基于遥感技术的干旱灌区水盐平衡及生态需水研究
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摘要
内蒙古河套灌区是内蒙古沿黄河地区的最大用水户,占内蒙古黄河水量配额的85%左右,然而,随着黄河来水与水资源统一调度,使河套灌区的引黄水量受到限制,不仅灌区的农业生产受到严重影响,也阻碍了当地的国民经济发展,加强灌区地下水盐动态的观测和生态需水的研究,对指导当前的灌区管理和生态建设都具有十分重要的意义。
本文在对降水、地表水和地下水分析的基础上,基于遥感技术(RS)对河套灌区生态系统进行分类,对河套灌区的蒸散量进行反演;在水盐平衡理论的支撑下,在充分掌握和分析河套灌区水盐相关资料的基础上,分析并定量计算灌区合理排水量。通过两者结合,对河套灌区各类生态耗水要素的适宜需水量进行计算,确定不同生态系统的生态需水量。
本文得出以下结论:
(1)通过遥感数据分析,确定了TM影像的最佳波段组合,经过几何校正采用非监督分类对影像进行分类,最终得到灌区土地分类及作物种植结构。利用高分辨率IKONOS影像对分类结果作了精度评估,精度分析证明多时相中分辨率TM影像用于灌区尺度土地利用分类有很高的精度。
(2)运用MODIS高频度多时相数据提取作物种植结构,其能有效克服人为因素的影响,较为准确地提取灌区作物种植面积及其空间分布。
(3)利用地表能量平衡原理的SEBAL模型与SEBS模型对蒸散发进行反演,反演结果与实测值误差在允许范围内,为河套灌区研究区域用水量提供新的方法。
(4)基于灌区土地分类,结合由CIAT-CSI SRTM网站提供的DEM数据,通过采样分析,得到河套灌区盐碱地主要分布在灌区中游1030m地面高程线以上的灌溉渠道及排水沟道两侧。
(5)通过对灌区盐分的分析,灌溉水与排水的盐量和组分含量存在显著差异。积累在灌区的有害阳离子量为31.85×104t/年,河套灌区每年灌溉水带入的盐分并没有在荒地中积聚,采用有害盐量引排比可以较为合理的评价灌区的排水效果,为内蒙古河套灌区合理评价灌区排水量提供新的方法。
(6)利用水量平衡原理对灌区的生态需水量进行理论的计算,得到河套灌区维持现状生态所需水量为53.053亿m3。河套灌区总补给量大于灌区所需水量,但剩余水量为1.556亿m3,量较小,进一步节水的潜力不大。
Hetao irrigation district is the biggest water user, along the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia region, accounting for about 85% of the quota of the Yellow River water in Inner Mongolia. However, the Yellow River water and water resources as a unified scheduling, the Yellow River water of Hetao irrigation district is restricted, it not only affects agricultural production of irrigation disreict seriously, but also hinders local economic development, strengthening salt dynamic observation of groundwater for irrigation district and study of ecological water requirement have great significance for the guidance of current management and ecological construction for irrigation district.
In this paper, based on the analysis of precipitation, surface water and groundwater, using the remote sensing technology (RS) on the ecosystem in Hetao Irrigation District classification, and inversion calculating evapotranspiration of Hetao Irrigation District; with the support of water and salt balance theory, and analysis of relevant water and salt data in Hetao Irrigation District, on the basis of quantitative analysis and a reasonable calculation of a displacement of irrigated areas. Through a combination of both, all kinds of irrigation water elements of the ecological water requirement are calculated, and at last the ecological water demand of the different ecosystems is determined.
In this paper, the conclusions are as follows:
(1) Through the analysis remote sensing data, the best band combination of the TM images is determined, after geometric correction and non-supervised classification of image classification, the land classification and crop planting structure of Irrigation District eventually zre determined. Using high-resolution IKONOS image to assessment the accuracy of results, the accuracy analysis prove that land-use classification of TM image has a high accuracy for the scale of irrigated district.
(2) Using the high-frequency multi-temporal MODIS data to extract the crops structure can effectively overcome the impact of human factors, and it can extract crop acreage irrigated areas and its spatial distribution accuratly.
(3) Using of the principle of surface energy balance model of SEBAL and SEBS model to derive and calculate evapotranspiration, inversion results with the measured value of error was allowed for the study area, it provides a new method of water consumption for Hetao Irrigation District.
(4) Based on land classification of irrigation district, combined with the DEM data of CIAT-CSI SRTM website, through the sampling and analysis, the saline irrigation area Hetao irrigated areas are mainly distributed in the middle reaches of 1030m above the ground elevation of the irrigation channels and drains on both sides of road.
(5) Through the analysis of salt of the irrigation district, we found that there was a significant difference between the salt content and composition of irrigation water and drainage. Accumulation of harmful cations in the irrigation distrct is about 0.3185 million ton per year. The salt, in the wasteland, does not accumulate in Irrigation District. The use of index for harmful salt can assessment the effect of irrigation water more reasonably. It provides a new method of reasonable assessment for the drainage water of Hetao irrigation district.
