纳米杂化结构的DNA控制自组装及功能DNA纳米机器的研究
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摘要
DNA在纳米自组装研究中日益受到重视,这主要得益于其所具有的三个最主要特性:(1)DNA是一种可以自动化人工合成的天然纳米尺度材料:(2)现已积累了大量关于DNA操控,修饰和剪裁等分子生物学技术;(3)DNA具有可编程的碱基互补配对杂交与自组装的能力。本论文工作正是充分利用DNA的以上一些特性实现了纳米金和单壁碳纳米管之间的可控自组装,同时设计并构造了能行使接近实际操作功能的DNA纳米镊装置。具体来说,本博士论文主要进行了三方面的研究。
(1)成功地在DNA缠绕的单壁碳纳米管上组装了能在水中稳定分散的纳米金/碳纳米管一维杂化阵列结构。这项工作巧妙地应用了DNA碱基与碳纳米管之间的非共价π-π相互作用(由杜邦研究及发展中心的Zheng等人先前建立)和巯基分子在金纳米粒子表面的键合能力,以DNA缠绕的单壁碳纳米管作为一种新型的自组装模板,构筑出金纳米粒子与碳纳米管之间的线性杂化阵列结构。得益于碳纳米管模板的良好刚性,我们得到的金纳米粒子一维线性阵列保持了优良的结构与形状,很好地克服了以软模板,如双螺旋DNA等,组装纳米粒子阵列时容易发生的自缠绕和自交联等问题。研究中通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳对组装产物进行了纯化和初步确认。所得纯化样品进一步通过原子力显微镜进行详细表征,得到了关于组装正确性和组装效率的直接证据。由于金纳米粒子和单壁碳纳米管优异的化学和结构稳定性以及丰富的物理和化学性质,这种新颖的线性纳米杂化阵列可望进一步用于新型生物传感器、纳米电子/光电子器件以及纳米催化等研究。
(2)通过一种特殊的碱基配对模式,即Hoogsteen氢键稳定的DNA三螺旋结构,我们设计并构建了可模拟特定机械操作的DNA纳米机器——DNA纳米镊。优于以往构建的各种类似器件,我们得到的这种新型的纳米镊可以在纳米尺度上实现对特定目标物的识别、捕获、夹持和释放等一系列操作。我们应用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结合荧光共振能量转移效应,对上述纳米镊的功能成功地进行了演示。本工作为将DNA纳米镊从纯粹概念的演示推进到开发接近实际功能的应用这一DNA纳米机器研究的长远目标迈出了重要的一步。接下来的研究将会尝试对该DNA分子镊进一步集成并利用现场成像技术对其操作过程进行直接监控。
(3)利用一种非常简单易得的小分子,乙二胺,通过改变溶液的pH来调控乙二胺分子的质子化过程,从而对其与纳米粒子间的静电相互作用进行简单而有效的控制。基于此,我们分别实现了金纳米粒子和单壁碳纳米管在聚集和分散两种状态间的可逆切换。通过测量分散和聚集态的纳米金溶液在可见光区的特征吸收对这一过程进行了实时监测,利用透射电子显微镜,动态光散射以及凝胶电泳等方法对聚集和分散过程中纳米金的状态变化进行了表征。对于DNA缠绕修饰的单壁碳纳米管,我们采用离心加速沉降法直接观察其分散状态随pH控制而发生的变化。这种调控纳米粒子聚集-分散状态的方法无需对纳米粒子进行特殊的表面修饰,主要依赖于乙二胺分子的质子化过程和纳米粒子表面的电荷属性,因此是一种极其简单而且通用的方法。该体系的深入研究将为进一步构筑具备分子传感功能的智能纳米结构提供了一种非常便捷有效的新策略。
The main topic of this thesis is about the controllable assembly of inorganic nanostructures and supramolecular nanomachines using designed DNA sequences, which falls into the area of DNA nanotechnology.The appeal of DNA to nanoscience and nanotechnology is threefold:firstly,it is a naturally occurred nanoscale building block,which can be chemically manufactured on a solid phase DNA synthesizer with single base accuracy,and assembled in a salt-containing buffer through a simple heating-up and cooling-down cycle;secondly,well-developed chemistry and molecular biology tool-kits are readily available for operating,modifing,replicating, clipping and joining DNA molecules to further tailor their structures and functions; and thirdly,the base sequences in DNA can be easily encoded and exploited for programmed self-assembly,resulting in virtually any defined structures and patterns on the nanoscale in an extremely accurate and predictable way.
