采空区大型工业建筑关键理论与应用研究
|
摘要
煤炭是我国主要能源之一,多年的开采在全国各地形成了很多大范围、大规模的采空区。随着国民经济的高速发展,土地资源越来越宝贵,同时由于采矿企业生产转型和可持续发展的要求,许多工业与民用建筑工程、交通运输工程需要建设在新、老采空区内。但是,地表附加荷载导致采空区“活化”或加大、加速变形,从而危害所建工程。目前,国内外还缺少对此方面的系统理论研究和工程实践。因此,开展采空区综合治理和工程应用技术的研究显得尤为重要,具有现实意义。本文系统研究采空区的破坏规律及地表移动特征,对采空区稳定性进行了非线性有限元分析,结合工程实践,形成了在采空区上建设大型工业建筑的综合地基治理技术。
在采空区上建设大型水泥工业建筑是一个全新的课题,其难度在于:该项目建(构)筑物荷载大,既有静载又有动载;工程对沉降敏感,不均匀沉降要求≤10mm/60m;地质条件复杂,拟建场地采空区跨越年代久远,顶板覆岩为风化软岩,性状和构造多样;工程选址超出了规范的相关技术规定,没有可以借鉴的经验;在采空区上建设2500吨/日大型水泥工业建筑在国内尚无先例,国外也无相关报道。针对该工程建设场地特点和工程特性,本文进行了以下研究工作: 1.综合运用钻探、物探和现场测试等国内外多项新技术,对采空区赋存条件、覆岩层的工程性质、冒落堆积体空化程度和采空区稳定性进行科学评价;2.优化采空区治理方案,通过试验研究不同地段全充填或半充填注浆并加固,采用一种新型地基计算模型计算后,对地基进行了半充填注浆加固;3.为确保治理效果,本课题进行了注浆试验、成孔钻进与岩芯试验、压水试验、弹性波速检测、结石体单轴抗压强度与弹性模量测试等研究,建议采用压水试验结果评价采空区处理效果的工程检验指标;4.采空区加固采用新型CF粒状混合浆材,对粉煤灰和水泥混合浆液的物理性质和结石体力学特征进行了系统研究,筛选出了适用于采空区的配比。
采空区地基经注浆处理后,在工程施工和使用阶段,观测建筑物沉降,分析沉降过程、沉降幅度,掌握沉降规律,为该生产线的安全运行提供科学依据。本研究结合工程实践,解决了采空区探测、稳定性评价、治理及质量监测等关键技术难题,使该工程达到设计要求,满足长期稳定要求并积累了采空区勘察、地基处理等经验,形成了比较完善的理论,对今后采空区的开发和建设具有重要意义。
Coal is one of the main resources in China. A massive and wide range of goaf is formed in whole country after years of exploitation. With the high increase of national economy, the land resources are more precious than before. Meanwhile, as many exploitation enterprises have changed their development direction to satisfy the demand of continual development. Many industrial construction, civil construction and traffic engineering need to be constructed above old and new goaf . But the goaf may be activated ,and then the deformation which will harm the projects constructed here may be increased and speeded by the additional load on the goaf surface. There is still a lack of systemic study and project practice concerning above issue by far. Thus research on systemic control and engineering technology application about goaf is important and urgent.
In this paper, the destructive rule of goaf and characteristic of earth’s surface shift were introduced and investigated. The stability of goaf has been analyzed by the non-linear finite element method. Technology of foundation treatment for building constructed above large-scaled goaf is formed combining with practice.
It is a new assignment to construct a great cement industrial construction above goaf. The main difficulty is that the structural load including static and dynamic is heavy, and the project is sensitive to sedimentation, which required that the asymmetric sedimentation is not more than 10mm/60m. Moreover, the condition of geology is complicated, the goaf that will be used as constructed land have existed for many years and the rocks covering the peak of goaf are soft rocks. At last, there is no experience that can be learned from, because the land used by the project does not agree with the stipulation promulgated by current relational technical standard. There is not precedent for constructing a 2500t/d large cement industrial construction above goaf in homeland, and there is also not concerning report published in overseas.
