S methodology, named Agent-Based CDCS (ABCDCS) is proposed here, followed by the detailed and completed analysis on the behavior logic of agents in ABCDCS.
     (3) Autonomicity of AMSSs is the necessary condition of using ABMS to do research. Therefore, autonomy and autonomicity of AMSSs are studied in details and a set of architectures of AMSSs to implement autonomicity is built, then the strategy and techniques to achieve autonomicity are presented; technologies for realizing autonomicity are introduced, and an example is formed to show how AMSSs can achieve autonomicity.
     (4) Based on the study on autonomicity of AMSSs, functional-behavioral attributes of AMSSs are analyzed, and a type of intelligent model, Extended Belief-Desire-Intention (E-BDI) which is suitable for AMSSs is presented. By using the component as the basic model unit, meta-agents of the subsystems of a satellite are built, and with the adhesion these meta-agents aggregates into an agent model of satellite, furthermore, meta-agent of ground system is built too. Then on the basis of this agents' system of a satellite, extensions for both distribution and autonomicity are introduced. Finally, two application examples with representative are presented here: one is the analytical simulation of the power subsystem of a laser satellite; and the other is the application simulation of a FireSat system.
     (5) Research on implementation of ABMS for AMSSs is carried out to meet the requirement of realizing the agent simulation model system of AMSSs on computer. Firstly, many simulation softwares in aerospace and applications of ABMS are analyzed deeply, the shortages of the ideas for integrating with Matlab/Simulink or STK are discussed and the resources code of ObjectAgent, Swarm, Repast and JADE, is investigated, then a software platform named absimlib is developed independently by extending another software package, simlib, which is rewritten by the author alone too in order to support ABMS for AMSSs. Absimlib, which is supported by object-oriented technology and middle-ware technology, implements the main functions for supporting ABMS for AMSSs, and is extended for using in a distributed environment.
     (6) By summarizing the methodology of the traditional M&S applications Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A), important and difficult parts of ABMS applications VV&A are analyzed in detail, followed with the strategy and steps for implementation, and more specialized study on AMSSs ABMS applications VV&A is carried out; and by combining the example in part (4), the simulation of the power subsystem of the laser satellite, the showing of VV&A is realized.
     (7) Based on System Effectiveness Analysis (SEA), the idea that using ABMS to support system effectiveness evaluation is presented with a new complex system effectiveness evaluation methodology, ABMS Supported SEA (ABMSEA). The methodology solves the limitation that the theoretical foundation of SEA is reductionism, and breaks the bottleneck that it is difficult to model the mission, so it can support effectiveness evaluation for many complex systems, especially for AMSSs. In order to show the implementation of ABMSEA, effectiveness evaluation of the two examples which mentioned in part (4) is carried out.
     Furthermore, the three examples of AMSSs in this dissertation will provide some reference value for constituting the strategy about the space war in the future.
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