关于中国菊花起源问题的若干实验研究
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摘要
菊花(Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.)属于菊科菊属,是中国的传统名花,目前己经逐步发展成为世界上品种最丰富的栽培植物之一。但栽培菊花的起源问题还是世界园艺学家和植物学家跟踪和关注的焦点问题。
本研究在资源调查的基础上收集种质,在北京建立菊花基因库,为菊花起源等工作(菊属植物引种栽培繁育、种间杂交、ISSR分子标记实验)创造条件。重点调查收集受种质侵蚀较轻的中国药菊品种和古老的大菊品种以及狭义菊属及其近缘属植物,并将其作为各实验的材料,利用不同技术方法为菊花起源寻找新的证据。
通过走访该领域专家、翻阅资料、查阅标本、及对安徽、河南、湖北等11个省市25个代表性地点的野外实地调查,较为全面、系统地搜集了14个类型的药菊品种、多种野生菊属植物、4个毛华菊与野菊的天然杂交种,除阿里山菊之外基本上保存了中国菊属所有种,并在北京建立基因库,有效保存了菊属植物资源,为进一步解决了菊花起源研究和杂交育种提供基础材料。对部分菊属植物的生物学特性进行观察,引种适用性研究做初步评价,认为天然杂交、培育在菊花起源的过程中起到至关重要的作用。
进行了4年的菊属植物的远缘杂交工作,共进行了47个组合,共得种子3225粒,杂种小苗675株,得开花变异苗30株。毛华菊与野菊、毛华菊与紫花野菊、毛华菊与甘菊较易杂交成功,并能得到种子,F_1代变异较大,花序、花色、叶型等已近乎现代菊花。F_2代天然授粉后产生更大变异,完全就是现代小菊。花色没有偏母性遗传规律,但红色遗传力大于黄色。白色和黄色要依据杂交亲本而定。杂交是菊花起源的主要方式。毛华菊、野菊、紫花野菊、甘菊、异色菊等亲缘关系较近,在菊花起源的过程中不同程度的起到作用。其杂交后代表形性状接近药菊类型及‘九华'菊。
通过对86份菊属植物ISSR分子系统研究,分析得出如下结论:最终确定10条引物用于研究86份材料的遗传多样性。共扩增出151条可统计的ISSR条带,多态性比率(PPB)高达99.3%,说明供试的各基因型之间的遗传多态性很丰富,说明菊属植物丰富的遗传多样性。从ISSR-PCR聚类分析来看,毛华菊与大菊、药菊亲缘关系最近,宜昌野菊、紫花野菊、菊花脑次之;认为菊花进化主要方式:野生菊→药用菊(经济原菊)→观赏菊。
系统总结了菊花起源近半个世纪的研究成果,以宏观形态学为主导,结合微观细胞学、孢粉学、同功酶、ITS测序、DNA分子标记等,再结合人工杂交、野外资源调查、引种驯化等试验,同时兼顾历史分析法得出结论:栽培菊花(陶渊明时代——原菊)原产中国,主要在长江中游(湖北、安徽、河南)部分野生种天然种间杂交,经过长期人工反复选择一些特殊变异类型,精心培养而成的栽培杂种复合体(hybrid cultigen complex)。主要亲本为毛华菊、野菊,其后紫花野菊、甘菊、神农香菊、菊花脑、异色菊等不同程度的通过花粉而参与进化,进行种质渗入,增进了菊花基因的多元化,故形成今日千变万化之菊花。天然杂交(含种间杂种)、培育和选择在菊花的形成中起了至关重要的作用。
Chinese garden chrysanthemum belongs to the composite family.It is a traditional famous flower in China.It has been developed into one of the world wide plants, having the most abundant cultivars.The problem on the origin of garden chrysanthemum has been a question receiving more attention by horticulturists and botanists in the world in recent years.