Considering the characteristic of the land and the specialty property of the project,the following research has been carried out by this paper:1.Applied synthetically many new technique in domestic and overseas ,such as drilling, physical prospecting and field test etc, to evaluate scientifically the condition of goaf,the engineering characteristic of the coving peak rocks,the hollowed degree that piled up object collapsed in roof,and the stability of the goaf. 2. Optimized the treatment scheme of goaf, which is reinforced by grouting or half grouting in different district according to experiment. The foundation was reinforced by half grouting after the calculation based on a new calculation model of foundation. 3.To ensure the results of treatment, such experiment as grouting, pore-forming drilling and the rock core , pressing water , the elastic wave speed, the single axial compressive strength of the calculus body and the elastic modulus have been carried out in this project. Then, experimental results acquired by experiment of pressing water were suggested as the engineering index evaluated the processing result of goaf. A new style of CF grain form of admixture was used to reinforce goaf. To find proper mixture ratio suited to goaf, system researches about physical properties of the admixture of flash and cement, and the mechanical characteristic of the calculus body have been carried out. To master the rule of building sedimentation, the sedimentation of the building was observed during the stages of construction and application. Moreover, to provide scientific instruction for the safe operation of the production line, the process and amplitude of sedimentation was analyzed.
This research combining engineering practice, such key technical puzzles as the detection, stability evaluation, treatment and quality monitor of goaf etc have been solved. These key technologies enabled the engineering to satisfy the requirement of design and the long-term stability. And the experiences about goaf reconnaissance and foundation treatment were accumulated to formed a kind of relatively maturity theory, which contribute well to the development and construction of building above goaf in the future.
在采空区上建设大型水泥工业建筑是一个全新的课题,其难度在于:该项目建(构)筑物荷载大,既有静载又有动载;工程对沉降敏感,不均匀沉降要求≤10mm/60m;地质条件复杂,拟建场地采空区跨越年代久远,顶板覆岩为风化软岩,性状和构造多样;工程选址超出了规范的相关技术规定,没有可以借鉴的经验;在采空区上建设2500吨/日大型水泥工业建筑在国内尚无先例,国外也无相关报道。针对该工程建设场地特点和工程特性,本文进行了以下研究工作: 1.综合运用钻探、物探和现场测试等国内外多项新技术,对采空区赋存条件、覆岩层的工程性质、冒落堆积体空化程度和采空区稳定性进行科学评价;2.优化采空区治理方案,通过试验研究不同地段全充填或半充填注浆并加固,采用一种新型地基计算模型计算后,对地基进行了半充填注浆加固;3.为确保治理效果,本课题进行了注浆试验、成孔钻进与岩芯试验、压水试验、弹性波速检测、结石体单轴抗压强度与弹性模量测试等研究,建议采用压水试验结果评价采空区处理效果的工程检验指标;4.采空区加固采用新型CF粒状混合浆材,对粉煤灰和水泥混合浆液的物理性质和结石体力学特征进行了系统研究,筛选出了适用于采空区的配比。
采空区地基经注浆处理后,在工程施工和使用阶段,观测建筑物沉降,分析沉降过程、沉降幅度,掌握沉降规律,为该生产线的安全运行提供科学依据。本研究结合工程实践,解决了采空区探测、稳定性评价、治理及质量监测等关键技术难题,使该工程达到设计要求,满足长期稳定要求并积累了采空区勘察、地基处理等经验,形成了比较完善的理论,对今后采空区的开发和建设具有重要意义。
Coal is one of the main resources in China. A massive and wide range of goaf is formed in whole country after years of exploitation. With the high increase of national economy, the land resources are more precious than before. Meanwhile, as many exploitation enterprises have changed their development direction to satisfy the demand of continual development. Many industrial construction, civil construction and traffic engineering need to be constructed above old and new goaf . But the goaf may be activated ,and then the deformation which will harm the projects constructed here may be increased and speeded by the additional load on the goaf surface. There is still a lack of systemic study and project practice concerning above issue by far. Thus research on systemic control and engineering technology application about goaf is important and urgent.
In this paper, the destructive rule of goaf and characteristic of earth’s surface shift were introduced and investigated. The stability of goaf has been analyzed by the non-linear finite element method. Technology of foundation treatment for building constructed above large-scaled goaf is formed combining with practice.
