不同耕作措施下黄土高原旱地土壤质量综合评价
|
摘要
本研究依托澳大利亚国际农业研究中心(ACIAR)项目,于2001年开始在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的定西县李家堡乡实施了小麦→豌豆轮作系统下6种不同耕作方式的长期定位试验,旨在系统研究保护性耕作在黄土高原独特侵蚀环境下的适应性,特别是其对土壤质量和系统生产力的影响及其内在机理。6种耕作方式包括:传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作秸秆还田(TS)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕地膜覆盖(NTP)。通过分析3个轮作周期不同耕作方式下土壤理化性质、生物性质和生产力对土壤质量的影响,阐明长期耕作过程中土壤质量的演变特征及其驱动因子,筛选出适宜于黄土高原半干旱区侵蚀环境下土壤质量评价的代表性指标;并综合前人的研究,结合区域特点,建立适宜于黄土高原半干旱区侵蚀环境的土壤质量评价模型。
本研究得出以下主要结论:
1)基于通用性和实用性原则,筛选了一些共性指标;基于有效性和敏感性原则,剔除了一些争议性指标;本着尽可能选择少量指标,尽可能运用复合指标的原则,结合黄土高原区域特点,增加了一些创新性二次指标;最后通过敏感性和判别分析,筛选出团粒结构、全氮、速效氮、有机质、蔗糖酶活性、产量、纯收益和产投比等8项因子,建立了土壤质量简化评价指标体系,涵盖了土壤物理、肥力、健康和生产力四个方面的性质。分别应用原始评价指标和简化评价指标两种评价体系,建立加权综合法和加乘法则两种模型,对研究区两种轮作序列6种不同耕作方式的土壤质量进行了综合评价,并对两种指标体系及两套评价方法进行了相关分析。结果表明,该研究建立的土壤质量简化指标体系具有较高的代表性,可用于黄土高原半干旱区土壤质量评价。
2)免耕秸秆覆盖可以提高土壤质量。土壤质量综合指数排序为:P→W轮作序列,NTS＞TS=NTP＞NT＞T＞TP;W→P轮作序列,NTS＞TS＞NT＞NTP=T＞TP。免耕土壤避免了人为扰动,再加上进行秸秆覆盖,增加了土壤中的有机质含量,从而使得土壤结构得到了很大改善,增强了土壤蓄水纳墒能力,减少了水土流失,防止了土壤养分的流失,促进土壤生产力的提高;土壤产出能力提高,导致归还系统的有机物质也相应增加,加强了土壤生物的繁殖能力和活力;而土壤生物活动反过来又促进了良好土壤结构的形成和土壤肥力的进一步提高,形成了农田系统的良性循环,促进了土壤质量的提高。轮作序列间比较,土壤物理质量、肥力质量、土壤健康和综合质量各处理均表现为W→P轮作序列高于P→W轮作序列,而土壤生产力刚好相反,除NTS处理以外,其余处理均表现为P→W轮作序列高于W→P轮作序列。
3)免耕秸秆覆盖可以改善土壤物理质量,土壤水分状况、结构性能和渗透性能共同决定着土壤物理质量的高低。土壤物理质量指数排序为:P→W轮作序列,NTS＞NTP＞NT＞TS＞T＞TP;W→P轮作序列,NTS＞NTP＞TS＞NT＞T(TP)＞TP(T)。NTS处理虽然容重(总孔隙度)和毛管孔隙无明显优势,但显著增加了水稳性团粒结构和非毛管孔隙度,促进了土壤水分的入渗,使得累积径流量和总侵蚀量降低。虽然不同处理间休闲期0-200cm土壤贮水量和生育期作物有效水含量差异不明显,但NTS处理在表层0-10cm体现了较好的抑蒸保墒作用,相对于传统耕作T最多可以提高56%。而且,NTS处理提高了生育期作物蒸腾耗水和棵间蒸发的的比例。不同年份小麦平均水分利用率NTS处理略低于TP(0.6%),但比T、NT、TS、NTP提高15.6%、16.7%、12.6%、0.8%;不同年份豌豆平均水分利用率NTS比T、NT、TS、TP、NTP提高15.8%、17.3%、10.3%、5.4%、9.2%。可见,NTS处理免耕的同时进行了秸秆覆盖,形成了良好的土壤结构,改善了土壤渗透性能,降低了地表径流,提高了土壤表层水分和水分利用效率,促进了土壤物理质量的提高。
4)秸秆还田可以提高土壤肥力质量,农田养分平衡的盈亏是土壤养分水平消长的根本原因,决定了土壤肥力的发展方向;而土壤pH值虽不能直接表明土壤中某种养分的含量,但其通过影响土壤营养元素的转化方向、转化过程、形态及其有效性,间接影响着土壤肥力质量。土壤肥力质量指数排序为:P→W轮作序列NTS＞TS＞NTP＞NT＞T＞TP;W→P轮作序列,土壤肥力质量指数排序NTS＞TS＞NT＞NTP＞TP＞T。与试验初期相比,各处理耕层0-30cm土壤有机质、全氮和全磷均有所增加,且以NTS和TS增长幅度较大;耕层0-30cm全钾NTS和TS处理表现为增加,其余处理表现下降趋势。耕层0-30cm速效氮和速效磷均有所增加,但速效磷以NTS增长幅度最大,而速效氮却以NTS增长幅度最小;耕层0-30cm速效钾表现为下降趋势,但以TS和NTS减幅较小。从养分循环角度来分析,每经过一个循环过程都会导致养分的损失,作物的收获携出了大量的N、P、K养分,其中籽实是N、P养分输出的主要组织部分,而这部分养分是不能通过直接归还来补充的;K主要是通过秸秆输出的,但是秸秆作为有效资源,它可以经过还田循环利用。因此,在黄土高原雨养农作系统中,配施N、P肥的同时,尽可能的将秸秆归还农田,对促进和维持土壤养分平衡,提高土壤肥力质量具有重要意义。
5)免耕可以提高土壤健康水平,水解酶活性与过氧化氢酶活性共同构成了影响土壤健康水平的主导因子。土壤健康指数排序为:P→W轮作序列,NTS→NTP→NT→TS→TP→T;W→P轮作序列,NTS＞NTP＞NT＞TS＞TP＞T。无论覆盖与否,也无论覆盖何种材料,两种轮作序列下免耕处理(NT,NTS,NTP)耕层0-30cm土壤过氧化氢酶活性和三种水解酶活性均明显高于翻耕处理(T,TS,TP)。两种轮作序列下NTS处理虽然微生物数量均处于中等水平,并不是土壤健康的优势因子,但由营养因素主要制约的活跃微生物数量高,促进了土壤中营养物质的循环,使其土壤健康水平依然很高。这也从另一侧面反映,土壤微生物数量并不是影响土壤健康的主导因素。
6)免耕可以提高土壤生产力,产量、产投比和纯收益共同构成了影响土壤生产力的主导因子。生产力指数排序为:P→W轮作序列,TP＞NTS＞NT＞TP＞T＞TS;W→P轮作序列,NTS＞NT＞NTP＞T＞TS(TP)＞TP(TS)。6年间NTS处理小麦平均产量为2029.64Kg/ha,比T、NT、TS、TP、NTP提高了18.10%、26.21%、13.15%、2.34%、2.38%;NTS处理豌豆平均产量为1381.48Kg/ha,比T、NT、TS、TP、NTP提高了20.25%、30.33%、15.83%、8.82%、10.39%。这归功于NTS处理改善了土壤结构性和渗透性能,并提高了土壤水分和肥力状况,最终体现为作物产量显著提高。6年间NT处理平均纯收益为1692.44￥/ha,比T、TS、NTS、TP、NTP增加了37.52%、194.58%、9.02%、86.79%、13.99%;平均产投比为2.98,比T、TS、NTS、TP、NTP提高了0.61倍、1.28倍、0.52倍、1.10倍、0.52倍。这主要是因为NT不仅消除了作物收获后的耕作投入,而且也不需要进行秸秆和地膜投入,使得得纯收益和产投比均较高。
In 2001,Gansu Agricultural University started a long-term conservation tillage project,funded by Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,at Lijiabu Village,Dingxi,Gansu Province.The overall aim of the project was to study the effects of conservation tillage on crop productivity and soil quality,the adaptation of conservation tillage in the Loess Plateau where soil is prone to severe erosion,and its underlying mechanisms.The PhD project was part of this long-term project.There were six treatments with two tillage systems and three ground covers,namely conventional tillage (T),no-till without stubble retention(NT),conventional tillage with stubble incorporated (TS),no-till with stubble retention(NTS),conventional tillage with plastic film mulch(TP) and no-till with plastic film mulch(NTP).The experiment was fully-phased with two rotation sequences.Phase 1 started with field pea followed by spring wheat(P→W) whereas phase 2 started with spring wheat followed by field pea(W→P).The objectives of this thesis are:1) to quantitatively analyze effects of soil chemical,physical and biological properties on soil quality and productivity under different tillage systems and the driving factors for the changes of soil quality under tillage in a long-term,2) to select the best soil quality assessment indicators,and 3) to establish soil quality assessment models that are suitable for the erodible environment of semi-arid region on the Loess Plateau.
The key results from the study are summarized as follows:
1) The study selected 8 most sensitive indicators out of 29 assessment indictors that are used to evaluate soil physical quality,soil fertility,soil health and land productivity in the semi-arid region in the Loess Plateau.These 8 indicators were water stable aggregates,organic matter,total nitrogen,available nitrogen,invertase activities,grain yield,net income,ratio of output and input.The integrated assessment models established using the addition and multiplication method and weighted integrated method for soil quality assessed under different tillage systems,and the results from two assessment systems were similar and highly correlated.This showed that these 8 indicators could provide the best fit for the actual situation in the western Loess Plateau.
2) Soil quality can be improved by NTS.The order of integrated soil quality index(ISQI) from high to low was NTS,TS,NTP,NT,T and TP in P→W rotation,and NTS,TS, NT,NTP,T and TP in W→P rotation.No-tillage and stubble retention,in general,can improve soil structure,reduce soil and water erosion and soil nutrient loss,and hence increase crop productivity.This will,in turn,increase organic material returned back to soil,ensuring the high reproduction and activity of soil organisms.Accordingly,soil biological activity is conducive to improvement of soil structure and soil fertilizer.As a result,the healthy farmland ecosystem is built,thus inducing improved soil quality. Moreover,soil physical quality,fertilizer quality,soil health and integrated soil quality in W→P rotation were higher than that in P→W rotation.On the contrary,Soil productivity in W→P rotation was lower than that in P→W rotation.
4) Soil physical quality can be improved by NTS.Soil water,soil structure and water infiltration rather than soil temperature were the dominant indictors for soil physical quality.The order of soil physical quality index(SPQI) from high to low was NTS,NTP, NT,TS,T and TP in P→W rotations,while the order of SPQI was NTS,NTP,TS,NT, TP and T in W→P rotation.This indicated that NTS have the strongest effect on soil physical quality.There is no big difference among different treatments' bulk density and total porosity,but Non-capillary porosity and aggregates under NTS was greatly improved,enhancing soil infiltration and reducing runoff and sediment.Surface soil water content under no-till with stubble retention was greatly improved up to 56% compare to conventional tillage,although there is no big difference among different treatments' water storage at 0-200cm.The average WUE of field pea under NTS cross years was 15.8%,17.3%,10.3%,5.4%and 9.2%higher than that of T,NT,TS,TP,an NTP,respectively.The average WUE of spring wheat under NTS cross years was 0.6% lower than that of TP,and 15.6%,16,7%,12.6%and 0.8%higher than that of T,NT,TS and NTP,respectively.Improved soil structure arised from no-tillage and stubble retention can enhance water infiltration,reduce runoff and increase topsoil water content,hence improve soil physical quality.