This study collected chrysanthemum germplasm resources and established chrysanthemum gene pool in Beijing on the basis of surveying and investigation.The establishment of germplasm garden creates appropriate conditions for the study on the origin of the garden chrysanthemum(some experiments such as introduction, cultivation,breeding,interspecific hybridization,ISSR molecular marker).Major stems of the study consist of surveying and collection of germplasm resources include Chinese medicinal chrysanthemum,an ancient group of chrysanthemum,in the narrow sense of the word chrysanthemum spp.and its' closest affinity genus that have weathered the lighter erosion of the varieties.They are all used as the experimental materials,by different techniques for finding the new evidence to the origin of Chinese garden chrysanthemum.
Through visiting experts,information,access to specimens,and on-the-spot investigations 25 representative spots of 11 provinces or cities,such an Anhui,Henan, Hubei and other provinces,14 types of medicinal chrysanthemum cultivars, multi-chrysanthemum species of wild plants,and 4 Chrysanthemum vestitum-indicum natural hybrids were collected.Comprehensive and systematic collection of chrysanthemum of China has been preserved and a germplasm resource garden has been established in Beijing Forestry University.These germplasm resources conserved effectively and used as basic materials for resolving the problem of origin of chrysanthemum research.At the same time the biological characters of some species and varieties of the genus Chrysanthemum have been studied in order to lay the foundation for Chrysanthemum breeding.
It is about 4 years work for distant hybridization of chrysanthemum,and a total of 47 hybridization combinations,3225 seeds,675 hybrid seedlings,30 flowering variation seedlings have been achieved.It is easier for the success to obtain hybrid of Chrysanthemum vestitum and C.indicum,C.vestitum and C.zawadskii,C.vestitum and C.lavandulifolium.Their seeds can be achieved easier too.The No.one generation has larger variation.Many characters such as inflorescence,flower color, leaf type and so on are almost like those of mums.No.two generation has greater variation than No.one after natural pollination.They are almost entirely mums.As to flower color interitance,the result,did not in favor of the view of inclining to maternal heredity,but heritability of the red flower color is stronger than that of yellow one,and white and yellow are the basis of the hybrid parents color.
ISSR-PCR molecular systematic research used by 86 chrysanthemum plants was made and analyzed.The following conclusions were gained that:finalize the 10 primers that are clear and abundant polymorphism,with them 86 materials were used to study the genetic diversity of chrysanthemum.A total of 150 ISSR bands statistics can be amplified.The ratio of polymorphism(PPB) is as high as 99.3 percent on the test for the genetic polymorphism.This shows that the genotypes of chrysanthemum are very rich.The description of the genus Chrysanthemum is divergent;From cluster tree analysis of ISSR-PCR,it is obtained that the C.vestitum and ornamental chrysanthemum,medical chrysanthemum have most closely genetic affinity,followed by C.vestitum at Yichang city,C.zawadskii,C.nankingense;The evolution of garden chrysanthemum may be mainly in one ways:Wild Chrysanthemum to Medicinal Chrysanthemum to Ornamental Chrysanthemum.
Researches on the origin of Chinese garden chrysanthemum have sustained for nearly half a century(from 1961).All results were made systematically and summarily for leading to introduction and domestication of tests,taking into account macro-morphology,Microscopic cytology,Palynology,Isozyme,ITS sequencing, DNA molecular markers,artificial hybridization,wild resources survey,historical analysis,etc..A conclusion was reached that:origin of Chinese Garden Chrysanthemum(Tao Yuan-ming times-the original chrysanthemum) in China,mainly emerged in the middle reaches of Yangtze River(Hubei,Anhui,Henan),the wild species of natural interspecific hybridization was cultivated into hybrid cultigen complex,after repeated long-term artificial selection of some type of special variation. The main parents of the hybrid cultigen complex might be C.vestitum and C.indicum, followed by C.zawadskii,C.nankingense,C.lavandulifolium,C.lavandulifolium var. aromaticum,C.dichrum and so on.They participated in the evolution of Chinese Garden Chrysanthemum by pollen,infiltrated germplasm to enhance the diversification of the gene.Crossing of natural interspecific hybridization(including hybrids),delicate cultivation and selection continuous of hybrid have played crucial role.