It is a new assignment to construct a great cement industrial construction above goaf. The main difficulty is that the structural load including static and dynamic is heavy, and the project is sensitive to sedimentation, which required that the asymmetric sedimentation is not more than 10mm/60m. Moreover, the condition of geology is complicated, the goaf that will be used as constructed land have existed for many years and the rocks covering the peak of goaf are soft rocks. At last, there is no experience that can be learned from, because the land used by the project does not agree with the stipulation promulgated by current relational technical standard. There is not precedent for constructing a 2500t/d large cement industrial construction above goaf in homeland, and there is also not concerning report published in overseas.
Considering the characteristic of the land and the specialty property of the project,the following research has been carried out by this paper:1.Applied synthetically many new technique in domestic and overseas ,such as drilling, physical prospecting and field test etc, to evaluate scientifically the condition of goaf,the engineering characteristic of the coving peak rocks,the hollowed degree that piled up object collapsed in roof,and the stability of the goaf. 2. Optimized the treatment scheme of goaf, which is reinforced by grouting or half grouting in different district according to experiment. The foundation was reinforced by half grouting after the calculation based on a new calculation model of foundation. 3.To ensure the results of treatment, such experiment as grouting, pore-forming drilling and the rock core , pressing water , the elastic wave speed, the single axial compressive strength of the calculus body and the elastic modulus have been carried out in this project. Then, experimental results acquired by experiment of pressing water were suggested as the engineering index evaluated the processing result of goaf. A new style of CF grain form of admixture was used to reinforce goaf. To find proper mixture ratio suited to goaf, system researches about physical properties of the admixture of flash and cement, and the mechanical characteristic of the calculus body have been carried out. To master the rule of building sedimentation, the sedimentation of the building was observed during the stages of construction and application. Moreover, to provide scientific instruction for the safe operation of the production line, the process and amplitude of sedimentation was analyzed.
This research combining engineering practice, such key technical puzzles as the detection, stability evaluation, treatment and quality monitor of goaf etc have been solved. These key technologies enabled the engineering to satisfy the requirement of design and the long-term stability. And the experiences about goaf reconnaissance and foundation treatment were accumulated to formed a kind of relatively maturity theory, which contribute well to the development and construction of building above goaf in the future.
引文
[1]北京矿业学院、中南矿冶学院、合肥工业大学等合编.矿山岩层与地表移动[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1960.
[2] K.G.斯塔格,O.C.晋基维茨.工程实用岩石力学[M].北京:地质出版社,1978.
[3] [法] J.FINE.有限元法在岩石力学中的应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1979.
[4]中国矿业学院等编.煤矿岩层与地表移动[M].北京:炭工业出版社,1981.
[5] J.C.耶格、N.G. W.库克.岩石力学基础[M].北京:科学出版社,1981.
[6]重庆建筑工程大学,同济大学.岩体力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981.
[7]煤炭科学研究院北京开采研究所.煤矿地表移动与覆岩破坏规律及其应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1981.
[8] F.P.胞登,D.泰伯.摩擦学入门[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1982.
[9]林宗元.岩土工程治理手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[10]郑雨天,傅冰骏,卢世宗等译.岩石力学试验建议方法[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1982.
[11]徐之纶,弹性力学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1982.
[12]徐次达,华伯浩.固体力学有限元理论、方法及程序[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1983.
[13]地矿部物化探研究所情报室.日本工程物探技术译文集[M].北京:地矿部物化探研究所情报室,1984.
[14]林韵梅.实验岩石力学模拟研究[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1984.
[15]中国科学院地质研究所.岩体工程地质的力学问题(五) [M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[16][苏]尤申.郭福君,刘树滋译.采动区建筑物基础设计要点[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1985.
[17]原煤炭工业部.建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规程[S].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1985.
[18][苏]H. C.布雷切夫,王明恕译.地下结构力学[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1985.
[19]周汉荣.土力学地基与基础[M].武汉:武汉工业大学出版社,1986.
[20]干光瑜,秦惠民.材料力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1986.
[21]龚晓南,王寿梅.结构分析中的非线形有限元[M].北京:北京航空学院出版社,1986.
[22]D.F.摩尔.摩擦学原理和应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1986.
[23]曹善安.地下结构力学[M].大连:大连工学院出版社,1987.
[24]扈云甲.在采空区上建设大型洗煤厂的实践[J].河北煤炭,32(1):26-31, 1987.
[25]孙钧.地下结构有限元法解析[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1988.
[26]МедЯHчевсА….有构造破坏时建筑物稠密区下方采掘作业的计划[J].УгодъУкралны, (7):42-44, 1988.
