重庆四面山植物群落结构及物种多样性研究
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摘要
本文以重庆四面山27个植物样地的调查资料为基础,对四面山的植物区系、群落划分、群落物种多样性进行了分析,在此基础上探讨了5种不同配置模式人工林的生物多样性特征,并进一步分析了杉木次生林的物种组成、结构特征、生态位、种问联结和空间格局等。以期通过本研究了解当地的植物种类、植被类型;对不同配置模式的人工林生长进行评价,提出适宜地区生长的较优配置模式;并通过对杉木次生林的格局研究,掌握杉木次生林在空间结构组成上的属性,为库区的杉木造林提供参考依据;并结合对四面山的植被类型的认识,为筛选库区高效水土保持型植被群落提供依据。研究主要结论如下:
四面山研究区域共记录植物261种,隶属于77科,153属,植物区系成分以热带分布的属占优势,其次为温带成分。
双向指示种分析方法(Two-way Indicator Species Analysis,TWINSPAN),除趋势对应分析法(Detrended Correspondence Analysis,DCA)排序结果显示,四面山研究区域可分为9个植被类型(群从)。不同植被类型的多样性指数以杉木+栲+元江栲林最大,其次为杉木+城口桤叶树林、枫香树林、短刺米槠林、含有多种常绿阔叶树的杉木林、元江栲林、香椿林和杉木纯林,最小的为木荷林。9个植被群落树木个体的胸径分布基本呈现逆-J字型,表明这些森林群落的天然更新状况良好。不同植被群落类型生长型的多样性分析结果表明,大多数植物群落均表现出灌木层>乔木层>草本层的规律。
四面山5种人工林的物种多样性分析表明,5种人工林群落,枫香+木荷+石栎+香樟+灌木混交林、石栎+木荷混交林、杉木+马尾松+木荷混交林、杉木+马尾松混交林以及杉木纯林中,以枫香+木荷+石栎+香樟+灌木混交林模式的物种多样性最高,建议在四面山地区以及类似生态区,在今后退耕还林过程中应选择以常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林为主的乔-灌结合混交林模式,以提高人工林群落的物种多样性,实现理想的水土保持林功能。
大窝铺杉木林的径级结构可分为单峰型、多峰型、L型、单柱型和逆-J字型等。杉木种群径级分布呈单峰型,杉木林内的其它伴生树种,主要是径级结构为L型的树种,以后发展的潜力都比较大。种问关联性的分析表明,杉木林群落总体相关性表现出显著的正相关,反映了该群落的稳定性。22个树种,具有显著正联结或负联结的种对有7对。生态位的分析表明,杉木林主要种群生态位宽度普遍不高,最大的为细枝柃,最小的是檫木。且生态位宽度较大的种群间生态位重叠值较高。另外,高生态位宽度的种群与低生态位宽度的种群可能有较高的重叠值,反之则低。
杉木林点格局分析表明,绝大多数树种表现为聚集分布。林内7个常见种中,6个树种主要表现为聚集分布,且大多树种随着尺度增加,逐渐由聚集分布转为随机分布。种间的关系,在25m尺度上,大多表现为负相关,这主要是因为在这一尺度下,乔木层树冠的生长通常要避免相互覆盖,因此导致了在这个尺度下的负关联。而一些耐荫性弱的种类,其处于亚乔木层或灌木层的个体很难在乔木层树冠之下生存。在这个尺度下,最大的负关联往往出现在乔木层与亚乔木层和灌木层之间。因此,杉木林主要树种间主要是负关联这一结果,可能也是这一原因所致。
Based on the date from 27 plants plots in Chongqing Simian Mountains.The flora,vegetation community characteristics and species diversity of plantations community were studied in this paper. Then the biodiversity characteristics of 5 deposition model plantations were discussed.Further more,it was researched such as community structures,species composition,niche,interspecific association and spatial pattern of Cunning hamia lanceolata forest.It can be learned the local species and the vegetation types,estimated the growth status of different deposition model plantations.Then the research put forward the better deposition model plantations in Simian Mountains.The characteristics spatial structure was mastered by the study of pattern of Cunning hamia lanceolata forest,which can provide reference to forestation of three gorges reservoir area.Based on the understanding of vegetation type of Simian Mountains,the results provide scientific basis for selection of high efficiency soil and water conservation vegetations.Main conclusions were as follows:
Totally,261 species of plants were recorded at Simian Mountains,and they distributed in 77 families and 153 genera.The dominant genera was the tropics distribution in the floristic elements of Simian Mountains.The second was temperate distribution type.