4) Soil fertilizer quality can be improved by the two stubble retention systems.The balance of soil nutrients determined the direction of soil fertility.The order of soil fertilizer quality index(SFQI) from high to low was:NTS,TS,NTP,NT,T and TP in P→W rotation,and NTS,TS,NT,NTP,TP and T in W→P rotation.In comparison with the baseline soil fertility before experiment started,total and available N and P increased for all the treatments,especially on the NTS and TS treatments.Potassium, however,decreased for all the treatments except for NTS and TS treatments.This indicated that the NTS and TS treatment can replenish the soil nutrient pool via stubble retention or stubble incorporation.Soil nitrogen,phosphor and potassium decreased due to harvesting products.Output of soil potassium removed out of cropland with crop straw,which can be returned back to soil by organic material recycling.The output of soil nitrogen and phosphor is associated with grain seeds,which is removed from crop field forever.Therefore,stubble retention combined with nitrogen and phosphor fertilizer supply can replenish the soil nutrient pool in the loess plateau. Although soil pH value can not be used to directly indicate the level of soil nutrients,it is a useful indicator to indirectly show the soil fertilizer quality by influencing transformation,forms and availability of soil nutrients.On the contrary,the change of pH had an opposite trend to the change of soil nutrients under both rotation sequences. This suggested that although soil pH value can not be used to directly indicate the level of soil nutrients,it is a useful indicator to indirectly show the soil fertilizer quality by influencing transformation,forms and availability of soil nutrients.
5) Soil health can be improved by the 3 no-till treatments.Soil catalase and hydrolases activities are the dominant factors to improve soil health.The soil health index(SHI) orders from high to low were:NTS,NTP,NT,TS,TP and T in both rotation sequences. Soil catalase and hydrolases activities in 0-30cm were higher on the no-till treatments (NT,NTS and NTP) than on the cultivation treatments(T,TS and TP) regardless cover or not,covered by stubble or plastic film mulch.This indicated that soil catalase and hydrolases activities are the dominant factors for the 3 no-till treatments(NTS,NTP, NT) to improve soil health.Relatively,microorganism amount is intermediate for the NTS treatment,but soil health index on NTS were higher than those on the other tillage systems.This showed that not all microorganisms but active microbiomass that can help maintain soil nutrient recycling and improve soil health,indicating microorganism amount is an unimportant factor for soil health.
6) Soil productivity can be improved by the 3 no-till treatments.Grain yield,benefits and ratio of output and input were the dominant factors of soil productivity.The order of soil productivity index(SPI) from high to low was:NTP,NTS,NT,TP,T and TS in P→W rotation,and NTS,NT,NTP,TP,T,TS and TP in W→P rotation.NTS improved the rotation grain yield significantly while no-till without stubble retention had the worst grain yield compare to conventional tillage system.The average yield of spring wheat under NTS was 18.10%,26.21%,13.15%,2.34%and 2.38%higher than that under T,NT,TS,TP and NTP respectively.The average yield of field pea under NTS was 20.25%,30.33%,15.83%,8.82%and 10.39%higher than that under T,NT,TS, TP and NTP respectively.The average benefits of NT within 3 rotation cycles was 37.52%,194.58%,9.02%,86.79%and 13.99%higher than that of T,TS,NTS,TP and NTP respectively.The average ratio of output and input under NT within 3 rotation cycles was 0.61,1.28,0.52,1.10 and 0.52 times higher than that of T,TS,NTS,TP and NTP respectively.
本研究得出以下主要结论:
1)基于通用性和实用性原则,筛选了一些共性指标;基于有效性和敏感性原则,剔除了一些争议性指标;本着尽可能选择少量指标,尽可能运用复合指标的原则,结合黄土高原区域特点,增加了一些创新性二次指标;最后通过敏感性和判别分析,筛选出团粒结构、全氮、速效氮、有机质、蔗糖酶活性、产量、纯收益和产投比等8项因子,建立了土壤质量简化评价指标体系,涵盖了土壤物理、肥力、健康和生产力四个方面的性质。分别应用原始评价指标和简化评价指标两种评价体系,建立加权综合法和加乘法则两种模型,对研究区两种轮作序列6种不同耕作方式的土壤质量进行了综合评价,并对两种指标体系及两套评价方法进行了相关分析。结果表明,该研究建立的土壤质量简化指标体系具有较高的代表性,可用于黄土高原半干旱区土壤质量评价。
2)免耕秸秆覆盖可以提高土壤质量。土壤质量综合指数排序为:P→W轮作序列,NTS＞TS=NTP＞NT＞T＞TP;W→P轮作序列,NTS＞TS＞NT＞NTP=T＞TP。免耕土壤避免了人为扰动,再加上进行秸秆覆盖,增加了土壤中的有机质含量,从而使得土壤结构得到了很大改善,增强了土壤蓄水纳墒能力,减少了水土流失,防止了土壤养分的流失,促进土壤生产力的提高;土壤产出能力提高,导致归还系统的有机物质也相应增加,加强了土壤生物的繁殖能力和活力;而土壤生物活动反过来又促进了良好土壤结构的形成和土壤肥力的进一步提高,形成了农田系统的良性循环,促进了土壤质量的提高。轮作序列间比较,土壤物理质量、肥力质量、土壤健康和综合质量各处理均表现为W→P轮作序列高于P→W轮作序列,而土壤生产力刚好相反,除NTS处理以外,其余处理均表现为P→W轮作序列高于W→P轮作序列。
3)免耕秸秆覆盖可以改善土壤物理质量,土壤水分状况、结构性能和渗透性能共同决定着土壤物理质量的高低。土壤物理质量指数排序为:P→W轮作序列,NTS＞NTP＞NT＞TS＞T＞TP;W→P轮作序列,NTS＞NTP＞TS＞NT＞T(TP)＞TP(T)。NTS处理虽然容重(总孔隙度)和毛管孔隙无明显优势,但显著增加了水稳性团粒结构和非毛管孔隙度,促进了土壤水分的入渗,使得累积径流量和总侵蚀量降低。虽然不同处理间休闲期0-200cm土壤贮水量和生育期作物有效水含量差异不明显,但NTS处理在表层0-10cm体现了较好的抑蒸保墒作用,相对于传统耕作T最多可以提高56%。而且,NTS处理提高了生育期作物蒸腾耗水和棵间蒸发的的比例。不同年份小麦平均水分利用率NTS处理略低于TP(0.6%),但比T、NT、TS、NTP提高15.6%、16.7%、12.6%、0.8%;不同年份豌豆平均水分利用率NTS比T、NT、TS、TP、NTP提高15.8%、17.3%、10.3%、5.4%、9.2%。可见,NTS处理免耕的同时进行了秸秆覆盖,形成了良好的土壤结构,改善了土壤渗透性能,降低了地表径流,提高了土壤表层水分和水分利用效率,促进了土壤物理质量的提高。
4)秸秆还田可以提高土壤肥力质量,农田养分平衡的盈亏是土壤养分水平消长的根本原因,决定了土壤肥力的发展方向;而土壤pH值虽不能直接表明土壤中某种养分的含量,但其通过影响土壤营养元素的转化方向、转化过程、形态及其有效性,间接影响着土壤肥力质量。土壤肥力质量指数排序为:P→W轮作序列NTS＞TS＞NTP＞NT＞T＞TP;W→P轮作序列,土壤肥力质量指数排序NTS＞TS＞NT＞NTP＞TP＞T。与试验初期相比,各处理耕层0-30cm土壤有机质、全氮和全磷均有所增加,且以NTS和TS增长幅度较大;耕层0-30cm全钾NTS和TS处理表现为增加,其余处理表现下降趋势。耕层0-30cm速效氮和速效磷均有所增加,但速效磷以NTS增长幅度最大,而速效氮却以NTS增长幅度最小;耕层0-30cm速效钾表现为下降趋势,但以TS和NTS减幅较小。从养分循环角度来分析,每经过一个循环过程都会导致养分的损失,作物的收获携出了大量的N、P、K养分,其中籽实是N、P养分输出的主要组织部分,而这部分养分是不能通过直接归还来补充的;K主要是通过秸秆输出的,但是秸秆作为有效资源,它可以经过还田循环利用。因此,在黄土高原雨养农作系统中,配施N、P肥的同时,尽可能的将秸秆归还农田,对促进和维持土壤养分平衡,提高土壤肥力质量具有重要意义。
5)免耕可以提高土壤健康水平,水解酶活性与过氧化氢酶活性共同构成了影响土壤健康水平的主导因子。土壤健康指数排序为:P→W轮作序列,NTS→NTP→NT→TS→TP→T;W→P轮作序列,NTS＞NTP＞NT＞TS＞TP＞T。无论覆盖与否,也无论覆盖何种材料,两种轮作序列下免耕处理(NT,NTS,NTP)耕层0-30cm土壤过氧化氢酶活性和三种水解酶活性均明显高于翻耕处理(T,TS,TP)。两种轮作序列下NTS处理虽然微生物数量均处于中等水平,并不是土壤健康的优势因子,但由营养因素主要制约的活跃微生物数量高,促进了土壤中营养物质的循环,使其土壤健康水平依然很高。这也从另一侧面反映,土壤微生物数量并不是影响土壤健康的主导因素。
6)免耕可以提高土壤生产力,产量、产投比和纯收益共同构成了影响土壤生产力的主导因子。生产力指数排序为:P→W轮作序列,TP＞NTS＞NT＞TP＞T＞TS;W→P轮作序列,NTS＞NT＞NTP＞T＞TS(TP)＞TP(TS)。6年间NTS处理小麦平均产量为2029.64Kg/ha,比T、NT、TS、TP、NTP提高了18.10%、26.21%、13.15%、2.34%、2.38%;NTS处理豌豆平均产量为1381.48Kg/ha,比T、NT、TS、TP、NTP提高了20.25%、30.33%、15.83%、8.82%、10.39%。这归功于NTS处理改善了土壤结构性和渗透性能,并提高了土壤水分和肥力状况,最终体现为作物产量显著提高。6年间NT处理平均纯收益为1692.44￥/ha,比T、TS、NTS、TP、NTP增加了37.52%、194.58%、9.02%、86.79%、13.99%;平均产投比为2.98,比T、TS、NTS、TP、NTP提高了0.61倍、1.28倍、0.52倍、1.10倍、0.52倍。这主要是因为NT不仅消除了作物收获后的耕作投入,而且也不需要进行秸秆和地膜投入,使得得纯收益和产投比均较高。
In 2001,Gansu Agricultural University started a long-term conservation tillage project,funded by Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,at Lijiabu Village,Dingxi,Gansu Province.The overall aim of the project was to study the effects of conservation tillage on crop productivity and soil quality,the adaptation of conservation tillage in the Loess Plateau where soil is prone to severe erosion,and its underlying mechanisms.The PhD project was part of this long-term project.There were six treatments with two tillage systems and three ground covers,namely conventional tillage (T),no-till without stubble retention(NT),conventional tillage with stubble incorporated (TS),no-till with stubble retention(NTS),conventional tillage with plastic film mulch(TP) and no-till with plastic film mulch(NTP).The experiment was fully-phased with two rotation sequences.Phase 1 started with field pea followed by spring wheat(P→W) whereas phase 2 started with spring wheat followed by field pea(W→P).The objectives of this thesis are:1) to quantitatively analyze effects of soil chemical,physical and biological properties on soil quality and productivity under different tillage systems and the driving factors for the changes of soil quality under tillage in a long-term,2) to select the best soil quality assessment indicators,and 3) to establish soil quality assessment models that are suitable for the erodible environment of semi-arid region on the Loess Plateau.
The key results from the study are summarized as follows:
1) The study selected 8 most sensitive indicators out of 29 assessment indictors that are used to evaluate soil physical quality,soil fertility,soil health and land productivity in the semi-arid region in the Loess Plateau.These 8 indicators were water stable aggregates,organic matter,total nitrogen,available nitrogen,invertase activities,grain yield,net income,ratio of output and input.The integrated assessment models established using the addition and multiplication method and weighted integrated method for soil quality assessed under different tillage systems,and the results from two assessment systems were similar and highly correlated.This showed that these 8 indicators could provide the best fit for the actual situation in the western Loess Plateau.
2) Soil quality can be improved by NTS.The order of integrated soil quality index(ISQI) from high to low was NTS,TS,NTP,NT,T and TP in P→W rotation,and NTS,TS, NT,NTP,T and TP in W→P rotation.No-tillage and stubble retention,in general,can improve soil structure,reduce soil and water erosion and soil nutrient loss,and hence increase crop productivity.This will,in turn,increase organic material returned back to soil,ensuring the high reproduction and activity of soil organisms.Accordingly,soil biological activity is conducive to improvement of soil structure and soil fertilizer.As a result,the healthy farmland ecosystem is built,thus inducing improved soil quality. Moreover,soil physical quality,fertilizer quality,soil health and integrated soil quality in W→P rotation were higher than that in P→W rotation.On the contrary,Soil productivity in W→P rotation was lower than that in P→W rotation.