[27] Skinderowiz B.城市和工业建筑物下保安煤柱的回采[J]. Ochr Terenow Gorn, (84):7-16, 1988.
[28]田旭民,田力.地方煤矿使用手册[M].北京:地质出版社,1989.
[29]沈光寒.矿山沉陷模型识别和模型优化[J].煤炭学报, 9(3):9-15, 1990.
[30]谢和平,岩石.混凝土损伤力学[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,1990.
[31]隋旺华,沈文.浅部采空区岩层移动的工程地质分析及有限元模拟[J].煤炭学报,15(3):72-82,1991.
[32]夏志皋.塑性力学[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1991.
[33]水利水电科学研究院等四院合编.岩石力学参数手册[M].北京:水利电力出版社,991.
[33]Singh T N.宽房式开采法—地面建筑物下厚煤层部分开采方法[J]. Proceedings of International Symposium on Thick Seam Mining, (11):19-21,1992.
[34]周维垣.高等岩石力学[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1993.
[35]余天庆,钱济成.损伤理论及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1993.
[36] Petos P Xanthakos,Lee W Abramson.Donald A Bruce.Ground Contro Land Improvement[M].Newyourk:John wiley & Sons INC ,1994.
[37]寇绳武,李克祥,郭舜等.高密度电阻率法探测洞穴、采空区的效果分析[J].工程勘察,(6):61～65,1994.
[38]何国清,杨伦,凌赓娣等.矿山开采沉陷学[M] .徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1994.
[39]傅鹤林.用模糊数学方法综合评价采场稳定性[J].有色矿山, (1):53-57,1994.
[40]谭学术,鲜学福等.复合岩体力学理论及其应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1994.
[41]颜荣贵.地基开采沉陷及其地表建筑[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1995.
[42]戴华阳.地表移动预计的新设想—采空区矢量法[J].矿山测量,(4):30～34,1995.
[43]冯卫星,侯学渊,夏明耀.隧道施工引起地面沉陷的几何非线形分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,14(1):289-296, 1995.
[44]钱鸣高、缪协兴.采场上覆岩层结构的形态与受力结构分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,14(2):527-533,1995.
[45]仲继寿.采动区砌体结构房屋变形控制设计[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1995.
[46]刘立仲.程潮铁矿西区开采塌陷对选矿厂的影响及保护措施[J].冶金矿山设计与建设,12(1):10-15,1995.
[47]颜荣贵.大型炼钢厂房在采空地表建设的决策研究[J].云南治金, 15(3):8-14, 1995.
[48]颜荣贵.矿山地表大型建筑研究与实践[J].矿治工程, 32(1):3-7, 1995.
[49]刘建华,彭向峰,孙智峰.高分辨率地震技术探测采空区研究——以贾汪煤矿区为例[J].高校地质学报, 2(4):454～457,1996.
[50]王兴泰.工程与环境物探新方法新技术[M] .北京:地质出版社,1996.
[51]邓喀中,马伟民.开采沉陷中的岩体节理效应[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 15(4):345～352,1996.
[51]工程地质手册编写委员会.工程地质手册[M] .北京:煤炭出版社,1996.
[52]岩土工程手册编委会.岩土工程手册[M] .北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
[53]郭广礼,邓喀中,常江.采空区上方建大型建筑物的地基沉降研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,25(2):54-57, 1996.
[54]藤永海,张俊英.老采空区地基的稳定性评价[J]煤碳学报, 22(5):504-508,1997.
[55]贾喜荣.矿山岩层力学[M] .北京:煤炭工业出版社,1997.
[56]王超凡,赵永贵,靳洪晓等.地震CT及其在采空区探测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,41(增):367～375,1998.
[57]吴侃,葛家新,王铃丁等.开采沉陷预计一体化方法[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1998.
[58]成枢.岩层与地表移动数值分析新方法[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1998.
[59]王仁,熊祝华,黄文彬.塑性力学基础,科学出版社[M] .北京:1998.
[60]赵国东.海螺水泥有限公司2000t/d熟料生产线介绍[J].水泥工程,15(2)39～42,1998.
[61]乔志春.老采空区上方大型工业建筑抗变形措施研究[J].中国矿业大学学报, 16(6):593-596,1999.