本研究在资源调查的基础上收集种质,在北京建立菊花基因库,为菊花起源等工作(菊属植物引种栽培繁育、种间杂交、ISSR分子标记实验)创造条件。重点调查收集受种质侵蚀较轻的中国药菊品种和古老的大菊品种以及狭义菊属及其近缘属植物,并将其作为各实验的材料,利用不同技术方法为菊花起源寻找新的证据。
通过走访该领域专家、翻阅资料、查阅标本、及对安徽、河南、湖北等11个省市25个代表性地点的野外实地调查,较为全面、系统地搜集了14个类型的药菊品种、多种野生菊属植物、4个毛华菊与野菊的天然杂交种,除阿里山菊之外基本上保存了中国菊属所有种,并在北京建立基因库,有效保存了菊属植物资源,为进一步解决了菊花起源研究和杂交育种提供基础材料。对部分菊属植物的生物学特性进行观察,引种适用性研究做初步评价,认为天然杂交、培育在菊花起源的过程中起到至关重要的作用。
进行了4年的菊属植物的远缘杂交工作,共进行了47个组合,共得种子3225粒,杂种小苗675株,得开花变异苗30株。毛华菊与野菊、毛华菊与紫花野菊、毛华菊与甘菊较易杂交成功,并能得到种子,F_1代变异较大,花序、花色、叶型等已近乎现代菊花。F_2代天然授粉后产生更大变异,完全就是现代小菊。花色没有偏母性遗传规律,但红色遗传力大于黄色。白色和黄色要依据杂交亲本而定。杂交是菊花起源的主要方式。毛华菊、野菊、紫花野菊、甘菊、异色菊等亲缘关系较近,在菊花起源的过程中不同程度的起到作用。其杂交后代表形性状接近药菊类型及‘九华'菊。
通过对86份菊属植物ISSR分子系统研究,分析得出如下结论:最终确定10条引物用于研究86份材料的遗传多样性。共扩增出151条可统计的ISSR条带,多态性比率(PPB)高达99.3%,说明供试的各基因型之间的遗传多态性很丰富,说明菊属植物丰富的遗传多样性。从ISSR-PCR聚类分析来看,毛华菊与大菊、药菊亲缘关系最近,宜昌野菊、紫花野菊、菊花脑次之;认为菊花进化主要方式:野生菊→药用菊(经济原菊)→观赏菊。
系统总结了菊花起源近半个世纪的研究成果,以宏观形态学为主导,结合微观细胞学、孢粉学、同功酶、ITS测序、DNA分子标记等,再结合人工杂交、野外资源调查、引种驯化等试验,同时兼顾历史分析法得出结论:栽培菊花(陶渊明时代——原菊)原产中国,主要在长江中游(湖北、安徽、河南)部分野生种天然种间杂交,经过长期人工反复选择一些特殊变异类型,精心培养而成的栽培杂种复合体(hybrid cultigen complex)。主要亲本为毛华菊、野菊,其后紫花野菊、甘菊、神农香菊、菊花脑、异色菊等不同程度的通过花粉而参与进化,进行种质渗入,增进了菊花基因的多元化,故形成今日千变万化之菊花。天然杂交(含种间杂种)、培育和选择在菊花的形成中起了至关重要的作用。
Chinese garden chrysanthemum belongs to the composite family.It is a traditional famous flower in China.It has been developed into one of the world wide plants, having the most abundant cultivars.The problem on the origin of garden chrysanthemum has been a question receiving more attention by horticulturists and botanists in the world in recent years.