4) Soil physical quality can be improved by NTS.Soil water,soil structure and water infiltration rather than soil temperature were the dominant indictors for soil physical quality.The order of soil physical quality index(SPQI) from high to low was NTS,NTP, NT,TS,T and TP in P→W rotations,while the order of SPQI was NTS,NTP,TS,NT, TP and T in W→P rotation.This indicated that NTS have the strongest effect on soil physical quality.There is no big difference among different treatments' bulk density and total porosity,but Non-capillary porosity and aggregates under NTS was greatly improved,enhancing soil infiltration and reducing runoff and sediment.Surface soil water content under no-till with stubble retention was greatly improved up to 56% compare to conventional tillage,although there is no big difference among different treatments' water storage at 0-200cm.The average WUE of field pea under NTS cross years was 15.8%,17.3%,10.3%,5.4%and 9.2%higher than that of T,NT,TS,TP,an NTP,respectively.The average WUE of spring wheat under NTS cross years was 0.6% lower than that of TP,and 15.6%,16,7%,12.6%and 0.8%higher than that of T,NT,TS and NTP,respectively.Improved soil structure arised from no-tillage and stubble retention can enhance water infiltration,reduce runoff and increase topsoil water content,hence improve soil physical quality.
4) Soil fertilizer quality can be improved by the two stubble retention systems.The balance of soil nutrients determined the direction of soil fertility.The order of soil fertilizer quality index(SFQI) from high to low was:NTS,TS,NTP,NT,T and TP in P→W rotation,and NTS,TS,NT,NTP,TP and T in W→P rotation.In comparison with the baseline soil fertility before experiment started,total and available N and P increased for all the treatments,especially on the NTS and TS treatments.Potassium, however,decreased for all the treatments except for NTS and TS treatments.This indicated that the NTS and TS treatment can replenish the soil nutrient pool via stubble retention or stubble incorporation.Soil nitrogen,phosphor and potassium decreased due to harvesting products.Output of soil potassium removed out of cropland with crop straw,which can be returned back to soil by organic material recycling.The output of soil nitrogen and phosphor is associated with grain seeds,which is removed from crop field forever.Therefore,stubble retention combined with nitrogen and phosphor fertilizer supply can replenish the soil nutrient pool in the loess plateau. Although soil pH value can not be used to directly indicate the level of soil nutrients,it is a useful indicator to indirectly show the soil fertilizer quality by influencing transformation,forms and availability of soil nutrients.On the contrary,the change of pH had an opposite trend to the change of soil nutrients under both rotation sequences. This suggested that although soil pH value can not be used to directly indicate the level of soil nutrients,it is a useful indicator to indirectly show the soil fertilizer quality by influencing transformation,forms and availability of soil nutrients.
5) Soil health can be improved by the 3 no-till treatments.Soil catalase and hydrolases activities are the dominant factors to improve soil health.The soil health index(SHI) orders from high to low were:NTS,NTP,NT,TS,TP and T in both rotation sequences. Soil catalase and hydrolases activities in 0-30cm were higher on the no-till treatments (NT,NTS and NTP) than on the cultivation treatments(T,TS and TP) regardless cover or not,covered by stubble or plastic film mulch.This indicated that soil catalase and hydrolases activities are the dominant factors for the 3 no-till treatments(NTS,NTP, NT) to improve soil health.Relatively,microorganism amount is intermediate for the NTS treatment,but soil health index on NTS were higher than those on the other tillage systems.This showed that not all microorganisms but active microbiomass that can help maintain soil nutrient recycling and improve soil health,indicating microorganism amount is an unimportant factor for soil health.
6) Soil productivity can be improved by the 3 no-till treatments.Grain yield,benefits and ratio of output and input were the dominant factors of soil productivity.The order of soil productivity index(SPI) from high to low was:NTP,NTS,NT,TP,T and TS in P→W rotation,and NTS,NT,NTP,TP,T,TS and TP in W→P rotation.NTS improved the rotation grain yield significantly while no-till without stubble retention had the worst grain yield compare to conventional tillage system.The average yield of spring wheat under NTS was 18.10%,26.21%,13.15%,2.34%and 2.38%higher than that under T,NT,TS,TP and NTP respectively.The average yield of field pea under NTS was 20.25%,30.33%,15.83%,8.82%and 10.39%higher than that under T,NT,TS, TP and NTP respectively.The average benefits of NT within 3 rotation cycles was 37.52%,194.58%,9.02%,86.79%and 13.99%higher than that of T,TS,NTS,TP and NTP respectively.The average ratio of output and input under NT within 3 rotation cycles was 0.61,1.28,0.52,1.10 and 0.52 times higher than that of T,TS,NTS,TP and NTP respectively.
引文
[1]张海林.土壤质量与土壤可持续管理.水土保持学报[J].2002,16(6):119-122
[2]邱莉萍.黄土高原植被恢复生态系统土壤质量变化及调控措施[D].陕西杨陵,西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2007
[3]宫阿都,何毓蓉.土壤退化研究的进展及展望[J].世界科技研究与发展,2001,23(2):18-20.
[4]Brown L R,WolfE C.Soil erosion:quiet crisis in theworld economy.Woldw arch paper 60.[M].Woldw atch institute,Washington:1984
[5]Langdale GW,et al.Corn yield reduction on eroded southern piedmont soils[J].Soil andW ater conservation,1979(34):226-228
[6]M assee T W.Simulated erosion and fertilizer effects on w inter w heat cropping intermountain dryland area[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Amer.J.,1990(54):1720-1725
[7]Staley,T.E.Soil microbial biomass and organic component alteration in a no-tillage chronosequence[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1988,52(4):998-1005
[8]Davidson,E.A.,Ackerman,I.L.Changes of soil carbon invertories following cultivation of previously untilled soils[J].Biogeochemistry,1993,20:161-193
[9]黄昌勇主编.土壤学[M].中国农业出版社.2000
[10]Talsma T.Prediction of hydraulic conductivity from soil water retention data.Soil Sci.1985,140:184-188.
[11]Von Genuchten M.A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Sci.1980,44:89-98
[[12]Warkentin BP.The changing concept of soil quality[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,May-June:226-228
[13]刘世梁,傅伯杰,陈利顶,等.两种土壤质量变化的定量评价方法比较[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,(5):422-426
[14]George Z,Stamatis S,Vasilios T.Impacts of agricultural practices on soil and water quality in the Mediterranean region and proposed assessment ethodology[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,88:137-146
[15]Karlen D L,Mausbach M J,Doran J W.Soil quality:a concept,definition,and framework for evaluation[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1997,61:4-10
[16]Doran J W,Parkin T B.Defining and assessing soil quality.In:Doran J W,Coleman D C,Bezdicek D F,et a.Eds.Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment.SSSA Spec.Pub.3,Am.Soc.Agro.Madison,WI,1994,35:3-21
[17]Islam KR,Weil RR.Soil quality indicator properties in mid-Atlantic soils as influenced by conservation management.Journal of Soil Water Conservation,2000,50:226-228
[18]曹志洪.解译土壤质量演变规律,确保土壤资源持续利用[J].世界科技研究与发展.2001,23(3):28-32
[19]吴彤,倪邵祥.土地荒漠化监测方法研究进展[J].国土资源科技管理,2005,5:4-6
[20]宇振荣,等.中国土地盐碱化及其防治对策研究[J]农村生态环境,1997,3:3-4
[21]冷疏影,李秀彬.土地质量指标体系国际研究的新进展[J].地理学报.1999,54(2):177-185.
[22]Eijsackers H.土壤质量评价的国际透视:通用质量标准和以土地利用为基础的质量标准[J].AMBI O(中文版).1998,27(1):69-75.
[23]Christian P,Julian D,Ann H,et al.World Bank discussion papers No.315:land quality indicators[R].Washington D C,USA:The World Bank,1995,55
[24]刘世梁,傅伯杰,刘国华,等.我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展[J].土壤通报.2006,37(1):137-142
[25]Zheng P Z,Liu Z X.Soil quality and its evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(1):131-134.
[26]Arshad M A,Martin S.Identifying critical limits for soil quality indicators in agro2ecosystem.Agric.Ecosyst.Environ.,2002,88:153-160
[27]Hartemink E A.Soil chemical and physical properties as indicator of sustainable land management under sugar cane in Papua,New Guinea[J].Geoderma,1998,85:283-306
[28]Wang X J,Gong Z T.Assessment and analysis of soil quality changes after eleven years of reclamation in subtropical China[J].Geoderma,1998,81:339-355
[29]Arshad M A,Coen GM.Characterization of soil quality:physical and chemical criteria[J].Am.J.Altern.Agric.,1992,7:25-31
[30]Larson W E,Pierce F J.Conservation and enhancement of soil quality.In Proc.of the Int.Workshop on evaluation for sustainable land management in the developing world.International Board for Soil Resource and Management(IBSRAM).Proceeding no.123 vol.2.Bangkok,Thailand,1991.
[31]Filip Z.International approach to assessing soil quality by ecologically related biological parameters [J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,88:169-174
[32]Zalidis G,Stamatiadis S,Takavaoglou V,et al.Impact s of agricultural practices on soil and water quality in the Mediterranean region and proposed assessment methodology[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,88:137-146.
[33]王世杰.喀斯特石漠化-中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报.2003,22(2):120-126
[34]熊东红,贺秀斌,周红艺.土壤质量评价研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展.2005,27(1):71-75
[35]Schoenholtz S H,Miegroet H V,Burger J A.A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality:challenges and opportunities[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2000,138:335-356.
[36]张鹏飞,田长彦,卞卫国,等.克拉玛依农业开发区土壤质量评价指标的筛选[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(2):165-170
[37]Soil and Water Conservation Society.Farming for a better environment.A white paper[N].Soil Water Conservation.Society.Ankeny.Iowa,1995
[38]Doran J.W.,M.Sarrantonio,M.A.Liebig.Soil health and sustainability[J].Adv.Agric.1996,(56):1-54
[39]Michael J.Singer,Stephanie Ewing.Soil quality,In:Interdisciplinary aspects of soil science,1999
[40]Jordan D.,Kremer R.J.,Bergfield W.A.,et al.Evaluation of microbial methods as potential indicators of soil quality in historical agriculture fields.Bio Ferti Soils,1995,19(4):297-302
[41]Karlen D.L.,Gardener J.C.,Rosek M.J.A soil quality framework for evaluating the impact of CRP.J Product Agric,1998,11(1):56-60
[42]Stenberg B.Monitoring soil quality of arable land:Microbilogical indicators,Acta Agric Scand Section B.Soil and Plant Sci,1999,49(1):1-24
[43]Dick R P.Soil enzyme activity as indicators of soil quality[A].In Doran JW.Coleman DC,Bezdicek D F eds.Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment[C].Soil Society of America Special Publication(SSSA Spec.pub ).35.SSSA and ASA.Madison.Wisconsin 1994,107-124.
[44]Dick R P.Soil enzyme activity as Biodiversity measurements as integrating biologic indicators[A].In Doran JW.eds.Handbook of methods for assessment of soil quality[C].Madison.SSSA Spec.Pub 49.Soil Society of America Special Publication pub.1996,247-272
[45]Bolton H,J r Elliot L F,Papendick R L Bezdick D F.Soil microbialbiomass and selected soil enzyme activities effects of fertilization and cropping practises[J].Soil Bio Biochem.1985,12:297-302
[46]Dick R P,Myrold D D,Kerle E A.Microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in compacted and rehabilitated skid trail soils[J].Soil Sci Soc,Am,J,1988,52:512-516.
[47]Bandick AK,Dick R P.Field management effects on soil enzyme activities[J].Soil Biol Biochem.,1999,1:1471-1497
[48]Verstrate W and J P Voets.Soil microbial and biochemical characteristics in relation to soil management and fertility[J]Soil Biot Biochem.,1977,9:253-258
[49]Martems D A,Johnson J B,and Frankenberger J r W T.Production and persistence of soil enzyme with repeated addition of organic residues[J].Soil Sci,1992,153:53-61.
[50]Werten W,Scherer H W and Olfs H W.Influence of long-term application of sewage and compost from garbage with sewage sludge on soil fertility criteria[J].Agron Crop Sci,1988,160:173-179.