[62]谢和平,周宏伟,王金安等. FLAC在煤矿开采沉陷预测中的应用及对比分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 18(4):397-401,1999.
[63]孙钧.岩土材料流变及其工程应用[M] .北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[64]王国强.实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的应用[M] .西安:西北工业大学出版社,1999.
[65]雷晓燕.岩土工程数值计算[M] .北京:中国铁道出版社,1999.
[66]孙宗第.高等级公路下伏空洞勘探、危害程度评价及处治研究报告集[R].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[67] Cui Ximin. Improved prediction of differential subsidence caused by underground mining[J]. Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 37(4):615-627,2000.
[68]余学义.高等级公路下伏采空区危害程度分析[J].西安公路交通大学学报, 20(4):43～45,2000.
[69]Chen Youqing. A fluorescent approach to the identification of grout injected into fissures and pore spaces [J]. Engineering Geology, 56(3/4):395～401,2000.
[70]李宁,张志强,刘建明.紫坪铺泄洪洞穿越断层段新奥法设计与数值仿真分析[J].地下空间,20(4):247-258,2000.
[71]冶金工业部勘察研究总院.河北邢台矿业集团金牛水泥厂详细勘察阶段岩土工程勘察报告[R]. 2001.
[72]郭广礼.老采空区上方建筑地基变形机理及其控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001.
[73] Donnelly L J. The monitoring and prediction of mining subsidence in the Amaga Angelopolis,Venecia and BolomboloRegions,Antioquia,Colombia[J]. Engineering Geology,59(1/2):103～114,2001.
[74]许立.采空区上方建筑物的变形物征及预防措施[J].矿山测量,32(2):55-56, [J]2000.
[75]JGJ79-2002.建筑地基处理技术规范[S],2002.
[76] T.D.O'Rourke &S.M.Turner.Empirical methods for estimating subsidence in U.S. coal fields[R]. Rock Mechanics:Proceeding of the 22nd U.S.Symposium, 342-347,2002.
[77] David E.Van Dillen&Robert D.Ewing,Mines.A finite element code for rock mechanics application[R]. Rock Mechanics :Proceeding of the 22nd U.S.Symposium, 367-375,1996.
[78] J.Y.Chan. Numerical simulation of proposed mining methods at Jin Chuan Mine[R].Rock Mechanics :Proceeding of the 22nd U.S.Symposium, 725-734,1986.
[79] Mao Bai ,Lee, W.Saperstein&Derek Els worth.Prediction of surface movementwith emphasis on horizontal deformation duo to mining[R]. Rock Mechanics: Proceeding of the 30th U.S.Symposium, 731- 740,2000.
[80] Richard D.Begley&A.W.Khain. Development of a mechanism model for prediction of maximum subsidence profile due to longwall mining[J].Rock Mechanics: Proceeding of the 30th U.S.Symposium, 495-502,1986.
[81] C.Jana Kiraman & B.Das. Numerical modelling application to rock mechanics on a supercomputer[J]. Rock Mechanics :Proceeding of the 28th U.S.Symposium, 735-744,2001.
[82] C.S.Desai, Nipp& Edmud Gregrey McMelth. Constitute models for rock and discontinuities[J].Rock Mechanics :Proceeding of the 28th U.S.Symposium, 609-620,2004.
[2] K.G.斯塔格,O.C.晋基维茨.工程实用岩石力学[M].北京:地质出版社,1978.
[3] [法] J.FINE.有限元法在岩石力学中的应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1979.
[4]中国矿业学院等编.煤矿岩层与地表移动[M].北京:炭工业出版社,1981.
[5] J.C.耶格、N.G. W.库克.岩石力学基础[M].北京:科学出版社,1981.
[6]重庆建筑工程大学,同济大学.岩体力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981.
[7]煤炭科学研究院北京开采研究所.煤矿地表移动与覆岩破坏规律及其应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1981.
[8] F.P.胞登,D.泰伯.摩擦学入门[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1982.
[9]林宗元.岩土工程治理手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[10]郑雨天,傅冰骏,卢世宗等译.岩石力学试验建议方法[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1982.
[11]徐之纶,弹性力学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1982.
[12]徐次达,华伯浩.固体力学有限元理论、方法及程序[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1983.
[13]地矿部物化探研究所情报室.日本工程物探技术译文集[M].北京:地矿部物化探研究所情报室,1984.