The results showed by using the two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) and the detrended correspondence analysis(DCA) that the researchful area could be individed into 9 vegetation types.Cunninghamia lanceolata+Castanopsis fargesii+Castanopsis orthacantha forest had the highest species diversity in these nine vegetation types.The next were Cunninghamia lanceolata+Clethra fargesii forest,Liquidambar formosana forest,Castanopsis carlesii var.spinulosa forest,Cunninghamia lanceolata forest which including many evergreen broadleaves,Castanopsis orthacantha forest,Toona sinensis forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata forest,Schima superba forest had the lowest species diversity.The distribution of diameter-class of nine vegetation communities basically presented inverse-J type,this indicated these communities had better natural regeneration.The species diversity of growth form showed most communities were shrub layer>tree layer>herb layer.
The results showed by species diversity analysis of five different plantations in Simian Mountains, among five plantations—Deutzia scabra Thunb +Schima superba+Lithocarpus glaber+Cinnamomum camphora mixed forest,Lithocarpus glaber+Schima superba mixed forest,Cunninghamia lanceolata +Pinus massoniana+Schima superba mixed forest,Cunninghamia lanceolata+Pinus massoniana mixed forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata,Deutzia scabra Thunb+Schima superba+Lithocarpus glaber+ Cinnamomum camphora mixed forest had the highest species diversity.During the farmland afforestation,it was suggested that choose tree-shrub mixed model with the main of evergreen broadleaved forest and conifer-broadleaved mixed forest in Simian Mountains and similar ecosystem areas.So than it can increase plantation's species diversity and realize perfect function of soil and water conservation forest.
The size-class structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest in Dawopu were categorized into five types:Unimodal,Sporadic,Inverse-J,L and Unibar type.Cunninghamia lanceolata took on unimodal type.Other companion species,mainly L type,they had more bigger developmental potential.Studies on the relationship of species showed that overall association of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest was significant positive correlation and the community was at a stable stage.In 22 species,7 species pairs exhibited highly significant positive or negative association.The results of niche analysis showed niche breadths of dominant populations were all low,the most biggerst was Eurya loquaiana,the lowest was Sassafras tzumu.The populations with high value of niche breadths had high niche overlap.Otherwise the populations of high niche breadths with the populations of low niche breadths may have more higher niche overlap,whereas low.
The point pattern analysis of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest showed mostly populations presented aggregated distribution.Among seven familiar trees,six presented aggregated,and most trees with aggregated turned into random with the increasing along with the dimensions.The interspecific relationships of mostly populations represented negative correlation in 25 meter.It was primarily because of under this dimensions,the growth of the crown of tree layer usually avoided overlaying each other,therefore caused the negative connection.Other weak shade tolerance populations,they were in the place between sub-tree layer and shrub layer,they existed hard.Under this dimensions,the biggest negative connection usually appeared in the tree layer,sub-tree layer and shrub layer.So the result that the main populations in Cunninghamia lanceolata forest presented negative connection may be also for this reason.
四面山研究区域共记录植物261种,隶属于77科,153属,植物区系成分以热带分布的属占优势,其次为温带成分。
双向指示种分析方法(Two-way Indicator Species Analysis,TWINSPAN),除趋势对应分析法(Detrended Correspondence Analysis,DCA)排序结果显示,四面山研究区域可分为9个植被类型(群从)。不同植被类型的多样性指数以杉木+栲+元江栲林最大,其次为杉木+城口桤叶树林、枫香树林、短刺米槠林、含有多种常绿阔叶树的杉木林、元江栲林、香椿林和杉木纯林,最小的为木荷林。9个植被群落树木个体的胸径分布基本呈现逆-J字型,表明这些森林群落的天然更新状况良好。不同植被群落类型生长型的多样性分析结果表明,大多数植物群落均表现出灌木层>乔木层>草本层的规律。
四面山5种人工林的物种多样性分析表明,5种人工林群落,枫香+木荷+石栎+香樟+灌木混交林、石栎+木荷混交林、杉木+马尾松+木荷混交林、杉木+马尾松混交林以及杉木纯林中,以枫香+木荷+石栎+香樟+灌木混交林模式的物种多样性最高,建议在四面山地区以及类似生态区,在今后退耕还林过程中应选择以常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林为主的乔-灌结合混交林模式,以提高人工林群落的物种多样性,实现理想的水土保持林功能。
大窝铺杉木林的径级结构可分为单峰型、多峰型、L型、单柱型和逆-J字型等。杉木种群径级分布呈单峰型,杉木林内的其它伴生树种,主要是径级结构为L型的树种,以后发展的潜力都比较大。种问关联性的分析表明,杉木林群落总体相关性表现出显著的正相关,反映了该群落的稳定性。22个树种,具有显著正联结或负联结的种对有7对。生态位的分析表明,杉木林主要种群生态位宽度普遍不高,最大的为细枝柃,最小的是檫木。且生态位宽度较大的种群间生态位重叠值较高。另外,高生态位宽度的种群与低生态位宽度的种群可能有较高的重叠值,反之则低。
杉木林点格局分析表明,绝大多数树种表现为聚集分布。林内7个常见种中,6个树种主要表现为聚集分布,且大多树种随着尺度增加,逐渐由聚集分布转为随机分布。种间的关系,在25m尺度上,大多表现为负相关,这主要是因为在这一尺度下,乔木层树冠的生长通常要避免相互覆盖,因此导致了在这个尺度下的负关联。而一些耐荫性弱的种类,其处于亚乔木层或灌木层的个体很难在乔木层树冠之下生存。在这个尺度下,最大的负关联往往出现在乔木层与亚乔木层和灌木层之间。因此,杉木林主要树种间主要是负关联这一结果,可能也是这一原因所致。