[51]Miller M,Dick R P.Thermal stability and activities of soil enzymes as influenced by crop rotations[J]Soil Biot Biochem.,1995,27:1161-1166
[52]张心昱,陈利顶.土壤质量评价指标体系与评价方法研究进展与展望.水土保持研究.2006,13(3):30-34
[53]孙波,赵其国,张桃林等.土壤质量与持续环境Ⅲ土壤质量评价的生物学指标[J].土壤.1997,29(5):225-234
[54]Nambiar KK M,Gupta A P,Fu Q L,et al.Biophysical,chemical and socio-economic indicators for assessing agricultural sustainability in the Chinese coastal zone[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2001,87:209-214
[55]Doran J W,Zeiss M R.Soil health and sustainability:managing the biotic component of soil quality [J].Applied Soil Ecology,2000,15:3-11
[56]Anderson T H.Microbial eco-physiological indicators to assess soil quality[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2003,9(1-3):285-293
[57]曹慧,孙辉,杨浩.土壤酶活性及其对土壤质量指示研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报.2003,9(1): 105-109
[58]Parisi V,Menta C,Gardi C,et al.Micro arthropod communities as a tool to assess soil quality and biodiversity:a new approach in Italy[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2005,105:323-333.
[59]Lilburne L R,Hewitt A E,Sparling G P,et al.Soil quality in New Zealand:policy and the science response[J].J.Environmental Quality,2004,31:1768-1773
[60]Lilburne L,Spading G,Schipper L.Soil quality monitoring in New Zealand:development of an interpretative framework[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2004,104:535-544.
[61]Sparling G P,Schipper L A.Bettjeman W,et al.Soil quality monitoring in New Zealand:practical lessons from a 6-year trial[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2004,104:523-534.
[62]Brejda J J,Moorman T B,Karlen D L,et al.Identification of Regional Soil Quality Factors and Indicators:Ⅰ.Central and Southern High Plains[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2000,64:2115-2124.
[63]Brejda J J,Karlen D L,and Smith J L,et al.Identification of Regional Soil Quality Factors and Indicators:Ⅱ.Northern Mississippi Loess Hills and Palouse Prairie[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2000,64:2125-2135
[64]Andrews S S,Karlen D L,Cambardella C A.The soil management assessment framework:A quantitative soil quality evaluation method[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2004,68:1945-1962
[65]张华,张甘霖,漆志平,等.热带地区农场尺度土壤质量现状的系统评价[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):186-193.
[66]赵玉国,张甘霖,张华,等.海南岛土壤质量系统评价与区域特征探析[J].中国农业生态学报,2004,12(3):13-15
[67]许明祥,刘国彬,赵允格.黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2005,11(3):285-293
[68]许明祥,刘国彬,赵允格.黄土丘陵区土壤质量评价指标研究[J].应用生态学报.2005,16(10):1843-1848
[69]Reganold J P.Soil quality and profitability of biodynamic and conventional farming systems:a review [J].American Journal of Alternative Agriculture,1995,10(1):36-45
[70]Reginald Ebhin Masto,Pramod K.Chhonkar,Dhyan Singh,etc.Soil quality response to long-term nutrient and crop management on a semi-arid Inceptisoil[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,118:130-142
[71]吴育忠.贵阳市白云岩地区土壤质量的评价研究[D].贵州师范大学,2006
[72]M.A.Aon,D.E.Sarena,J.L.Burgos,etc.(Micro) biological,chemical and physical properties of soil subject to convention or no-till management:An assessment of their quality status[J].Soil tillage research,2001,60:173-186
[73]万存绪,张效勇.模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用[J].应用科学学报,1991,9(6):359-365.
[74]王效举,龚子同.红壤丘陵小区域不同利用方式下土壤变化的评价和预测[J].土壤学报,1998,35(1):135-139
[75]楼文高.基于人工神经网络的三江平原土壤质量综合评价与预测模型[J].中国管理科学,2002,10(1):79-83
[76]张建辉.川江流域防护林区土壤质量评价方法[J].山地学报,1992,10(2):109-115.
[77]黄宇,汪思龙,冯宗炜,等.不同人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(12):2199-2205
[78]李月芬,汤洁,李艳梅.用主成分分析和灰色关联度分析评价草原土壤质量[J].世界地质,2004,23(2):169-174
[79]陈龙乾,邓喀中,徐黎华,等.矿区复垦土壤质量评价方法[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(5):449-452
[80]秦明周,赵杰.城乡结合部土壤质量变化特点与可持续性利用对策—以开封市为例[J].地理学报,2000,55(5):545-554.
[81]Garrison S,Angela Z.The assessment of soil quality[J].Geoderma,2003,14:143-144
[82]Karlen DL,Ditzler CA,Andrews SS.Soil quality:why and how?[J].Geoderma,2003,114:145-156
[83]Craig A Ditzler,Arlene J Tugel.Soil Quality Field Tools:Experiences of USDA—NRCS Soil Quality Institute[J].Agron2002,94:33-38.
[84]Romig D E,Garlynd M J,Harris R F,McSweeney K.How farmers assess soil health and quality [J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,50:229-236
[85]United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service-Soil Quality Institute.Soil Quality Test Kit Guide[M].1999
[86]P Govaerts.Geostatistics in soil science:state-of-the art and perspectives[J].Geoderma,1999,89:1-45
[87]Kwansoo Kim,Bradford L Barham,LAN Coxhead.Measuring soil quality dynamics:A role for economists,and implications for economicanalysis[J].Agncultural Economics,2001,25:13-26
[88]De Gruijter J J,Walvoort D J J,Van Gaans P F M.Continuous soil maps-a fuzzy set approach to bridge the gap between aggregation levels of process and distribution models[J].Geoderma,1997,77:169-195
[89]Jonathan J Halvomon,Jefrey L Smith,and Robert I Papendiek.Integration of multiple soil parameters to evaluate soil quality:a field example[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1996,21(3):207-214
[90]Nazzareno Diodato,Miehele Ceecarelli.Multivariate indicator Kriging approach using a G1S to classify soil degradation for Mediterranean agricultural lands[J].Ecological Indicators.2004,4:177-187
[91]Julie A Cattle.Alex B McBratney.Budiman Minasny.Kfiging.Method Evaluation for Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Urban Soil Lead Contamination[J].JournaI of Environmental Quality.2002,31:1576-1588
[92]李艳,史舟,徐建明,等.地统计学在土壤科学中的应用及展望[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1):178-182
[93]Larson W.E.,F.J.Pierce.In:Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment.Soil Science Society of America,Iae,Madison.Wisconsin USA,1994:37-52
[94]Hussain I,Olson K R,Wander M M.Karlen D L.Adaptation of soil quality indices and application to three tillage systems in southern Illinois[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1999,50:37-249
[95]Wang Xiaoju,Gong Zitong.Assessment and analysis of soil quality changes after eleven years of reclamation in subtropical China,Geoderma,1998,81(3)-4:339-355
[96]王效举,龚子同.红壤丘陵小区域水平上不同时段土壤质量变化的评价和分析[J].地理科学,1997,17(2):141-149
[97]侯文广,江聪世,熊庆文,等.基于GIS的土壤质量评价研究[J].武汉大学学报,2003,28(1):60-64
[98]张庆利,史学正,潘贤章,等.江苏省金坛市土壤肥力的时空变化特征[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):315-319
[99]张华,张甘霖,漆智平,等.热带地区农场尺度土壤质量现状的系统评价[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):186-193
[100]陈松林.福州海岛耕作土壤质量的定量评价[J].福建师范大学学报,1996,12(3):84-88
[101]胡月明,万洪富,吴志峰,等.基于GIS的土壤质量模糊变权评价[J].土壤学报,2001,38(3):266-274.
[102]吴国清.崇明岛土壤资源评价初探[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(1):9-14.
[103]武伟,唐明华,刘洪斌.土壤养分的模糊综合评价[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(3):270-272.
[104]李月芬,汤洁,林年丰,等.灰色关联度法在草原土壤质量评价中的应用[J].吉林农业大学学报,2003,25(5):551-556.
[105]付强,金菊良,门宝辉,等.基于RAGA的PPE模型在土壤质量等级评价中的应用研究[J].水土保持通报,2002,22(5):51-54
[106]潘峰,粱川,付强.基于层次分析法的物元模型在土壤质量评价中的应用[J].农业现代化研究,2002,23(2):93-97
[107]曾国熙,粱川,裴源生.土壤质量排序和分类研究中密切值法的应用[J].东北水利水电,2004,22(2):9-41
[108]齐伟,张凤荣,牛振国,等.土壤质量时空变化一体化评价方法及其应用[J].土壤通报.2003,34(1):1-5
[109]刘德春,何鑫,王昌全.马尔柯夫法在土壤质量动态评价中的应用[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,2:51-52
[110]吕晓男,孟赐福,麻万诸,等.土壤质量及其演变[J].浙江农业学报.2004,16(2):105-109
[111]常旭,赵广才.农牧交错区保护性耕作对土壤含水量和温度的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(3):328-332.
[112]文倩,关欣.土壤团聚体形成的研究进展[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(4):433-438
[113]李有忠,陈垣,胡恒觉.半干旱区覆盖少耕免耕的保墒效应.甘肃农业科技,1997(6):1-3
[114]孙海国,Larney F.J.保护性耕作和植物残体对土壤养分状况的影响[J].生态农业研究,1997,5(1):47-51.
[115]Blevins R L.Thmas G W,Smith M S.Frye W W,Comelius P L.Changes in soil grope 10 years continuous non-tilled and conventionally tilled[J].Soil and Tillage Research:1983:135-146
[116]Lal R.No-tillage effects on soil properties under different crops in western Nigenia[J].Soil Sci,Soc.Am Pros,1976,40:762-768.
[117]吴敬民,等.桔秆还田效果及其在土壤培肥中的地位[J].土壤学报,1991 25(5):211-215.
[118]吴崇海,等.高留麦茬的整体效应与配套技术研究[J].干早地区农业研究,1996.14(1):43-48.
[119]贾树龙,任图生.保护耕作研究进展及前景展望[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):152-154.
[120]刘梦云 常庆瑞,等.土地利用方式对土壤团聚体及微团聚体的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005, 21(11):247-250.
[121]Unger P W.Tillage effects on surface soil physical conditions and sorghum emergence[J].Soil Sci.Am.1984,48:1423-1432.
[122]Mielke L N,Wilhelm W W,Fenster C R.Soil physical characteristics of reduced tillage in a wheat-fallow system[J].Traps.ASAE.1984.27:1724-1728.
[123]Azimzadeh M.,Koocheki A.,Pala M.旱地条件下耕作和残茬管理对可持续谷物生产的影响[C].面向二十一世纪的机械化旱作节水农业[A].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2000.238-252
[124]许迪,Schmid R.,Mermoud A.夏玉米耕作方式对耕层土壤特性时间变异性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(1):64-87
[125]冯跃华,邹应斌,王淑红,等.免耕对土壤理化性状和直播稻生长及产量形成的影响[J].作物研究,2004,(3):137-140
[126]罗珠珠,黄高宝,张国盛.保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地表土容重和水分入渗的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究.2005,23(4):7-12
[127]李玲玲,黄高宝,张仁陟,等不同保护性耕作措施对旱作农田土壤水分的影响[J].生态学报.2005,25(9):2326-2332
[128]李玲玲,黄高宝,张仁陟,等.免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作农田土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持学报.2005,19(5):94-96
[129]T.M.Shaver,G.A.Peterson,L.R.Ahuja et al.Surface soil physical properties after twelve years of dryland no-till management Soil Science.Soc.Am.J.2000.66:1296-1303
[130]Dao.T.H.Tillage and winter wheat residue management effects of water infiltration and storage.Soil Sci.Soc A.m.J.1993,57:1586-1595
[131]温美丽,刘宝元,叶芝菡,等.免耕与土壤侵蚀研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报.2006,14(3):1-3
[132]黄高宝,罗珠珠,辛平.耕作方式对黄土高原早地土壤渗透性能的影响[J].水土保持通报.2007,27(6):34-37
[133]赵君范,黄高宝,辛平.保护性耕作对地表径流及侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(6):34-37
[134]Karlen D.L.,et al.Long-term tillage effect on soil quality.Soil Tillage Research[J].1994,32(4):313-327
[135]Logan T J,Lal R,Dick WA.Tillage systems and soil properties in North American.Soil Tillage Research,1991,20:241-270
[136]Reeves DW.The role of organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems[J].Soil Tillage Research,1997,43:131-167
[137]张志国,徐琪,R.L.Blevins.长期秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤某些理化性质及玉米产量的影响[J].土壤学报.1998,35(3):384-391
[138]朱文珊,曹明奎.秸秆覆盖免耕法的节水培肥增产效益及应用前景[J].干旱地区农业研究,1988,(4):12-17.