This thesis tried to employ DNA as a supramolecule helper to facilitate the assembly of linear heteronanostructures between gold nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotubes in order to associate special and novel properties with designed hybrid nanosystems.We would also attempt to build a DNA structured nanomechnical device that can have some close-to-reality functions such as grabbing or releasing an object at will.Following are detailed descriptions of these results:
Water-soluble gold nanoparticle(AuNP) linear arrays on single walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs) were obtained via a DNA-assisted self-assembly process.This work took advantage of non-covalent interactions between DNA bases and single-walled carbon nanotubes(a technique established by Zheng et al.at Dupont Central Research and Development) to introduce multiple thiol groups on the surface of a SWNT,which then served well as a novel template for the assembly of linear gold nanoparticle arrays.The native rigidity of SWNTs made them especially suited as linear assembly templates and rendered the resulting gold nanoparticle linear arrays very good quality and free of any self-entanglements,which often happen to a softer template such as a DNA double helix.The as-formed AuNP-SWNT hybrids were isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis and their structures were validated through atomic force microscopy(AFM) imagings.Various control experiments were designed to further verify our proposed assembly scheme.The DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes,as a new type of nanoscale building blocks for DNA directed material assembly,should also be usable for the assembly of various other nanomaterials with distinct properties.The next goal of our research is to seek possible applications of these hybrid nanostructures in bio-detections, nanoelectronics/photoelectronics and nano-catalyses.
The next pursuit of this thesis was to build a pair of DNA nanomechanical tweezers that can be easily operated to recognize,capture,hold and release an object on demand.The most difficult part of this work was to find a suitable way for the very tiny tweezers to firmly hold an object between its two mechanical arms.We made use of a non-canonical base-pairing mode called Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding to fulfill this challenging requirement.The DNA molecular tweezers could then be operated to interact with a DNA structured object at lowered pH.The DNA object helically wrapped around the tweezers' arms and was then firmly held after the tweezers being zipped close.Opening the tweezers via a DNA strand-displacement process would then release the object to solution where the Hoogsteen bonding was much weakened at increased pH.A native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) in combination with a fluorescent resonance energy transfer(FRET) technique was used to demonstrate the functioning of the catch and release cycles of the tweezers.Further research can be carried out to integrate the tiny tweezers into large DNA arrays that will allow us to monitor the functioning of this new device in real time with the help of modern imaging techniques,such as atomic force microscopy(AFM).
We also tried to use a very simple molecule,ethylenediamine,to switch the electrostatic assembly and disassembly of gold nanoparticles and DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes based on pH controlled protonation-deprotonation processes of ethylenediamine.We used optical absorbance and centrifugation-facilitated precipitation to monitor the above aggregation-dispersion cycles.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM),dynamic light scattering(DLS), and gel electrophoresis were also employed to further check the dispersion states of the gold nanoparticles before,during and after the cycling experiments.This strategy did not rely on any specific surface-modified chemical groups and should,with only slight modifications,be easily extended to other interesting systems.The most prominent and attractive feature of this method lied in the fact that it was an extremely simple,effective and general process as compared to other developed strategies for the same purpose in literature.
(1)成功地在DNA缠绕的单壁碳纳米管上组装了能在水中稳定分散的纳米金/碳纳米管一维杂化阵列结构。这项工作巧妙地应用了DNA碱基与碳纳米管之间的非共价π-π相互作用(由杜邦研究及发展中心的Zheng等人先前建立)和巯基分子在金纳米粒子表面的键合能力,以DNA缠绕的单壁碳纳米管作为一种新型的自组装模板,构筑出金纳米粒子与碳纳米管之间的线性杂化阵列结构。得益于碳纳米管模板的良好刚性,我们得到的金纳米粒子一维线性阵列保持了优良的结构与形状,很好地克服了以软模板,如双螺旋DNA等,组装纳米粒子阵列时容易发生的自缠绕和自交联等问题。研究中通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳对组装产物进行了纯化和初步确认。所得纯化样品进一步通过原子力显微镜进行详细表征,得到了关于组装正确性和组装效率的直接证据。由于金纳米粒子和单壁碳纳米管优异的化学和结构稳定性以及丰富的物理和化学性质,这种新颖的线性纳米杂化阵列可望进一步用于新型生物传感器、纳米电子/光电子器件以及纳米催化等研究。
(2)通过一种特殊的碱基配对模式,即Hoogsteen氢键稳定的DNA三螺旋结构,我们设计并构建了可模拟特定机械操作的DNA纳米机器——DNA纳米镊。优于以往构建的各种类似器件,我们得到的这种新型的纳米镊可以在纳米尺度上实现对特定目标物的识别、捕获、夹持和释放等一系列操作。我们应用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结合荧光共振能量转移效应,对上述纳米镊的功能成功地进行了演示。本工作为将DNA纳米镊从纯粹概念的演示推进到开发接近实际功能的应用这一DNA纳米机器研究的长远目标迈出了重要的一步。接下来的研究将会尝试对该DNA分子镊进一步集成并利用现场成像技术对其操作过程进行直接监控。
(3)利用一种非常简单易得的小分子,乙二胺,通过改变溶液的pH来调控乙二胺分子的质子化过程,从而对其与纳米粒子间的静电相互作用进行简单而有效的控制。基于此,我们分别实现了金纳米粒子和单壁碳纳米管在聚集和分散两种状态间的可逆切换。通过测量分散和聚集态的纳米金溶液在可见光区的特征吸收对这一过程进行了实时监测,利用透射电子显微镜,动态光散射以及凝胶电泳等方法对聚集和分散过程中纳米金的状态变化进行了表征。对于DNA缠绕修饰的单壁碳纳米管,我们采用离心加速沉降法直接观察其分散状态随pH控制而发生的变化。这种调控纳米粒子聚集-分散状态的方法无需对纳米粒子进行特殊的表面修饰,主要依赖于乙二胺分子的质子化过程和纳米粒子表面的电荷属性,因此是一种极其简单而且通用的方法。该体系的深入研究将为进一步构筑具备分子传感功能的智能纳米结构提供了一种非常便捷有效的新策略。