Based on the date from 27 plants plots in Chongqing Simian Mountains.The flora,vegetation community characteristics and species diversity of plantations community were studied in this paper. Then the biodiversity characteristics of 5 deposition model plantations were discussed.Further more,it was researched such as community structures,species composition,niche,interspecific association and spatial pattern of Cunning hamia lanceolata forest.It can be learned the local species and the vegetation types,estimated the growth status of different deposition model plantations.Then the research put forward the better deposition model plantations in Simian Mountains.The characteristics spatial structure was mastered by the study of pattern of Cunning hamia lanceolata forest,which can provide reference to forestation of three gorges reservoir area.Based on the understanding of vegetation type of Simian Mountains,the results provide scientific basis for selection of high efficiency soil and water conservation vegetations.Main conclusions were as follows:
Totally,261 species of plants were recorded at Simian Mountains,and they distributed in 77 families and 153 genera.The dominant genera was the tropics distribution in the floristic elements of Simian Mountains.The second was temperate distribution type.
The results showed by using the two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) and the detrended correspondence analysis(DCA) that the researchful area could be individed into 9 vegetation types.Cunninghamia lanceolata+Castanopsis fargesii+Castanopsis orthacantha forest had the highest species diversity in these nine vegetation types.The next were Cunninghamia lanceolata+Clethra fargesii forest,Liquidambar formosana forest,Castanopsis carlesii var.spinulosa forest,Cunninghamia lanceolata forest which including many evergreen broadleaves,Castanopsis orthacantha forest,Toona sinensis forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata forest,Schima superba forest had the lowest species diversity.The distribution of diameter-class of nine vegetation communities basically presented inverse-J type,this indicated these communities had better natural regeneration.The species diversity of growth form showed most communities were shrub layer>tree layer>herb layer.
The results showed by species diversity analysis of five different plantations in Simian Mountains, among five plantations—Deutzia scabra Thunb +Schima superba+Lithocarpus glaber+Cinnamomum camphora mixed forest,Lithocarpus glaber+Schima superba mixed forest,Cunninghamia lanceolata +Pinus massoniana+Schima superba mixed forest,Cunninghamia lanceolata+Pinus massoniana mixed forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata,Deutzia scabra Thunb+Schima superba+Lithocarpus glaber+ Cinnamomum camphora mixed forest had the highest species diversity.During the farmland afforestation,it was suggested that choose tree-shrub mixed model with the main of evergreen broadleaved forest and conifer-broadleaved mixed forest in Simian Mountains and similar ecosystem areas.So than it can increase plantation's species diversity and realize perfect function of soil and water conservation forest.
The size-class structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest in Dawopu were categorized into five types:Unimodal,Sporadic,Inverse-J,L and Unibar type.Cunninghamia lanceolata took on unimodal type.Other companion species,mainly L type,they had more bigger developmental potential.Studies on the relationship of species showed that overall association of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest was significant positive correlation and the community was at a stable stage.In 22 species,7 species pairs exhibited highly significant positive or negative association.The results of niche analysis showed niche breadths of dominant populations were all low,the most biggerst was Eurya loquaiana,the lowest was Sassafras tzumu.The populations with high value of niche breadths had high niche overlap.Otherwise the populations of high niche breadths with the populations of low niche breadths may have more higher niche overlap,whereas low.
The point pattern analysis of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest showed mostly populations presented aggregated distribution.Among seven familiar trees,six presented aggregated,and most trees with aggregated turned into random with the increasing along with the dimensions.The interspecific relationships of mostly populations represented negative correlation in 25 meter.It was primarily because of under this dimensions,the growth of the crown of tree layer usually avoided overlaying each other,therefore caused the negative connection.Other weak shade tolerance populations,they were in the place between sub-tree layer and shrub layer,they existed hard.Under this dimensions,the biggest negative connection usually appeared in the tree layer,sub-tree layer and shrub layer.So the result that the main populations in Cunninghamia lanceolata forest presented negative connection may be also for this reason.
引文
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