[14]林韵梅.实验岩石力学模拟研究[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1984.
[15]中国科学院地质研究所.岩体工程地质的力学问题(五) [M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[16][苏]尤申.郭福君,刘树滋译.采动区建筑物基础设计要点[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1985.
[17]原煤炭工业部.建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规程[S].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1985.
[18][苏]H. C.布雷切夫,王明恕译.地下结构力学[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1985.
[19]周汉荣.土力学地基与基础[M].武汉:武汉工业大学出版社,1986.
[20]干光瑜,秦惠民.材料力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1986.
[21]龚晓南,王寿梅.结构分析中的非线形有限元[M].北京:北京航空学院出版社,1986.
[22]D.F.摩尔.摩擦学原理和应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1986.
[23]曹善安.地下结构力学[M].大连:大连工学院出版社,1987.
[24]扈云甲.在采空区上建设大型洗煤厂的实践[J].河北煤炭,32(1):26-31, 1987.
[25]孙钧.地下结构有限元法解析[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1988.
[26]МедЯHчевсА….有构造破坏时建筑物稠密区下方采掘作业的计划[J].УгодъУкралны, (7):42-44, 1988.
[27] Skinderowiz B.城市和工业建筑物下保安煤柱的回采[J]. Ochr Terenow Gorn, (84):7-16, 1988.
[28]田旭民,田力.地方煤矿使用手册[M].北京:地质出版社,1989.
[29]沈光寒.矿山沉陷模型识别和模型优化[J].煤炭学报, 9(3):9-15, 1990.
[30]谢和平,岩石.混凝土损伤力学[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,1990.
[31]隋旺华,沈文.浅部采空区岩层移动的工程地质分析及有限元模拟[J].煤炭学报,15(3):72-82,1991.
[32]夏志皋.塑性力学[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1991.
[33]水利水电科学研究院等四院合编.岩石力学参数手册[M].北京:水利电力出版社,991.
[33]Singh T N.宽房式开采法—地面建筑物下厚煤层部分开采方法[J]. Proceedings of International Symposium on Thick Seam Mining, (11):19-21,1992.
[34]周维垣.高等岩石力学[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1993.
[35]余天庆,钱济成.损伤理论及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1993.
[36] Petos P Xanthakos,Lee W Abramson.Donald A Bruce.Ground Contro Land Improvement[M].Newyourk:John wiley & Sons INC ,1994.
[37]寇绳武,李克祥,郭舜等.高密度电阻率法探测洞穴、采空区的效果分析[J].工程勘察,(6):61～65,1994.
[38]何国清,杨伦,凌赓娣等.矿山开采沉陷学[M] .徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1994.
[39]傅鹤林.用模糊数学方法综合评价采场稳定性[J].有色矿山, (1):53-57,1994.
[40]谭学术,鲜学福等.复合岩体力学理论及其应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1994.
[41]颜荣贵.地基开采沉陷及其地表建筑[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1995.
[42]戴华阳.地表移动预计的新设想—采空区矢量法[J].矿山测量,(4):30～34,1995.
[43]冯卫星,侯学渊,夏明耀.隧道施工引起地面沉陷的几何非线形分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,14(1):289-296, 1995.
[44]钱鸣高、缪协兴.采场上覆岩层结构的形态与受力结构分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,14(2):527-533,1995.
[45]仲继寿.采动区砌体结构房屋变形控制设计[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1995.
[46]刘立仲.程潮铁矿西区开采塌陷对选矿厂的影响及保护措施[J].冶金矿山设计与建设,12(1):10-15,1995.
[47]颜荣贵.大型炼钢厂房在采空地表建设的决策研究[J].云南治金, 15(3):8-14, 1995.
[48]颜荣贵.矿山地表大型建筑研究与实践[J].矿治工程, 32(1):3-7, 1995.
[49]刘建华,彭向峰,孙智峰.高分辨率地震技术探测采空区研究——以贾汪煤矿区为例[J].高校地质学报, 2(4):454～457,1996.
[50]王兴泰.工程与环境物探新方法新技术[M] .北京:地质出版社,1996.
[51]邓喀中,马伟民.开采沉陷中的岩体节理效应[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 15(4):345～352,1996.
[51]工程地质手册编写委员会.工程地质手册[M] .北京:煤炭出版社,1996.
