宿舍环境因素与大学生过敏性疾病关系的研究
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摘要
宿舍环境因素与健康关系的研究于2005年10月在天津市天津大学展开,该项目研究包括两个阶段,即现状研究和病例-对照研究。现状研究开始于2006年2月21日,结束于6月10日,目的是调查宿舍潮湿环境与大学生过敏性疾病、呼吸道感染疾病之间的关系。在现状研究阶段,来自13栋宿舍楼1511间宿舍的3436名被调查对象将宿舍环境和个人健康信息反馈在调查问卷上,由项目组成员收回。这13栋宿舍楼具有不同的建筑年代、位置和居住密度,是居住环境的典型代表。所调查的过敏和呼吸道症状包括喘息困难、夜间干咳、鼻炎、湿疹和感冒;潮湿表征包括墙面、天花板或地板上的霉点、湿点、房间内的可疑潮湿问题、水损、冬季窗玻璃上的凝水,以及室内可感知的气味。最终,现状调查的宿舍环境反馈率为74.11%,在室人员健康情况反馈率为57.11%。现状调查的结果表明室内霉点、湿点、水损和干咳、湿疹症状之间存在显著性的正比例关系,而且在室内凝水较多出现的房间,在室人员鼻炎的现患率显著性增加,在具有霉点和可疑潮湿问题的房间内发霉的气味经常被感知到。
基于现状研究的数据,随后展开了病例-对照研究。所谓的“病例”对象是指在调查之前的12个月内至少有哮喘、鼻炎、湿疹中的两类症状,而“对照”对象则完全没有过敏症状。在2006年5月9日-7月13日的病例-对照研究中,项目组成员视察了291间宿舍,他们观察并评价室内的潮湿情况,测试室内空气温度、湿度和CO2浓度达24小时。由于在夏季的视察和测试阶段,室外环境变得越来越湿热,所以从2006年12月5日到2007年4月14日对房间内物理参数(空气温度、湿度、CO2浓度)进行了重新测试。房间的换气次数根据两参数CO2浓度上升法和单参数浓度下降法进行计算。在每个被视察的房间,项目组成员采集了水平横面和床上的灰尘,对其中的邻苯二甲酸酯含量和尘螨、蟑螂过敏原含量进行分析。病例-对照研究的结果表明,房间内的发霉气味、沿壁脚板的发霉气味、内墙表面上的霉点、湿点经常在瓷砖地板、混凝土外墙的房间内被感知或观察到,这些建筑往往建造于2000年后。沿壁脚板发霉的气味和哮喘、湿疹之间存在显著的正比例关系,通风量与过敏性疾病之间存在“剂量-反应”联系,在患有鼻炎的学生宿舍内邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的浓度显著性高于健康学生宿舍。总之,建筑潮湿、低通风量和邻苯二甲酸酯暴露是诱发或加重在室人员过敏性疾病的危险环境因素。
Since October, 2005, a project“Dorm Environmental Factors and Its Association with Students’Health”was carried out in Tianjin City, China, which consisted of two phase studies, i.e., crosss-sectional study and case-control study. The cross-sectional study was launched in Tianjin University campus, from 21, February to 10, June, 2006, to survey the association between dampness in dorms and allergy and airways infections among college students. The health and dampness condition were reported on the self-administrated questionnaires by 3436 students living in 1511 dorm rooms located in 13 buildings on the campus. The buildings were selected according to their positions, construction periods and occupant density. The allergy and airways infection symptoms involved wheezing, dry cough during night, rhinitis, eczema and cold/flu. The dampness indicators were mould/damp spots on walls, ceilings and floors; suspected or ever happened water damage; condensation on windowpane in winter and odours perceived by subjects themselves. The response rate of this cross-sectional study was 74.11% for dorms and 57.11% for members, respectively. It showed that students living in dorms with mould spots had more wheezing. There were significant associations between mould/damp spots, water damage and dry cough, eczema, as well as an association between condensation and rhinitis. A mouldy smell were frequently reported in buildings with mould spots and suspected moisture problems.
After the cross-sectional study, 291 dorm rooms were inspected in a case-control study from 9 May to 13 July, 2006.“Case”students had at least two self-reported symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in the last 12 months prior to the cross-sectional study, while“control”had none of these symptoms. Trained project members inspected the dampness problem of the dorm room. Ventilation rate, air temperature and relative humidity indoors were measured for 24 hours in each room. As the weather was becoming hot and humid in the summer, measurements of physical parameters (air relative humidity, air temperature and CO2) were repeated during winter conditions from 5 December, 2006 to 14 April, 2007. Air change rate was calculated by using CO2 two-parameter build-up method and one-parameter decay technique. In each inspected room, dusts were collected on horizontal surfaces and beds to analyze phthalate and allergens of house dust mite and cockroach. Inspection results showed that first-hand impression of mould smell, mould odour along skirting board and mould/moisture spots on inner surfaces were significantly more often perceived in rooms with floor covering of stone, concrete outer wall material, which were constructed around year 2000. Mould smell along skirting board had significant positive relationship with suffering rate of allergic disease among student, especially asthma and rhinitis. A dose-response relationship between ventilation rate and allergy was indicated. Dibuthyl phthalate (DBP) oncentration was significantly higher in rooms where occupants had doctor diagnosed rhinitis. The indoor dampness, substandard ventilation rate and phthalate exposure were really environmental risk factors in irritating allergy among college students.