This study collected chrysanthemum germplasm resources and established chrysanthemum gene pool in Beijing on the basis of surveying and investigation.The establishment of germplasm garden creates appropriate conditions for the study on the origin of the garden chrysanthemum(some experiments such as introduction, cultivation,breeding,interspecific hybridization,ISSR molecular marker).Major stems of the study consist of surveying and collection of germplasm resources include Chinese medicinal chrysanthemum,an ancient group of chrysanthemum,in the narrow sense of the word chrysanthemum spp.and its' closest affinity genus that have weathered the lighter erosion of the varieties.They are all used as the experimental materials,by different techniques for finding the new evidence to the origin of Chinese garden chrysanthemum.
Through visiting experts,information,access to specimens,and on-the-spot investigations 25 representative spots of 11 provinces or cities,such an Anhui,Henan, Hubei and other provinces,14 types of medicinal chrysanthemum cultivars, multi-chrysanthemum species of wild plants,and 4 Chrysanthemum vestitum-indicum natural hybrids were collected.Comprehensive and systematic collection of chrysanthemum of China has been preserved and a germplasm resource garden has been established in Beijing Forestry University.These germplasm resources conserved effectively and used as basic materials for resolving the problem of origin of chrysanthemum research.At the same time the biological characters of some species and varieties of the genus Chrysanthemum have been studied in order to lay the foundation for Chrysanthemum breeding.
It is about 4 years work for distant hybridization of chrysanthemum,and a total of 47 hybridization combinations,3225 seeds,675 hybrid seedlings,30 flowering variation seedlings have been achieved.It is easier for the success to obtain hybrid of Chrysanthemum vestitum and C.indicum,C.vestitum and C.zawadskii,C.vestitum and C.lavandulifolium.Their seeds can be achieved easier too.The No.one generation has larger variation.Many characters such as inflorescence,flower color, leaf type and so on are almost like those of mums.No.two generation has greater variation than No.one after natural pollination.They are almost entirely mums.As to flower color interitance,the result,did not in favor of the view of inclining to maternal heredity,but heritability of the red flower color is stronger than that of yellow one,and white and yellow are the basis of the hybrid parents color.
ISSR-PCR molecular systematic research used by 86 chrysanthemum plants was made and analyzed.The following conclusions were gained that:finalize the 10 primers that are clear and abundant polymorphism,with them 86 materials were used to study the genetic diversity of chrysanthemum.A total of 150 ISSR bands statistics can be amplified.The ratio of polymorphism(PPB) is as high as 99.3 percent on the test for the genetic polymorphism.This shows that the genotypes of chrysanthemum are very rich.The description of the genus Chrysanthemum is divergent;From cluster tree analysis of ISSR-PCR,it is obtained that the C.vestitum and ornamental chrysanthemum,medical chrysanthemum have most closely genetic affinity,followed by C.vestitum at Yichang city,C.zawadskii,C.nankingense;The evolution of garden chrysanthemum may be mainly in one ways:Wild Chrysanthemum to Medicinal Chrysanthemum to Ornamental Chrysanthemum.
Researches on the origin of Chinese garden chrysanthemum have sustained for nearly half a century(from 1961).All results were made systematically and summarily for leading to introduction and domestication of tests,taking into account macro-morphology,Microscopic cytology,Palynology,Isozyme,ITS sequencing, DNA molecular markers,artificial hybridization,wild resources survey,historical analysis,etc..A conclusion was reached that:origin of Chinese Garden Chrysanthemum(Tao Yuan-ming times-the original chrysanthemum) in China,mainly emerged in the middle reaches of Yangtze River(Hubei,Anhui,Henan),the wild species of natural interspecific hybridization was cultivated into hybrid cultigen complex,after repeated long-term artificial selection of some type of special variation. The main parents of the hybrid cultigen complex might be C.vestitum and C.indicum, followed by C.zawadskii,C.nankingense,C.lavandulifolium,C.lavandulifolium var. aromaticum,C.dichrum and so on.They participated in the evolution of Chinese Garden Chrysanthemum by pollen,infiltrated germplasm to enhance the diversification of the gene.Crossing of natural interspecific hybridization(including hybrids),delicate cultivation and selection continuous of hybrid have played crucial role.
引文
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