[52]岩土工程手册编委会.岩土工程手册[M] .北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
[53]郭广礼,邓喀中,常江.采空区上方建大型建筑物的地基沉降研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,25(2):54-57, 1996.
[54]藤永海,张俊英.老采空区地基的稳定性评价[J]煤碳学报, 22(5):504-508,1997.
[55]贾喜荣.矿山岩层力学[M] .北京:煤炭工业出版社,1997.
[56]王超凡,赵永贵,靳洪晓等.地震CT及其在采空区探测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,41(增):367～375,1998.
[57]吴侃,葛家新,王铃丁等.开采沉陷预计一体化方法[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1998.
[58]成枢.岩层与地表移动数值分析新方法[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1998.
[59]王仁,熊祝华,黄文彬.塑性力学基础,科学出版社[M] .北京:1998.
[60]赵国东.海螺水泥有限公司2000t/d熟料生产线介绍[J].水泥工程,15(2)39～42,1998.
[61]乔志春.老采空区上方大型工业建筑抗变形措施研究[J].中国矿业大学学报, 16(6):593-596,1999.
[62]谢和平,周宏伟,王金安等. FLAC在煤矿开采沉陷预测中的应用及对比分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 18(4):397-401,1999.
[63]孙钧.岩土材料流变及其工程应用[M] .北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[64]王国强.实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的应用[M] .西安:西北工业大学出版社,1999.
[65]雷晓燕.岩土工程数值计算[M] .北京:中国铁道出版社,1999.
[66]孙宗第.高等级公路下伏空洞勘探、危害程度评价及处治研究报告集[R].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[67] Cui Ximin. Improved prediction of differential subsidence caused by underground mining[J]. Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 37(4):615-627,2000.
[68]余学义.高等级公路下伏采空区危害程度分析[J].西安公路交通大学学报, 20(4):43～45,2000.
[69]Chen Youqing. A fluorescent approach to the identification of grout injected into fissures and pore spaces [J]. Engineering Geology, 56(3/4):395～401,2000.
[70]李宁,张志强,刘建明.紫坪铺泄洪洞穿越断层段新奥法设计与数值仿真分析[J].地下空间,20(4):247-258,2000.
[71]冶金工业部勘察研究总院.河北邢台矿业集团金牛水泥厂详细勘察阶段岩土工程勘察报告[R]. 2001.
[72]郭广礼.老采空区上方建筑地基变形机理及其控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001.
[73] Donnelly L J. The monitoring and prediction of mining subsidence in the Amaga Angelopolis,Venecia and BolomboloRegions,Antioquia,Colombia[J]. Engineering Geology,59(1/2):103～114,2001.
[74]许立.采空区上方建筑物的变形物征及预防措施[J].矿山测量,32(2):55-56, [J]2000.
[75]JGJ79-2002.建筑地基处理技术规范[S],2002.
[76] T.D.O'Rourke &S.M.Turner.Empirical methods for estimating subsidence in U.S. coal fields[R]. Rock Mechanics:Proceeding of the 22nd U.S.Symposium, 342-347,2002.
[77] David E.Van Dillen&Robert D.Ewing,Mines.A finite element code for rock mechanics application[R]. Rock Mechanics :Proceeding of the 22nd U.S.Symposium, 367-375,1996.
[78] J.Y.Chan. Numerical simulation of proposed mining methods at Jin Chuan Mine[R].Rock Mechanics :Proceeding of the 22nd U.S.Symposium, 725-734,1986.
[79] Mao Bai ,Lee, W.Saperstein&Derek Els worth.Prediction of surface movementwith emphasis on horizontal deformation duo to mining[R]. Rock Mechanics: Proceeding of the 30th U.S.Symposium, 731- 740,2000.
[80] Richard D.Begley&A.W.Khain. Development of a mechanism model for prediction of maximum subsidence profile due to longwall mining[J].Rock Mechanics: Proceeding of the 30th U.S.Symposium, 495-502,1986.
[81] C.Jana Kiraman & B.Das. Numerical modelling application to rock mechanics on a supercomputer[J]. Rock Mechanics :Proceeding of the 28th U.S.Symposium, 735-744,2001.
[82] C.S.Desai, Nipp& Edmud Gregrey McMelth. Constitute models for rock and discontinuities[J].Rock Mechanics :Proceeding of the 28th U.S.Symposium, 609-620,2004.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |