基于最小耗能原理的岩爆孕育发生机理研究
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摘要
岩爆涉及到矿山开发、水电工程、铁路公路隧道工程等多个工程领域,造成了重大的人员伤亡和经济损失,已成为工业安全领域的主要灾害。本文为了更好地理解高地应力条件下硬岩岩爆发生的机理,展开了岩爆相关问题的研究。本研究以理论分析为基础,采用试验研究和数值分析相结合的方法,系统地研究岩爆孕育发生机理,建立可以反映岩爆孕育发生过程的本构方程;基于岩爆的孕育机理研究,分析岩爆的影响因素,提出了合理的倾向性指标;研究了具有岩爆倾向岩石的声发射活动规律,深入研究了微震与岩爆的空间分布规律和内在联系。概括来讲,本论文的主要研究内容如下:
(1)分析岩爆的宏观和微观破坏特征,初步确定岩体从开始受力到岩爆完成经历了两种形式的破坏,为定量地描述不同破坏形式的起始和结束,进行了相应的准则研究:取具有岩爆倾向的硬岩为试验对象,加工成标准试件φ50mm×100mm,采用MTS815.03型压力试验机进行单、三轴压缩试验。通过分析极限强度与整体破坏结构形成准则之间的关系,提出了岩爆发生的极限储能准则,与整体破坏结构形成准则组成了岩爆的充分必要条件,给出了岩爆的孕育发生机理和岩爆的定义。
(2)介绍了最小耗能原理及其推导内变量演化方程的一般方法;从能量角度出发,利用最小耗能原理建立了第一种破坏形式的损伤演化方程,利用花岗岩试验验证了所建立岩爆损伤演化方程的合理性;从能量角度建立了此后能量聚集阶段本构方程,建立整个岩爆孕育阶段的本构关系;将第二种破坏形式以后的形变状态简化成理想塑性状态,建立整个岩爆过程的本构方程。
(3)根据建立的具有岩爆倾向性岩石岩爆本构方程型式给出岩爆研究的关键区域(劣化区域),以圆形巷道为例,建立了相应的解析模型;根据岩爆储能极限准则,分别研究了等压和不等压条件下岩爆的影响因素;对岩爆的范围和位置进行了相关研究,提出了标定岩爆倾向性的新指标;通过对不等压条件下两种储能方式的理论研究,指出了岩爆孕育过程中能量的储存方式是零剪力储能模式,提出了岩爆防治原则,指出了有效的岩爆防治手段。
(4)对现阶段微震的相关理论研究情况进行阐述,开展室内声发射试验,研究了具有岩爆倾向花岗岩的声发射规律,对声发射的各个阶段给出了明确的物理解释,研究了声发射和损伤变量之间的联系;
(5)根据建立的具有岩爆倾向花岗岩岩爆本构方程,利用ABAOUS软件编写相应的有限元程序。分别针对巷道不同几何形状、不同开挖方式条件下岩爆孕育发生过程中背景应力场积累、转移的基本规律,能量的积累、转移规律,研究岩爆孕育发生过程中微震的空间分布规律,揭示应力、能量积累转移与微震活动空间分布规律之间的内在联系,为建立分析预报模型提供理论依据。
(6)以红透山铜矿为工程实例,将研究的理论成果进行工程应用,通过相关实验确定岩爆本构方程,建立相应的计算模型,利用相应的有限元程序通过数值计算对-647水平发生岩爆的情况进行预测。
The rockburst problems involving multi-fields such as mine exploitation, hydropower project, tunnel projects of railway and roadway and so on. It causes serious economic losses and casualties every year, and becomes a major disaster in the field of industrial safety. To be better understanded the mechanism of rockburst occurrence of hard-rock, the related problems of rockburst are studied in this dissertation. Based on theory analysis, and combining experiment research with numerical simulation, the mechanism of rockburst preparation and development is studied systematically, and the rockburst constitutive equations are established which can reflect the progress of rockburst preparation and development. Based on the analysises of rockburst influencing factors, the reasonable rockburst tendency indexes are put forward. The laws of AE activity of granite are obtained. The spatial distribution pattern of microseism and rockburst, and the internal relations of them are studied. The main research works included in the dissertation are as following:
(1) The macro-failure characteristics and micro-damage characteristics of rockburst are analysised. And two type failure modes of rockmass from being forced to the finish of rockburst are initially determined. The studies of relative criteritions are carried out to describe the initial and finish of different failure mode quantitatively. The typical rockburst tendency hardrock granites were obtained from engineering site and they were prepared as standard specimen of 50mm in diameter and 100mm in length. Both conventional uniaxial & triaxial compression tests are conducted on MTS815.03 testing machine. The criterion of limit enery storage for rockburst occurrence is proposed through analyzing the relationship between ultimate strength and limit load for structural failure. The limit energy storage criterion and the structural failure criterion consists the necessary and sufficient condition of rockburst occurrence. The definition of rockburst and the mechanism of rockburst preparation and development are put forward.
(2) The least energy consumption principle and its general procedures to establish development equation of internal variable are introduced in this dissertation. Damage evolution equation of the first type failure mode is estabilished using the least energy consumption principle from the view of energy. The rationablility of this damage evolution equation is proved by the data from granites testing. The constitutive of the stage of rockburst preparation is proposed following the establishing of constitutive of energy concentration stage from the view of energy. And the constitutive of the total progress of rockburst is proposed by simplifying the deformation state after the second failure mode to perfectly plastic state.
(3) The critical region (damage area) for rockburst study is layed out based on the proposed rockburst constitutive of typical rockburst tendency hardrock. The relative analytical mode is put forward for the example of circle roadway. Influence factors of rockburst occurrence are studied under the isopiestic and anisocharic condition individually under the condition of meeting limit energy storage criterion. And related study is carried out for the purpose of determining the region and position of rockburst, the new index for rockburst tendency study is proposed. It is found that the energy storage mode during the rockburst preparation the enery storage mode without interface shear, through studying the two enery storage mode theoretically under anisocharic condition. The principles of rockburst prevention are put forward, and the effective rockburst prevention measures are laid out.
(4) The related condition of theoriatical research for microseimic at present is expounded in detail. Acoustic emission test is carried out, and the laws of AE activity for granites are obtained. It is stated that the physical explanation for AE activity characteristic of every stage. The relation between AE activity and damage variable is studied.
(5) The finite element program of the rockburst constitutive mode of rockburst tendency granites is compiled by using the famous FE software ABAQUS. It is obtained that the laws of stress accumulation and stress transition, the law of energy accumulation and energy transition, and the spatial distribution law of AE activity during the progress of rockburst preparation and development under the condition of different geometric shape roadway and different excavation method. The relation of the accumulation and transition of stress and energy with AE activity law is revealed, it provides theoretical basis for establishing the model of rockburst analysis and prediction.
(6) Finally, the theoretical results are applied to actural engineering, e.g. the HongTouShan copper. According to the laboratory test, the constitutive equation are determined, the calculation model is built up and the related FEM program is used to predict the rockburst at level -647m.
(1)分析岩爆的宏观和微观破坏特征,初步确定岩体从开始受力到岩爆完成经历了两种形式的破坏,为定量地描述不同破坏形式的起始和结束,进行了相应的准则研究:取具有岩爆倾向的硬岩为试验对象,加工成标准试件φ50mm×100mm,采用MTS815.03型压力试验机进行单、三轴压缩试验。通过分析极限强度与整体破坏结构形成准则之间的关系,提出了岩爆发生的极限储能准则,与整体破坏结构形成准则组成了岩爆的充分必要条件,给出了岩爆的孕育发生机理和岩爆的定义。
(2)介绍了最小耗能原理及其推导内变量演化方程的一般方法;从能量角度出发,利用最小耗能原理建立了第一种破坏形式的损伤演化方程,利用花岗岩试验验证了所建立岩爆损伤演化方程的合理性;从能量角度建立了此后能量聚集阶段本构方程,建立整个岩爆孕育阶段的本构关系;将第二种破坏形式以后的形变状态简化成理想塑性状态,建立整个岩爆过程的本构方程。
(3)根据建立的具有岩爆倾向性岩石岩爆本构方程型式给出岩爆研究的关键区域(劣化区域),以圆形巷道为例,建立了相应的解析模型;根据岩爆储能极限准则,分别研究了等压和不等压条件下岩爆的影响因素;对岩爆的范围和位置进行了相关研究,提出了标定岩爆倾向性的新指标;通过对不等压条件下两种储能方式的理论研究,指出了岩爆孕育过程中能量的储存方式是零剪力储能模式,提出了岩爆防治原则,指出了有效的岩爆防治手段。
(4)对现阶段微震的相关理论研究情况进行阐述,开展室内声发射试验,研究了具有岩爆倾向花岗岩的声发射规律,对声发射的各个阶段给出了明确的物理解释,研究了声发射和损伤变量之间的联系;
(5)根据建立的具有岩爆倾向花岗岩岩爆本构方程,利用ABAOUS软件编写相应的有限元程序。分别针对巷道不同几何形状、不同开挖方式条件下岩爆孕育发生过程中背景应力场积累、转移的基本规律,能量的积累、转移规律,研究岩爆孕育发生过程中微震的空间分布规律,揭示应力、能量积累转移与微震活动空间分布规律之间的内在联系,为建立分析预报模型提供理论依据。
(6)以红透山铜矿为工程实例,将研究的理论成果进行工程应用,通过相关实验确定岩爆本构方程,建立相应的计算模型,利用相应的有限元程序通过数值计算对-647水平发生岩爆的情况进行预测。
The rockburst problems involving multi-fields such as mine exploitation, hydropower project, tunnel projects of railway and roadway and so on. It causes serious economic losses and casualties every year, and becomes a major disaster in the field of industrial safety. To be better understanded the mechanism of rockburst occurrence of hard-rock, the related problems of rockburst are studied in this dissertation. Based on theory analysis, and combining experiment research with numerical simulation, the mechanism of rockburst preparation and development is studied systematically, and the rockburst constitutive equations are established which can reflect the progress of rockburst preparation and development. Based on the analysises of rockburst influencing factors, the reasonable rockburst tendency indexes are put forward. The laws of AE activity of granite are obtained. The spatial distribution pattern of microseism and rockburst, and the internal relations of them are studied. The main research works included in the dissertation are as following:
(1) The macro-failure characteristics and micro-damage characteristics of rockburst are analysised. And two type failure modes of rockmass from being forced to the finish of rockburst are initially determined. The studies of relative criteritions are carried out to describe the initial and finish of different failure mode quantitatively. The typical rockburst tendency hardrock granites were obtained from engineering site and they were prepared as standard specimen of 50mm in diameter and 100mm in length. Both conventional uniaxial & triaxial compression tests are conducted on MTS815.03 testing machine. The criterion of limit enery storage for rockburst occurrence is proposed through analyzing the relationship between ultimate strength and limit load for structural failure. The limit energy storage criterion and the structural failure criterion consists the necessary and sufficient condition of rockburst occurrence. The definition of rockburst and the mechanism of rockburst preparation and development are put forward.
(2) The least energy consumption principle and its general procedures to establish development equation of internal variable are introduced in this dissertation. Damage evolution equation of the first type failure mode is estabilished using the least energy consumption principle from the view of energy. The rationablility of this damage evolution equation is proved by the data from granites testing. The constitutive of the stage of rockburst preparation is proposed following the establishing of constitutive of energy concentration stage from the view of energy. And the constitutive of the total progress of rockburst is proposed by simplifying the deformation state after the second failure mode to perfectly plastic state.
(3) The critical region (damage area) for rockburst study is layed out based on the proposed rockburst constitutive of typical rockburst tendency hardrock. The relative analytical mode is put forward for the example of circle roadway. Influence factors of rockburst occurrence are studied under the isopiestic and anisocharic condition individually under the condition of meeting limit energy storage criterion. And related study is carried out for the purpose of determining the region and position of rockburst, the new index for rockburst tendency study is proposed. It is found that the energy storage mode during the rockburst preparation the enery storage mode without interface shear, through studying the two enery storage mode theoretically under anisocharic condition. The principles of rockburst prevention are put forward, and the effective rockburst prevention measures are laid out.
(4) The related condition of theoriatical research for microseimic at present is expounded in detail. Acoustic emission test is carried out, and the laws of AE activity for granites are obtained. It is stated that the physical explanation for AE activity characteristic of every stage. The relation between AE activity and damage variable is studied.
(5) The finite element program of the rockburst constitutive mode of rockburst tendency granites is compiled by using the famous FE software ABAQUS. It is obtained that the laws of stress accumulation and stress transition, the law of energy accumulation and energy transition, and the spatial distribution law of AE activity during the progress of rockburst preparation and development under the condition of different geometric shape roadway and different excavation method. The relation of the accumulation and transition of stress and energy with AE activity law is revealed, it provides theoretical basis for establishing the model of rockburst analysis and prediction.
(6) Finally, the theoretical results are applied to actural engineering, e.g. the HongTouShan copper. According to the laboratory test, the constitutive equation are determined, the calculation model is built up and the related FEM program is used to predict the rockburst at level -647m.
引文
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