The main topic of this thesis is about the controllable assembly of inorganic nanostructures and supramolecular nanomachines using designed DNA sequences, which falls into the area of DNA nanotechnology.The appeal of DNA to nanoscience and nanotechnology is threefold:firstly,it is a naturally occurred nanoscale building block,which can be chemically manufactured on a solid phase DNA synthesizer with single base accuracy,and assembled in a salt-containing buffer through a simple heating-up and cooling-down cycle;secondly,well-developed chemistry and molecular biology tool-kits are readily available for operating,modifing,replicating, clipping and joining DNA molecules to further tailor their structures and functions; and thirdly,the base sequences in DNA can be easily encoded and exploited for programmed self-assembly,resulting in virtually any defined structures and patterns on the nanoscale in an extremely accurate and predictable way.
This thesis tried to employ DNA as a supramolecule helper to facilitate the assembly of linear heteronanostructures between gold nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotubes in order to associate special and novel properties with designed hybrid nanosystems.We would also attempt to build a DNA structured nanomechnical device that can have some close-to-reality functions such as grabbing or releasing an object at will.Following are detailed descriptions of these results:
Water-soluble gold nanoparticle(AuNP) linear arrays on single walled carbon nanotubes(SWNTs) were obtained via a DNA-assisted self-assembly process.This work took advantage of non-covalent interactions between DNA bases and single-walled carbon nanotubes(a technique established by Zheng et al.at Dupont Central Research and Development) to introduce multiple thiol groups on the surface of a SWNT,which then served well as a novel template for the assembly of linear gold nanoparticle arrays.The native rigidity of SWNTs made them especially suited as linear assembly templates and rendered the resulting gold nanoparticle linear arrays very good quality and free of any self-entanglements,which often happen to a softer template such as a DNA double helix.The as-formed AuNP-SWNT hybrids were isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis and their structures were validated through atomic force microscopy(AFM) imagings.Various control experiments were designed to further verify our proposed assembly scheme.The DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes,as a new type of nanoscale building blocks for DNA directed material assembly,should also be usable for the assembly of various other nanomaterials with distinct properties.The next goal of our research is to seek possible applications of these hybrid nanostructures in bio-detections, nanoelectronics/photoelectronics and nano-catalyses.
The next pursuit of this thesis was to build a pair of DNA nanomechanical tweezers that can be easily operated to recognize,capture,hold and release an object on demand.The most difficult part of this work was to find a suitable way for the very tiny tweezers to firmly hold an object between its two mechanical arms.We made use of a non-canonical base-pairing mode called Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding to fulfill this challenging requirement.The DNA molecular tweezers could then be operated to interact with a DNA structured object at lowered pH.The DNA object helically wrapped around the tweezers' arms and was then firmly held after the tweezers being zipped close.Opening the tweezers via a DNA strand-displacement process would then release the object to solution where the Hoogsteen bonding was much weakened at increased pH.A native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) in combination with a fluorescent resonance energy transfer(FRET) technique was used to demonstrate the functioning of the catch and release cycles of the tweezers.Further research can be carried out to integrate the tiny tweezers into large DNA arrays that will allow us to monitor the functioning of this new device in real time with the help of modern imaging techniques,such as atomic force microscopy(AFM).
We also tried to use a very simple molecule,ethylenediamine,to switch the electrostatic assembly and disassembly of gold nanoparticles and DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes based on pH controlled protonation-deprotonation processes of ethylenediamine.We used optical absorbance and centrifugation-facilitated precipitation to monitor the above aggregation-dispersion cycles.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM),dynamic light scattering(DLS), and gel electrophoresis were also employed to further check the dispersion states of the gold nanoparticles before,during and after the cycling experiments.This strategy did not rely on any specific surface-modified chemical groups and should,with only slight modifications,be easily extended to other interesting systems.The most prominent and attractive feature of this method lied in the fact that it was an extremely simple,effective and general process as compared to other developed strategies for the same purpose in literature.
引文
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