基于现状研究的数据,随后展开了病例-对照研究。所谓的“病例”对象是指在调查之前的12个月内至少有哮喘、鼻炎、湿疹中的两类症状,而“对照”对象则完全没有过敏症状。在2006年5月9日-7月13日的病例-对照研究中,项目组成员视察了291间宿舍,他们观察并评价室内的潮湿情况,测试室内空气温度、湿度和CO2浓度达24小时。由于在夏季的视察和测试阶段,室外环境变得越来越湿热,所以从2006年12月5日到2007年4月14日对房间内物理参数(空气温度、湿度、CO2浓度)进行了重新测试。房间的换气次数根据两参数CO2浓度上升法和单参数浓度下降法进行计算。在每个被视察的房间,项目组成员采集了水平横面和床上的灰尘,对其中的邻苯二甲酸酯含量和尘螨、蟑螂过敏原含量进行分析。病例-对照研究的结果表明,房间内的发霉气味、沿壁脚板的发霉气味、内墙表面上的霉点、湿点经常在瓷砖地板、混凝土外墙的房间内被感知或观察到,这些建筑往往建造于2000年后。沿壁脚板发霉的气味和哮喘、湿疹之间存在显著的正比例关系,通风量与过敏性疾病之间存在“剂量-反应”联系,在患有鼻炎的学生宿舍内邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的浓度显著性高于健康学生宿舍。总之,建筑潮湿、低通风量和邻苯二甲酸酯暴露是诱发或加重在室人员过敏性疾病的危险环境因素。
Since October, 2005, a project“Dorm Environmental Factors and Its Association with Students’Health”was carried out in Tianjin City, China, which consisted of two phase studies, i.e., crosss-sectional study and case-control study. The cross-sectional study was launched in Tianjin University campus, from 21, February to 10, June, 2006, to survey the association between dampness in dorms and allergy and airways infections among college students. The health and dampness condition were reported on the self-administrated questionnaires by 3436 students living in 1511 dorm rooms located in 13 buildings on the campus. The buildings were selected according to their positions, construction periods and occupant density. The allergy and airways infection symptoms involved wheezing, dry cough during night, rhinitis, eczema and cold/flu. The dampness indicators were mould/damp spots on walls, ceilings and floors; suspected or ever happened water damage; condensation on windowpane in winter and odours perceived by subjects themselves. The response rate of this cross-sectional study was 74.11% for dorms and 57.11% for members, respectively. It showed that students living in dorms with mould spots had more wheezing. There were significant associations between mould/damp spots, water damage and dry cough, eczema, as well as an association between condensation and rhinitis. A mouldy smell were frequently reported in buildings with mould spots and suspected moisture problems.
After the cross-sectional study, 291 dorm rooms were inspected in a case-control study from 9 May to 13 July, 2006.“Case”students had at least two self-reported symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in the last 12 months prior to the cross-sectional study, while“control”had none of these symptoms. Trained project members inspected the dampness problem of the dorm room. Ventilation rate, air temperature and relative humidity indoors were measured for 24 hours in each room. As the weather was becoming hot and humid in the summer, measurements of physical parameters (air relative humidity, air temperature and CO2) were repeated during winter conditions from 5 December, 2006 to 14 April, 2007. Air change rate was calculated by using CO2 two-parameter build-up method and one-parameter decay technique. In each inspected room, dusts were collected on horizontal surfaces and beds to analyze phthalate and allergens of house dust mite and cockroach. Inspection results showed that first-hand impression of mould smell, mould odour along skirting board and mould/moisture spots on inner surfaces were significantly more often perceived in rooms with floor covering of stone, concrete outer wall material, which were constructed around year 2000. Mould smell along skirting board had significant positive relationship with suffering rate of allergic disease among student, especially asthma and rhinitis. A dose-response relationship between ventilation rate and allergy was indicated. Dibuthyl phthalate (DBP) oncentration was significantly higher in rooms where occupants had doctor diagnosed rhinitis. The indoor dampness, substandard ventilation rate and phthalate exposure were really environmental risk factors in irritating allergy among college students.
引文
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