[139]严洁,邓良基,黄剑.保护性耕作对土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响[J].中国农机化.2005,24(2):31-34
[140]逢蕾,黄高宝.保护性耕作对地表径流及侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报.2007,27(6):34-37
[141]Tracy,P.W.,Carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur mineralization in plow and no-till Alteration[J].Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-J,1990,54(2):457-461
[142]刘鹏程,岳华昌.稻草覆盖还田培肥地力的试验研究[J].土壤肥料.1993,(3):35-37
[143]余晓鹤.土壤表层管理对部分土壤化学性质的影响[J].土壤.1990,(2):158-161
[144]赵二龙,李立科,徐福利.旱地小麦高留茬少耕全程覆盖高产技术体系研究[J].西北农业学报,1998,7(4):86-90
[145]Staley T E.耕作方式对土壤微生物生物量影响的研究[J].郎海洋编译.水土保持科技情报.2001,(1):12-13
[146]Gao.HW and WY-LI.Chinese Conservation Tillage[J].ISTROC Australia 2003:465-470
[147]刘跃光,王希昶.耕作制度对土壤质量及效益的影响[J].水土保持科技情报.2005(5):30-33
[148]王笳,王树楼,丁玉川.旱地玉米免耕整秸秆覆盖土壤养分、结构和生物的研究[J].山西农业科学.1994,22(3):17-19
[149]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤细菌群落区系的影响[J].生态科学.2000,19(3):27-32
[150]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤细菌和真菌生物量与活性的研究[J].生态学杂志.2001,20(2):30-36
[151]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征的研究[J].生态学报.2001,20(10):1704-1710
[152]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤微生物两与养分转化的研究[J].中国农业科学 1994,27(6):41-49
[153]陈蓓,张仁陟.免耕与覆盖对土壤微生物数量及组成的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(6):634-638.
[154]何玉梅,张仁陟,张丽华.不同耕作措施对土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):113-119
[155]张丽华,黄高宝,张仁陟,旱作条件下不同覆盖及耕作方式对土壤微生物量磷的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2006,41(6):634-638.
[156]张丽华黄高宝,张仁陟,免耕及覆盖对土壤纤维素分解强度和纤维素分解菌的影响[J].草原与草坪,2007,120(1):5-13
[157]樊丽琴,南志标,沈禹颖,等.保护性耕作对黄土高原小麦田土壤微生物量碳的影响[J].草原与草坪.2005,111(4):51-53
[158]张玉兰,陈利军,张丽莉.土壤质量的酶学指标[J].土壤通报2005,36(4):598-604
[159]Gupta V V S R,Germida J J.Distribution of microbial biomass and its activities in different soil aggregates size class as affected by cultivation[J].Soil Biot Biochem.,1988,20:777-786
[160]王聪翔,闻杰,孙文涛,等.不同保护性耕作方式土壤酶动态变化的研究初报[J].辽宁农业科学.2005,45(6):16-18
[161]李春勃,范丙全,孟春香,等。麦秸覆盖旱地棉田少耕培肥效果[[J].生态农业研究.1995,3(3):52-55
[162]谢德体,陈绍兰,魏朝富,等.水田不同耕作方式下土壤酶活性及生化特性的研究[J].土壤通报.1994,25(5):196-198
[163]王芸,韩宾,史忠强,等.保护性耕作对土壤微生物特性及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报.2006,20 (4):10-12
[164]杨招弟.不同耕作方式对土壤酶活性的影响[D].甘肃农业大学,硕士学位论文
[165]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤物理研究室编.土壤物理性质测定法[M].北京:科学出版社.1978
[166]中国科学院南京土壤研究所编.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978
[167]许明祥,刘国彬,卜崇峰等.圆盘入渗仪法测定不同利用方式土壤渗透性试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):54-58
[168]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000,30-34.
[169]严昶升.土壤肥力研究法[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[170]]赵兰坡,姜岩.土壤磷酸酶活性测定方法探讨[J].土壤通报,1986,17(3):138-141.
[171]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[172]许光辉.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986
[173]李阜棣,喻子牛,何绍江.农业微生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[174]王建国,杨林章,单艳红.模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用研究[J].土壤学报.2001,38(2):176-183
[175]黎孟波,张先婉.土壤肥力研究进展[M].北京:中国科学出版社,1991.
[176]张庆费,宋永昌,由文辉.浙江天童山植物群落次生演替与土壤肥力的关系[J].生态学报,1999,2(2):174-179
[177]巩杰,陈利顶,傅伯杰,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用和植被恢复对土壤质量的影响[J].应用生态学报[J].2004,15(12):2292-2296
[178]朱德举,连镜清,王秋兵.土地评价[M].北京:中国大地出版社,1996
[179]刘梦云,安韶山,常庆瑞,等.宁南山区不同土地利用方式土壤质量评价方法研究[J].水土保持研究.2005,12(6):41-43
[180]李文忠,贺永元,张伟华,等.北川河流域退耕还林(草)对土壤质量影响的评价[J].水土保持研究.2005.12(6):1-3
[181]黄高宝.论黄土高原侵蚀环境下旱作农业的可持续发展[J].草业学报,2001,10(专集):84-90.
[182]巩杰,黄高宝,陈利顶,等.旱作麦田秸秆覆盖的生态综合效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(3):69-73
[183]陈素英,张喜英,刘孟雨.玉米秸秆覆盖麦田下的土壤温度和土壤水分动态规律[J].中国农业气象,2002,23(4):34-37.
[184]XIAO Huilin,ZHENG Xijian.Effects of soil warming on some soil chemical properties[J].土壤与环境.2000.9(4):316-321
[185]谢军飞,李玉娥.土壤温度对北京早地农田N2O排放的影响[J]中国农业气象,2005,26(1):7-10
[186]张一平,白锦鳞,张君常,等.温度对土壤水势影响的研究[J].土壤学报,1990,27(4):454-458.
[187]闵安成,张一平,朱铭莪,等.田间土壤水势温度效应[J].土壤学报,1995,32(2):237-2240.
[188]Barlow EW R,Boersma L,Young J L.Pho to synthesis,transpiration,and leaf elongat ion in co rn seedlings at suboptimal soil temperatures[J].Agron J,1977,(69):95-100.
[189]丁昆仑,深松对土壤水分物理特性及夏玉米生长的影响[J].中国农村水利水电 1997,7:13-16
[190]Barlow EW R,Boersma L,Young J L.Photosynthesis,transpirat ion,and leaf elongation in com seedlings at suboptimal soil temperatures[J].Agron J,1977,(69):95-100.
[191]Walker J M.One-degree increments in soil temperaturesaffect maize seedling behavior[J].Soil Sci Soc Am Proc,1969(33):729-736.
[192]黄高宝,李玲玲,张仁陟,等.免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作麦田土壤温度的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究.2006,24(5):1-4
[193]罗珠珠.保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤渗透性能的的影响[D].甘肃农业大学,硕士学位论文
[194]刘良梧.全球土壤退化评价[J].自然资源.1995.1:10-14.
[195]曹承绵,严长生,张志明,等.关于土壤肥力数值化综合评价的探讨[J].土壤通报,1983,14(4):13-15.
[196]刘创民,李昌哲,史敏华,等.多元统计分析在森林土壤肥力类型分辨中的应用[J].生态学报,1996,16(4):444-447
[197]刘寿波.黑龙江南部次生林区森林土壤肥力的研究[J].土壤通报,1964,(2):13-16
[198]杨玉盛,李振问,刘爱琴等.人工阔叶林取代格氏栲天然林后土壤肥力变化的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1993,21(5):14-21
[199]陈留美.新垦淡灰钙土土壤肥力质量演变及土壤磷素形态转化的研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2006,硕士学位论文
[200]杨涛,徐慧,方德华,等.樟子松林下土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的研究[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):253-257
[201]耿增超,张社奇,王国栋,等.黄土高原油松人工林地土壤养分及化学性质的时空效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,4(8):98-104
[202]孙海国,Francis J.Larney.保护性耕作和植物残体对土壤养分状况的影响[J].生态农业研究.1997,5(1):47-51
[203]中国科学院南京土壤研究所编.中国土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.382-383
[204]李建平,姚祖芳,刘世全,等.西藏自治区土壤资源[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.
[205]袁可能.植物营养的土壤化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.
[206]于天仁,王振权.土壤分析化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.
[207]刘世全,高丽丽,蒲玉琳,等.西藏土壤磷素和钾素养分状况及其影响因素[J].水土保持学报.2005,19(1):75-78
[208]韩凤朋,张兴昌,郑纪勇.黄河中游土壤有机质与氮磷相关性分析[J].人民黄河,2007,29(4):58-59
[209]魏孝荣,邵明安.黄土高原沟壑区小流域坡地土壤养分分布特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):604-612
[210]吴金水.土壤有机质及其周转动力学[A].见:何电源编.中国南方土壤肥力与作物栽培施肥[C].北京:科学出版社,1994.28-62
[211]Savoizzi A,Leviminzi R,Riffaldi R.The effect of forty years of continuous corn cropping on soil organic matter characteristics[J].Plant and Soil,1994,160:139-145
[212]Hountin J A,Couillard D,Karam A.Soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus contents in maize plots after 14 years of pig slurry applications[J].Journal of Agricultural Science.1997,129:187-191
[213]Richards I R,Clayton C J,Reve A J K.Effects of long term fertilizer phosphorus application on soil and crop phosphorus and cadmium contents[J]1 Journal of Agricultural Science.1998,131:187-195
[214]吕永华,詹寿,马武军,等.广东主要植烟土壤养分特征及施肥模式研究[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(2):49-56.
[215]钦绳武,刘芷宇.土壤-根系微区养分状况的研究-Ⅵ1不同形态肥料氮素在根际的迁移规律[J].土壤学报,1989,26(2):117-123
[216]陈爱莲.土壤监测修复技术与有毒有害物质残留分析与改良评价标准[M].北京:北京伯通电子出版社,2002
[[217]耿增超,张社奇,王国栋,等.黄土高原油松人工林地土壤养分及化学性质的时空效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,4(8):98-104
[218]Anderson TH.Microbial eco-physiological indicators to asses soil quality.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2003,98:285-293
[219]Zelles L.Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharidesin the characterisation of microbial communities in soil:A review.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1999,29:11-29
[220]Coleman D C,Hendrix P F,Odum E P.Ecosystem health:An overview[J].SSSA Special Publication,1998,52:1-20.
[221]Goralczyk K.Nematodes in a coastal dune succession:Indicators of soil properties?[J]Applied Soil Ecology,1998,9:471-475.
[222]Gupta V V S R,Yeates G W.Soil microfauna as indicators of soil health[A].In:Biological Indicators of Soil Health[C].CAB International,1997.201-233.
[223]Liang W J,Lavian I,Steinberger Y.Dynamics of nematode community composition in a potato field [J].Pedobiologia,1999,43:459-469.
[224]Neher D A.Nematode communities:Indicators of soil health[A].In:Proceedings of the ⅦInternational Congress of Ecology[C].Florence,Italy,1998.308.
[225]Porazinska D L,Duncan L W,McSorley R et al.Nematode communities as indicators of status and processes of a soil ecosystem influenced by agricultural management practices[J].Applied Soil Ecology,1999,13:69-86.
[226]Yeates GW,Bongers T.Nematode diversity in agroecosystems[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,1999,74:113-135.
[227]刘晓冰,邢宝山。土壤质量及其评价指标.农业系统科学与综合研究[J].2002.18(2):109-112
[228]高惠民.农业土壤管理[M].北京:科学出版社.1988.37-42.
[229]王冬梅,王春枝,韩晓日,等.长期施肥对棕壤主要酶活性的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):263-267.
[230]熊明彪,雷孝章,田应兵,等.长期施肥对紫色土酶活的影响[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2003,35(4):60-63,
[231]徐秋芳,姜培坤.有机肥对毛竹林间及根区土壤生物化学性质的影响[J].浙江林学院学报,2000,17(14):364-368
[232]胡海波,张金池,高智慧.岩质海岸防护林土壤微生物数量及其与酶活性和理化性质的关系[J].林业科学研究,2001,15(1):88-95
[233]Richard P D.Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment[M].Soil Science Society of America Inc.,Madison Wisconsin,USA,1994.107-124
[234]李志建,倪恒,周爱国.额济纳旗盆地土壤过氧化氢酶活性的垂向变化研究[J].干旱区自然与环境,2004,18(1):86-89
[235]何斌,温远光,袁霞,等.广西英罗港不同红树植物群落土壤理化性质与酶活性的研究[J].林业科学,2002.38(2):21-26
[236]宋海燕,李传荣,许景伟.滨海盐碱地枣园土壤酶活性与土壤养分、微生物的关系[J].2007,43(增刊):28-32
[237]郭继勋,姜世成,林海俊,等.不同草原植被碱化草甸土的酶活性[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(4):412-416
[238]Grierson P F,Adams M A.Plant species affect acid phosphatase,ergosterol and microbial P in a jarrah ((?) ex Sm)(?)Australia[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2000,32:1817-1828.
[239]Sparling G P.The substrate-induced respiration[A].Alef K,Nannipieri P,ed.Methods in Ap(?)ii Microbiology and Biochemistry[C].London:Academic Press,1995.97-104.
[240]周礼恺,张志明,陈恩凤.黑土的酶活性[J].土壤学报,1981,18(2):158-165.
[241]陈思凤.土壤酶的生物学意义(代序)[A].中国科学院林业研究所,中国科学院土壤肥料研究所,吉林农业大学.全国土壤酶学研究文集[C].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出社,1988.2-5.
[242]周礼恺.土壤酶活性的总体在评价土壤肥力水平中的作用[J].土壤学报,1983,20(4):413-417
[243]王成秋,王树良,杨剑虹,等.紫色土柑桔园土壤酶活性及其影响因素研究[J].中国南方果树.1999,28(5):7-10
[244]郑洪元,周礼恺,张德生.土壤酶活性[M].北京:科学出版社,1980
[245]刘广深,徐冬梅,许中坚,等.用通径分析法研究土壤水解酶活性与土壤性质的关系[J].土壤学报,2003,40(5):756-762
[246]Soil and Water conservation Society.Farming for a better environment—A white paper[N].Soil Water Conservation.Sodety.Ankleny.Iowa.1995
[247]Larson,W.E.,Pierce,F.J.Conservation and enhancement of soil quality.Workshop on evaluation for sustainable land management in the developing world[M].International Board for Soil Resource and Management(IBSRAM).Proceeding,Bangkok,Thailand,1991
[2]邱莉萍.黄土高原植被恢复生态系统土壤质量变化及调控措施[D].陕西杨陵,西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2007
[3]宫阿都,何毓蓉.土壤退化研究的进展及展望[J].世界科技研究与发展,2001,23(2):18-20.
[4]Brown L R,WolfE C.Soil erosion:quiet crisis in theworld economy.Woldw arch paper 60.[M].Woldw atch institute,Washington:1984
[5]Langdale GW,et al.Corn yield reduction on eroded southern piedmont soils[J].Soil andW ater conservation,1979(34):226-228
[6]M assee T W.Simulated erosion and fertilizer effects on w inter w heat cropping intermountain dryland area[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Amer.J.,1990(54):1720-1725
[7]Staley,T.E.Soil microbial biomass and organic component alteration in a no-tillage chronosequence[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1988,52(4):998-1005
[8]Davidson,E.A.,Ackerman,I.L.Changes of soil carbon invertories following cultivation of previously untilled soils[J].Biogeochemistry,1993,20:161-193
[9]黄昌勇主编.土壤学[M].中国农业出版社.2000
[10]Talsma T.Prediction of hydraulic conductivity from soil water retention data.Soil Sci.1985,140:184-188.
[11]Von Genuchten M.A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Sci.1980,44:89-98
[[12]Warkentin BP.The changing concept of soil quality[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,May-June:226-228
[13]刘世梁,傅伯杰,陈利顶,等.两种土壤质量变化的定量评价方法比较[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,(5):422-426
[14]George Z,Stamatis S,Vasilios T.Impacts of agricultural practices on soil and water quality in the Mediterranean region and proposed assessment ethodology[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,88:137-146
[15]Karlen D L,Mausbach M J,Doran J W.Soil quality:a concept,definition,and framework for evaluation[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1997,61:4-10
[16]Doran J W,Parkin T B.Defining and assessing soil quality.In:Doran J W,Coleman D C,Bezdicek D F,et a.Eds.Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment.SSSA Spec.Pub.3,Am.Soc.Agro.Madison,WI,1994,35:3-21
[17]Islam KR,Weil RR.Soil quality indicator properties in mid-Atlantic soils as influenced by conservation management.Journal of Soil Water Conservation,2000,50:226-228
[18]曹志洪.解译土壤质量演变规律,确保土壤资源持续利用[J].世界科技研究与发展.2001,23(3):28-32
[19]吴彤,倪邵祥.土地荒漠化监测方法研究进展[J].国土资源科技管理,2005,5:4-6
[20]宇振荣,等.中国土地盐碱化及其防治对策研究[J]农村生态环境,1997,3:3-4
[21]冷疏影,李秀彬.土地质量指标体系国际研究的新进展[J].地理学报.1999,54(2):177-185.
[22]Eijsackers H.土壤质量评价的国际透视:通用质量标准和以土地利用为基础的质量标准[J].AMBI O(中文版).1998,27(1):69-75.
[23]Christian P,Julian D,Ann H,et al.World Bank discussion papers No.315:land quality indicators[R].Washington D C,USA:The World Bank,1995,55
[24]刘世梁,傅伯杰,刘国华,等.我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展[J].土壤通报.2006,37(1):137-142
[25]Zheng P Z,Liu Z X.Soil quality and its evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(1):131-134.
[26]Arshad M A,Martin S.Identifying critical limits for soil quality indicators in agro2ecosystem.Agric.Ecosyst.Environ.,2002,88:153-160
[27]Hartemink E A.Soil chemical and physical properties as indicator of sustainable land management under sugar cane in Papua,New Guinea[J].Geoderma,1998,85:283-306
[28]Wang X J,Gong Z T.Assessment and analysis of soil quality changes after eleven years of reclamation in subtropical China[J].Geoderma,1998,81:339-355
[29]Arshad M A,Coen GM.Characterization of soil quality:physical and chemical criteria[J].Am.J.Altern.Agric.,1992,7:25-31
[30]Larson W E,Pierce F J.Conservation and enhancement of soil quality.In Proc.of the Int.Workshop on evaluation for sustainable land management in the developing world.International Board for Soil Resource and Management(IBSRAM).Proceeding no.123 vol.2.Bangkok,Thailand,1991.
[31]Filip Z.International approach to assessing soil quality by ecologically related biological parameters [J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,88:169-174
[32]Zalidis G,Stamatiadis S,Takavaoglou V,et al.Impact s of agricultural practices on soil and water quality in the Mediterranean region and proposed assessment methodology[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2002,88:137-146.
[33]王世杰.喀斯特石漠化-中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报.2003,22(2):120-126
[34]熊东红,贺秀斌,周红艺.土壤质量评价研究进展[J].世界科技研究与发展.2005,27(1):71-75
[35]Schoenholtz S H,Miegroet H V,Burger J A.A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality:challenges and opportunities[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2000,138:335-356.
[36]张鹏飞,田长彦,卞卫国,等.克拉玛依农业开发区土壤质量评价指标的筛选[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(2):165-170
[37]Soil and Water Conservation Society.Farming for a better environment.A white paper[N].Soil Water Conservation.Society.Ankeny.Iowa,1995
[38]Doran J.W.,M.Sarrantonio,M.A.Liebig.Soil health and sustainability[J].Adv.Agric.1996,(56):1-54
[39]Michael J.Singer,Stephanie Ewing.Soil quality,In:Interdisciplinary aspects of soil science,1999
[40]Jordan D.,Kremer R.J.,Bergfield W.A.,et al.Evaluation of microbial methods as potential indicators of soil quality in historical agriculture fields.Bio Ferti Soils,1995,19(4):297-302
[41]Karlen D.L.,Gardener J.C.,Rosek M.J.A soil quality framework for evaluating the impact of CRP.J Product Agric,1998,11(1):56-60
[42]Stenberg B.Monitoring soil quality of arable land:Microbilogical indicators,Acta Agric Scand Section B.Soil and Plant Sci,1999,49(1):1-24
[43]Dick R P.Soil enzyme activity as indicators of soil quality[A].In Doran JW.Coleman DC,Bezdicek D F eds.Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment[C].Soil Society of America Special Publication(SSSA Spec.pub ).35.SSSA and ASA.Madison.Wisconsin 1994,107-124.
[44]Dick R P.Soil enzyme activity as Biodiversity measurements as integrating biologic indicators[A].In Doran JW.eds.Handbook of methods for assessment of soil quality[C].Madison.SSSA Spec.Pub 49.Soil Society of America Special Publication pub.1996,247-272
[45]Bolton H,J r Elliot L F,Papendick R L Bezdick D F.Soil microbialbiomass and selected soil enzyme activities effects of fertilization and cropping practises[J].Soil Bio Biochem.1985,12:297-302
[46]Dick R P,Myrold D D,Kerle E A.Microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in compacted and rehabilitated skid trail soils[J].Soil Sci Soc,Am,J,1988,52:512-516.
[47]Bandick AK,Dick R P.Field management effects on soil enzyme activities[J].Soil Biol Biochem.,1999,1:1471-1497
[48]Verstrate W and J P Voets.Soil microbial and biochemical characteristics in relation to soil management and fertility[J]Soil Biot Biochem.,1977,9:253-258
[49]Martems D A,Johnson J B,and Frankenberger J r W T.Production and persistence of soil enzyme with repeated addition of organic residues[J].Soil Sci,1992,153:53-61.
[50]Werten W,Scherer H W and Olfs H W.Influence of long-term application of sewage and compost from garbage with sewage sludge on soil fertility criteria[J].Agron Crop Sci,1988,160:173-179.
[51]Miller M,Dick R P.Thermal stability and activities of soil enzymes as influenced by crop rotations[J]Soil Biot Biochem.,1995,27:1161-1166
[52]张心昱,陈利顶.土壤质量评价指标体系与评价方法研究进展与展望.水土保持研究.2006,13(3):30-34
[53]孙波,赵其国,张桃林等.土壤质量与持续环境Ⅲ土壤质量评价的生物学指标[J].土壤.1997,29(5):225-234
[54]Nambiar KK M,Gupta A P,Fu Q L,et al.Biophysical,chemical and socio-economic indicators for assessing agricultural sustainability in the Chinese coastal zone[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2001,87:209-214
[55]Doran J W,Zeiss M R.Soil health and sustainability:managing the biotic component of soil quality [J].Applied Soil Ecology,2000,15:3-11
[56]Anderson T H.Microbial eco-physiological indicators to assess soil quality[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2003,9(1-3):285-293
[57]曹慧,孙辉,杨浩.土壤酶活性及其对土壤质量指示研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报.2003,9(1): 105-109
[58]Parisi V,Menta C,Gardi C,et al.Micro arthropod communities as a tool to assess soil quality and biodiversity:a new approach in Italy[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2005,105:323-333.
[59]Lilburne L R,Hewitt A E,Sparling G P,et al.Soil quality in New Zealand:policy and the science response[J].J.Environmental Quality,2004,31:1768-1773
[60]Lilburne L,Spading G,Schipper L.Soil quality monitoring in New Zealand:development of an interpretative framework[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2004,104:535-544.
[61]Sparling G P,Schipper L A.Bettjeman W,et al.Soil quality monitoring in New Zealand:practical lessons from a 6-year trial[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2004,104:523-534.
[62]Brejda J J,Moorman T B,Karlen D L,et al.Identification of Regional Soil Quality Factors and Indicators:Ⅰ.Central and Southern High Plains[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2000,64:2115-2124.
[63]Brejda J J,Karlen D L,and Smith J L,et al.Identification of Regional Soil Quality Factors and Indicators:Ⅱ.Northern Mississippi Loess Hills and Palouse Prairie[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2000,64:2125-2135
[64]Andrews S S,Karlen D L,Cambardella C A.The soil management assessment framework:A quantitative soil quality evaluation method[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2004,68:1945-1962
[65]张华,张甘霖,漆志平,等.热带地区农场尺度土壤质量现状的系统评价[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):186-193.