(6) Using the principle of water and soil balance, to calculate the ecological water demand theoretically. The Hetao Irrigation District to maintain the status quo of ecological water requirements is about 5305.3 million m3. The total supply is larger than the water required for irrigation district, but the remaining water is 155.6 million m3, the volume is small, it has less potential for further water conservation.
本文在对降水、地表水和地下水分析的基础上,基于遥感技术(RS)对河套灌区生态系统进行分类,对河套灌区的蒸散量进行反演;在水盐平衡理论的支撑下,在充分掌握和分析河套灌区水盐相关资料的基础上,分析并定量计算灌区合理排水量。通过两者结合,对河套灌区各类生态耗水要素的适宜需水量进行计算,确定不同生态系统的生态需水量。
本文得出以下结论:
(1)通过遥感数据分析,确定了TM影像的最佳波段组合,经过几何校正采用非监督分类对影像进行分类,最终得到灌区土地分类及作物种植结构。利用高分辨率IKONOS影像对分类结果作了精度评估,精度分析证明多时相中分辨率TM影像用于灌区尺度土地利用分类有很高的精度。
(2)运用MODIS高频度多时相数据提取作物种植结构,其能有效克服人为因素的影响,较为准确地提取灌区作物种植面积及其空间分布。
(3)利用地表能量平衡原理的SEBAL模型与SEBS模型对蒸散发进行反演,反演结果与实测值误差在允许范围内,为河套灌区研究区域用水量提供新的方法。
(4)基于灌区土地分类,结合由CIAT-CSI SRTM网站提供的DEM数据,通过采样分析,得到河套灌区盐碱地主要分布在灌区中游1030m地面高程线以上的灌溉渠道及排水沟道两侧。
(5)通过对灌区盐分的分析,灌溉水与排水的盐量和组分含量存在显著差异。积累在灌区的有害阳离子量为31.85×104t/年,河套灌区每年灌溉水带入的盐分并没有在荒地中积聚,采用有害盐量引排比可以较为合理的评价灌区的排水效果,为内蒙古河套灌区合理评价灌区排水量提供新的方法。
(6)利用水量平衡原理对灌区的生态需水量进行理论的计算,得到河套灌区维持现状生态所需水量为53.053亿m3。河套灌区总补给量大于灌区所需水量,但剩余水量为1.556亿m3,量较小,进一步节水的潜力不大。
Hetao irrigation district is the biggest water user, along the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia region, accounting for about 85% of the quota of the Yellow River water in Inner Mongolia. However, the Yellow River water and water resources as a unified scheduling, the Yellow River water of Hetao irrigation district is restricted, it not only affects agricultural production of irrigation disreict seriously, but also hinders local economic development, strengthening salt dynamic observation of groundwater for irrigation district and study of ecological water requirement have great significance for the guidance of current management and ecological construction for irrigation district.
In this paper, based on the analysis of precipitation, surface water and groundwater, using the remote sensing technology (RS) on the ecosystem in Hetao Irrigation District classification, and inversion calculating evapotranspiration of Hetao Irrigation District; with the support of water and salt balance theory, and analysis of relevant water and salt data in Hetao Irrigation District, on the basis of quantitative analysis and a reasonable calculation of a displacement of irrigated areas. Through a combination of both, all kinds of irrigation water elements of the ecological water requirement are calculated, and at last the ecological water demand of the different ecosystems is determined.
In this paper, the conclusions are as follows:
(1) Through the analysis remote sensing data, the best band combination of the TM images is determined, after geometric correction and non-supervised classification of image classification, the land classification and crop planting structure of Irrigation District eventually zre determined. Using high-resolution IKONOS image to assessment the accuracy of results, the accuracy analysis prove that land-use classification of TM image has a high accuracy for the scale of irrigated district.
(2) Using the high-frequency multi-temporal MODIS data to extract the crops structure can effectively overcome the impact of human factors, and it can extract crop acreage irrigated areas and its spatial distribution accuratly.
(3) Using of the principle of surface energy balance model of SEBAL and SEBS model to derive and calculate evapotranspiration, inversion results with the measured value of error was allowed for the study area, it provides a new method of water consumption for Hetao Irrigation District.
(4) Based on land classification of irrigation district, combined with the DEM data of CIAT-CSI SRTM website, through the sampling and analysis, the saline irrigation area Hetao irrigated areas are mainly distributed in the middle reaches of 1030m above the ground elevation of the irrigation channels and drains on both sides of road.
(5) Through the analysis of salt of the irrigation district, we found that there was a significant difference between the salt content and composition of irrigation water and drainage. Accumulation of harmful cations in the irrigation distrct is about 0.3185 million ton per year. The salt, in the wasteland, does not accumulate in Irrigation District. The use of index for harmful salt can assessment the effect of irrigation water more reasonably. It provides a new method of reasonable assessment for the drainage water of Hetao irrigation district.
(6) Using the principle of water and soil balance, to calculate the ecological water demand theoretically. The Hetao Irrigation District to maintain the status quo of ecological water requirements is about 5305.3 million m3. The total supply is larger than the water required for irrigation district, but the remaining water is 155.6 million m3, the volume is small, it has less potential for further water conservation.
引文
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