[66]赵玉国,张甘霖,张华,等.海南岛土壤质量系统评价与区域特征探析[J].中国农业生态学报,2004,12(3):13-15
[67]许明祥,刘国彬,赵允格.黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报.2005,11(3):285-293
[68]许明祥,刘国彬,赵允格.黄土丘陵区土壤质量评价指标研究[J].应用生态学报.2005,16(10):1843-1848
[69]Reganold J P.Soil quality and profitability of biodynamic and conventional farming systems:a review [J].American Journal of Alternative Agriculture,1995,10(1):36-45
[70]Reginald Ebhin Masto,Pramod K.Chhonkar,Dhyan Singh,etc.Soil quality response to long-term nutrient and crop management on a semi-arid Inceptisoil[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,118:130-142
[71]吴育忠.贵阳市白云岩地区土壤质量的评价研究[D].贵州师范大学,2006
[72]M.A.Aon,D.E.Sarena,J.L.Burgos,etc.(Micro) biological,chemical and physical properties of soil subject to convention or no-till management:An assessment of their quality status[J].Soil tillage research,2001,60:173-186
[73]万存绪,张效勇.模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用[J].应用科学学报,1991,9(6):359-365.
[74]王效举,龚子同.红壤丘陵小区域不同利用方式下土壤变化的评价和预测[J].土壤学报,1998,35(1):135-139
[75]楼文高.基于人工神经网络的三江平原土壤质量综合评价与预测模型[J].中国管理科学,2002,10(1):79-83
[76]张建辉.川江流域防护林区土壤质量评价方法[J].山地学报,1992,10(2):109-115.
[77]黄宇,汪思龙,冯宗炜,等.不同人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(12):2199-2205
[78]李月芬,汤洁,李艳梅.用主成分分析和灰色关联度分析评价草原土壤质量[J].世界地质,2004,23(2):169-174
[79]陈龙乾,邓喀中,徐黎华,等.矿区复垦土壤质量评价方法[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(5):449-452
[80]秦明周,赵杰.城乡结合部土壤质量变化特点与可持续性利用对策—以开封市为例[J].地理学报,2000,55(5):545-554.
[81]Garrison S,Angela Z.The assessment of soil quality[J].Geoderma,2003,14:143-144
[82]Karlen DL,Ditzler CA,Andrews SS.Soil quality:why and how?[J].Geoderma,2003,114:145-156
[83]Craig A Ditzler,Arlene J Tugel.Soil Quality Field Tools:Experiences of USDA—NRCS Soil Quality Institute[J].Agron2002,94:33-38.
[84]Romig D E,Garlynd M J,Harris R F,McSweeney K.How farmers assess soil health and quality [J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,50:229-236
[85]United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service-Soil Quality Institute.Soil Quality Test Kit Guide[M].1999
[86]P Govaerts.Geostatistics in soil science:state-of-the art and perspectives[J].Geoderma,1999,89:1-45
[87]Kwansoo Kim,Bradford L Barham,LAN Coxhead.Measuring soil quality dynamics:A role for economists,and implications for economicanalysis[J].Agncultural Economics,2001,25:13-26
[88]De Gruijter J J,Walvoort D J J,Van Gaans P F M.Continuous soil maps-a fuzzy set approach to bridge the gap between aggregation levels of process and distribution models[J].Geoderma,1997,77:169-195
[89]Jonathan J Halvomon,Jefrey L Smith,and Robert I Papendiek.Integration of multiple soil parameters to evaluate soil quality:a field example[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1996,21(3):207-214
[90]Nazzareno Diodato,Miehele Ceecarelli.Multivariate indicator Kriging approach using a G1S to classify soil degradation for Mediterranean agricultural lands[J].Ecological Indicators.2004,4:177-187
[91]Julie A Cattle.Alex B McBratney.Budiman Minasny.Kfiging.Method Evaluation for Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Urban Soil Lead Contamination[J].JournaI of Environmental Quality.2002,31:1576-1588
[92]李艳,史舟,徐建明,等.地统计学在土壤科学中的应用及展望[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1):178-182
[93]Larson W.E.,F.J.Pierce.In:Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment.Soil Science Society of America,Iae,Madison.Wisconsin USA,1994:37-52
[94]Hussain I,Olson K R,Wander M M.Karlen D L.Adaptation of soil quality indices and application to three tillage systems in southern Illinois[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1999,50:37-249
[95]Wang Xiaoju,Gong Zitong.Assessment and analysis of soil quality changes after eleven years of reclamation in subtropical China,Geoderma,1998,81(3)-4:339-355
[96]王效举,龚子同.红壤丘陵小区域水平上不同时段土壤质量变化的评价和分析[J].地理科学,1997,17(2):141-149
[97]侯文广,江聪世,熊庆文,等.基于GIS的土壤质量评价研究[J].武汉大学学报,2003,28(1):60-64
[98]张庆利,史学正,潘贤章,等.江苏省金坛市土壤肥力的时空变化特征[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):315-319
[99]张华,张甘霖,漆智平,等.热带地区农场尺度土壤质量现状的系统评价[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):186-193
[100]陈松林.福州海岛耕作土壤质量的定量评价[J].福建师范大学学报,1996,12(3):84-88
[101]胡月明,万洪富,吴志峰,等.基于GIS的土壤质量模糊变权评价[J].土壤学报,2001,38(3):266-274.
[102]吴国清.崇明岛土壤资源评价初探[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(1):9-14.
[103]武伟,唐明华,刘洪斌.土壤养分的模糊综合评价[J].西南农业大学学报,2000,22(3):270-272.
[104]李月芬,汤洁,林年丰,等.灰色关联度法在草原土壤质量评价中的应用[J].吉林农业大学学报,2003,25(5):551-556.
[105]付强,金菊良,门宝辉,等.基于RAGA的PPE模型在土壤质量等级评价中的应用研究[J].水土保持通报,2002,22(5):51-54
[106]潘峰,粱川,付强.基于层次分析法的物元模型在土壤质量评价中的应用[J].农业现代化研究,2002,23(2):93-97
[107]曾国熙,粱川,裴源生.土壤质量排序和分类研究中密切值法的应用[J].东北水利水电,2004,22(2):9-41
[108]齐伟,张凤荣,牛振国,等.土壤质量时空变化一体化评价方法及其应用[J].土壤通报.2003,34(1):1-5
[109]刘德春,何鑫,王昌全.马尔柯夫法在土壤质量动态评价中的应用[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,2:51-52
[110]吕晓男,孟赐福,麻万诸,等.土壤质量及其演变[J].浙江农业学报.2004,16(2):105-109
[111]常旭,赵广才.农牧交错区保护性耕作对土壤含水量和温度的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(3):328-332.
[112]文倩,关欣.土壤团聚体形成的研究进展[J].干旱区研究,2004,21(4):433-438
[113]李有忠,陈垣,胡恒觉.半干旱区覆盖少耕免耕的保墒效应.甘肃农业科技,1997(6):1-3
[114]孙海国,Larney F.J.保护性耕作和植物残体对土壤养分状况的影响[J].生态农业研究,1997,5(1):47-51.
[115]Blevins R L.Thmas G W,Smith M S.Frye W W,Comelius P L.Changes in soil grope 10 years continuous non-tilled and conventionally tilled[J].Soil and Tillage Research:1983:135-146
[116]Lal R.No-tillage effects on soil properties under different crops in western Nigenia[J].Soil Sci,Soc.Am Pros,1976,40:762-768.
[117]吴敬民,等.桔秆还田效果及其在土壤培肥中的地位[J].土壤学报,1991 25(5):211-215.
[118]吴崇海,等.高留麦茬的整体效应与配套技术研究[J].干早地区农业研究,1996.14(1):43-48.
[119]贾树龙,任图生.保护耕作研究进展及前景展望[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):152-154.
[120]刘梦云 常庆瑞,等.土地利用方式对土壤团聚体及微团聚体的影响[J].中国农学通报,2005, 21(11):247-250.
[121]Unger P W.Tillage effects on surface soil physical conditions and sorghum emergence[J].Soil Sci.Am.1984,48:1423-1432.
[122]Mielke L N,Wilhelm W W,Fenster C R.Soil physical characteristics of reduced tillage in a wheat-fallow system[J].Traps.ASAE.1984.27:1724-1728.
[123]Azimzadeh M.,Koocheki A.,Pala M.旱地条件下耕作和残茬管理对可持续谷物生产的影响[C].面向二十一世纪的机械化旱作节水农业[A].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2000.238-252
[124]许迪,Schmid R.,Mermoud A.夏玉米耕作方式对耕层土壤特性时间变异性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(1):64-87
[125]冯跃华,邹应斌,王淑红,等.免耕对土壤理化性状和直播稻生长及产量形成的影响[J].作物研究,2004,(3):137-140
[126]罗珠珠,黄高宝,张国盛.保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地表土容重和水分入渗的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究.2005,23(4):7-12
[127]李玲玲,黄高宝,张仁陟,等不同保护性耕作措施对旱作农田土壤水分的影响[J].生态学报.2005,25(9):2326-2332
[128]李玲玲,黄高宝,张仁陟,等.免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作农田土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持学报.2005,19(5):94-96
[129]T.M.Shaver,G.A.Peterson,L.R.Ahuja et al.Surface soil physical properties after twelve years of dryland no-till management Soil Science.Soc.Am.J.2000.66:1296-1303
[130]Dao.T.H.Tillage and winter wheat residue management effects of water infiltration and storage.Soil Sci.Soc A.m.J.1993,57:1586-1595
[131]温美丽,刘宝元,叶芝菡,等.免耕与土壤侵蚀研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报.2006,14(3):1-3
[132]黄高宝,罗珠珠,辛平.耕作方式对黄土高原早地土壤渗透性能的影响[J].水土保持通报.2007,27(6):34-37
[133]赵君范,黄高宝,辛平.保护性耕作对地表径流及侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(6):34-37
[134]Karlen D.L.,et al.Long-term tillage effect on soil quality.Soil Tillage Research[J].1994,32(4):313-327
[135]Logan T J,Lal R,Dick WA.Tillage systems and soil properties in North American.Soil Tillage Research,1991,20:241-270
[136]Reeves DW.The role of organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems[J].Soil Tillage Research,1997,43:131-167
[137]张志国,徐琪,R.L.Blevins.长期秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤某些理化性质及玉米产量的影响[J].土壤学报.1998,35(3):384-391
[138]朱文珊,曹明奎.秸秆覆盖免耕法的节水培肥增产效益及应用前景[J].干旱地区农业研究,1988,(4):12-17.
[139]严洁,邓良基,黄剑.保护性耕作对土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响[J].中国农机化.2005,24(2):31-34
[140]逢蕾,黄高宝.保护性耕作对地表径流及侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报.2007,27(6):34-37
[141]Tracy,P.W.,Carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur mineralization in plow and no-till Alteration[J].Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-J,1990,54(2):457-461
[142]刘鹏程,岳华昌.稻草覆盖还田培肥地力的试验研究[J].土壤肥料.1993,(3):35-37
[143]余晓鹤.土壤表层管理对部分土壤化学性质的影响[J].土壤.1990,(2):158-161
[144]赵二龙,李立科,徐福利.旱地小麦高留茬少耕全程覆盖高产技术体系研究[J].西北农业学报,1998,7(4):86-90
[145]Staley T E.耕作方式对土壤微生物生物量影响的研究[J].郎海洋编译.水土保持科技情报.2001,(1):12-13
[146]Gao.HW and WY-LI.Chinese Conservation Tillage[J].ISTROC Australia 2003:465-470
[147]刘跃光,王希昶.耕作制度对土壤质量及效益的影响[J].水土保持科技情报.2005(5):30-33
[148]王笳,王树楼,丁玉川.旱地玉米免耕整秸秆覆盖土壤养分、结构和生物的研究[J].山西农业科学.1994,22(3):17-19
[149]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤细菌群落区系的影响[J].生态科学.2000,19(3):27-32
[150]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤细菌和真菌生物量与活性的研究[J].生态学杂志.2001,20(2):30-36
[151]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征的研究[J].生态学报.2001,20(10):1704-1710
[152]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新,秸秆覆盖免耕土壤微生物两与养分转化的研究[J].中国农业科学 1994,27(6):41-49
[153]陈蓓,张仁陟.免耕与覆盖对土壤微生物数量及组成的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(6):634-638.
[154]何玉梅,张仁陟,张丽华.不同耕作措施对土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):113-119
[155]张丽华,黄高宝,张仁陟,旱作条件下不同覆盖及耕作方式对土壤微生物量磷的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2006,41(6):634-638.
[156]张丽华黄高宝,张仁陟,免耕及覆盖对土壤纤维素分解强度和纤维素分解菌的影响[J].草原与草坪,2007,120(1):5-13
[157]樊丽琴,南志标,沈禹颖,等.保护性耕作对黄土高原小麦田土壤微生物量碳的影响[J].草原与草坪.2005,111(4):51-53
[158]张玉兰,陈利军,张丽莉.土壤质量的酶学指标[J].土壤通报2005,36(4):598-604
[159]Gupta V V S R,Germida J J.Distribution of microbial biomass and its activities in different soil aggregates size class as affected by cultivation[J].Soil Biot Biochem.,1988,20:777-786
[160]王聪翔,闻杰,孙文涛,等.不同保护性耕作方式土壤酶动态变化的研究初报[J].辽宁农业科学.2005,45(6):16-18
[161]李春勃,范丙全,孟春香,等。麦秸覆盖旱地棉田少耕培肥效果[[J].生态农业研究.1995,3(3):52-55
[162]谢德体,陈绍兰,魏朝富,等.水田不同耕作方式下土壤酶活性及生化特性的研究[J].土壤通报.1994,25(5):196-198
[163]王芸,韩宾,史忠强,等.保护性耕作对土壤微生物特性及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报.2006,20 (4):10-12
[164]杨招弟.不同耕作方式对土壤酶活性的影响[D].甘肃农业大学,硕士学位论文
[165]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤物理研究室编.土壤物理性质测定法[M].北京:科学出版社.1978
[166]中国科学院南京土壤研究所编.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978
[167]许明祥,刘国彬,卜崇峰等.圆盘入渗仪法测定不同利用方式土壤渗透性试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):54-58
[168]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000,30-34.
[169]严昶升.土壤肥力研究法[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[170]]赵兰坡,姜岩.土壤磷酸酶活性测定方法探讨[J].土壤通报,1986,17(3):138-141.
[171]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[172]许光辉.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986
[173]李阜棣,喻子牛,何绍江.农业微生物学实验技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[174]王建国,杨林章,单艳红.模糊数学在土壤质量评价中的应用研究[J].土壤学报.2001,38(2):176-183
[175]黎孟波,张先婉.土壤肥力研究进展[M].北京:中国科学出版社,1991.
[176]张庆费,宋永昌,由文辉.浙江天童山植物群落次生演替与土壤肥力的关系[J].生态学报,1999,2(2):174-179
[177]巩杰,陈利顶,傅伯杰,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用和植被恢复对土壤质量的影响[J].应用生态学报[J].2004,15(12):2292-2296
[178]朱德举,连镜清,王秋兵.土地评价[M].北京:中国大地出版社,1996
[179]刘梦云,安韶山,常庆瑞,等.宁南山区不同土地利用方式土壤质量评价方法研究[J].水土保持研究.2005,12(6):41-43
[180]李文忠,贺永元,张伟华,等.北川河流域退耕还林(草)对土壤质量影响的评价[J].水土保持研究.2005.12(6):1-3
[181]黄高宝.论黄土高原侵蚀环境下旱作农业的可持续发展[J].草业学报,2001,10(专集):84-90.
[182]巩杰,黄高宝,陈利顶,等.旱作麦田秸秆覆盖的生态综合效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(3):69-73
[183]陈素英,张喜英,刘孟雨.玉米秸秆覆盖麦田下的土壤温度和土壤水分动态规律[J].中国农业气象,2002,23(4):34-37.
[184]XIAO Huilin,ZHENG Xijian.Effects of soil warming on some soil chemical properties[J].土壤与环境.2000.9(4):316-321
[185]谢军飞,李玉娥.土壤温度对北京早地农田N2O排放的影响[J]中国农业气象,2005,26(1):7-10
[186]张一平,白锦鳞,张君常,等.温度对土壤水势影响的研究[J].土壤学报,1990,27(4):454-458.
[187]闵安成,张一平,朱铭莪,等.田间土壤水势温度效应[J].土壤学报,1995,32(2):237-2240.
[188]Barlow EW R,Boersma L,Young J L.Pho to synthesis,transpiration,and leaf elongat ion in co rn seedlings at suboptimal soil temperatures[J].Agron J,1977,(69):95-100.
[189]丁昆仑,深松对土壤水分物理特性及夏玉米生长的影响[J].中国农村水利水电 1997,7:13-16
[190]Barlow EW R,Boersma L,Young J L.Photosynthesis,transpirat ion,and leaf elongation in com seedlings at suboptimal soil temperatures[J].Agron J,1977,(69):95-100.
[191]Walker J M.One-degree increments in soil temperaturesaffect maize seedling behavior[J].Soil Sci Soc Am Proc,1969(33):729-736.
[192]黄高宝,李玲玲,张仁陟,等.免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作麦田土壤温度的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究.2006,24(5):1-4
[193]罗珠珠.保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤渗透性能的的影响[D].甘肃农业大学,硕士学位论文
[194]刘良梧.全球土壤退化评价[J].自然资源.1995.1:10-14.
[195]曹承绵,严长生,张志明,等.关于土壤肥力数值化综合评价的探讨[J].土壤通报,1983,14(4):13-15.
[196]刘创民,李昌哲,史敏华,等.多元统计分析在森林土壤肥力类型分辨中的应用[J].生态学报,1996,16(4):444-447
[197]刘寿波.黑龙江南部次生林区森林土壤肥力的研究[J].土壤通报,1964,(2):13-16
[198]杨玉盛,李振问,刘爱琴等.人工阔叶林取代格氏栲天然林后土壤肥力变化的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1993,21(5):14-21
[199]陈留美.新垦淡灰钙土土壤肥力质量演变及土壤磷素形态转化的研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2006,硕士学位论文
[200]杨涛,徐慧,方德华,等.樟子松林下土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的研究[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):253-257
[201]耿增超,张社奇,王国栋,等.黄土高原油松人工林地土壤养分及化学性质的时空效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,4(8):98-104
[202]孙海国,Francis J.Larney.保护性耕作和植物残体对土壤养分状况的影响[J].生态农业研究.1997,5(1):47-51
[203]中国科学院南京土壤研究所编.中国土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.382-383
[204]李建平,姚祖芳,刘世全,等.西藏自治区土壤资源[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.
[205]袁可能.植物营养的土壤化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.
[206]于天仁,王振权.土壤分析化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.
[207]刘世全,高丽丽,蒲玉琳,等.西藏土壤磷素和钾素养分状况及其影响因素[J].水土保持学报.2005,19(1):75-78
[208]韩凤朋,张兴昌,郑纪勇.黄河中游土壤有机质与氮磷相关性分析[J].人民黄河,2007,29(4):58-59
[209]魏孝荣,邵明安.黄土高原沟壑区小流域坡地土壤养分分布特征[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):604-612
[210]吴金水.土壤有机质及其周转动力学[A].见:何电源编.中国南方土壤肥力与作物栽培施肥[C].北京:科学出版社,1994.28-62
[211]Savoizzi A,Leviminzi R,Riffaldi R.The effect of forty years of continuous corn cropping on soil organic matter characteristics[J].Plant and Soil,1994,160:139-145
[212]Hountin J A,Couillard D,Karam A.Soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus contents in maize plots after 14 years of pig slurry applications[J].Journal of Agricultural Science.1997,129:187-191
[213]Richards I R,Clayton C J,Reve A J K.Effects of long term fertilizer phosphorus application on soil and crop phosphorus and cadmium contents[J]1 Journal of Agricultural Science.1998,131:187-195
[214]吕永华,詹寿,马武军,等.广东主要植烟土壤养分特征及施肥模式研究[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(2):49-56.
[215]钦绳武,刘芷宇.土壤-根系微区养分状况的研究-Ⅵ1不同形态肥料氮素在根际的迁移规律[J].土壤学报,1989,26(2):117-123
[216]陈爱莲.土壤监测修复技术与有毒有害物质残留分析与改良评价标准[M].北京:北京伯通电子出版社,2002
[[217]耿增超,张社奇,王国栋,等.黄土高原油松人工林地土壤养分及化学性质的时空效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,4(8):98-104
[218]Anderson TH.Microbial eco-physiological indicators to asses soil quality.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2003,98:285-293
[219]Zelles L.Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharidesin the characterisation of microbial communities in soil:A review.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1999,29:11-29
[220]Coleman D C,Hendrix P F,Odum E P.Ecosystem health:An overview[J].SSSA Special Publication,1998,52:1-20.
[221]Goralczyk K.Nematodes in a coastal dune succession:Indicators of soil properties?[J]Applied Soil Ecology,1998,9:471-475.
[222]Gupta V V S R,Yeates G W.Soil microfauna as indicators of soil health[A].In:Biological Indicators of Soil Health[C].CAB International,1997.201-233.
[223]Liang W J,Lavian I,Steinberger Y.Dynamics of nematode community composition in a potato field [J].Pedobiologia,1999,43:459-469.
[224]Neher D A.Nematode communities:Indicators of soil health[A].In:Proceedings of the ⅦInternational Congress of Ecology[C].Florence,Italy,1998.308.
[225]Porazinska D L,Duncan L W,McSorley R et al.Nematode communities as indicators of status and processes of a soil ecosystem influenced by agricultural management practices[J].Applied Soil Ecology,1999,13:69-86.
[226]Yeates GW,Bongers T.Nematode diversity in agroecosystems[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,1999,74:113-135.
[227]刘晓冰,邢宝山。土壤质量及其评价指标.农业系统科学与综合研究[J].2002.18(2):109-112
[228]高惠民.农业土壤管理[M].北京:科学出版社.1988.37-42.
[229]王冬梅,王春枝,韩晓日,等.长期施肥对棕壤主要酶活性的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):263-267.
[230]熊明彪,雷孝章,田应兵,等.长期施肥对紫色土酶活的影响[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2003,35(4):60-63,
[231]徐秋芳,姜培坤.有机肥对毛竹林间及根区土壤生物化学性质的影响[J].浙江林学院学报,2000,17(14):364-368
[232]胡海波,张金池,高智慧.岩质海岸防护林土壤微生物数量及其与酶活性和理化性质的关系[J].林业科学研究,2001,15(1):88-95
[233]Richard P D.Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment[M].Soil Science Society of America Inc.,Madison Wisconsin,USA,1994.107-124
[234]李志建,倪恒,周爱国.额济纳旗盆地土壤过氧化氢酶活性的垂向变化研究[J].干旱区自然与环境,2004,18(1):86-89
[235]何斌,温远光,袁霞,等.广西英罗港不同红树植物群落土壤理化性质与酶活性的研究[J].林业科学,2002.38(2):21-26
[236]宋海燕,李传荣,许景伟.滨海盐碱地枣园土壤酶活性与土壤养分、微生物的关系[J].2007,43(增刊):28-32
[237]郭继勋,姜世成,林海俊,等.不同草原植被碱化草甸土的酶活性[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(4):412-416
[238]Grierson P F,Adams M A.Plant species affect acid phosphatase,ergosterol and microbial P in a jarrah ((?) ex Sm)(?)Australia[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2000,32:1817-1828.
[239]Sparling G P.The substrate-induced respiration[A].Alef K,Nannipieri P,ed.Methods in Ap(?)ii Microbiology and Biochemistry[C].London:Academic Press,1995.97-104.
[240]周礼恺,张志明,陈恩凤.黑土的酶活性[J].土壤学报,1981,18(2):158-165.
[241]陈思凤.土壤酶的生物学意义(代序)[A].中国科学院林业研究所,中国科学院土壤肥料研究所,吉林农业大学.全国土壤酶学研究文集[C].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出社,1988.2-5.
[242]周礼恺.土壤酶活性的总体在评价土壤肥力水平中的作用[J].土壤学报,1983,20(4):413-417
[243]王成秋,王树良,杨剑虹,等.紫色土柑桔园土壤酶活性及其影响因素研究[J].中国南方果树.1999,28(5):7-10
[244]郑洪元,周礼恺,张德生.土壤酶活性[M].北京:科学出版社,1980
[245]刘广深,徐冬梅,许中坚,等.用通径分析法研究土壤水解酶活性与土壤性质的关系[J].土壤学报,2003,40(5):756-762
[246]Soil and Water conservation Society.Farming for a better environment—A white paper[N].Soil Water Conservation.Sodety.Ankleny.Iowa.1995
[247]Larson,W.E.,Pierce,F.J.Conservation and enhancement of soil quality.Workshop on evaluation for sustainable land management in the developing world[M].International Board for Soil Resource and Management(IBSRAM).Proceeding,Bangkok,Thailand,1991
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |