高原湖泊杞麓湖流域土地利用变化及生态安全评价
|
摘要
土地利用变化(LUCC)是全球变化研究的热点问题,不同空间时间尺度的土地利用变化引起的环境效应及生态安全也是研究的热点问题之一。本文选择我国高原湖泊杞麓湖流域为研究区,对流域内1989-2005年的土地利用变化及其驱动力作了探讨;对土地利用变化的景观格局及其环境效应进行了分析;运用RS和GIS技术及L-thia模型对1989年和2005年两个时段的土地利用变化引起的面源污染变化进行了初步估算;运用压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)模型对杞麓湖流域的生态安全进行了定性分析。
根据地理学、土壤学、生态学及相关学科的基本理论,依靠数学、遥感和地理信息系统为分析手段,首先在行政机关收集统计资料,根据影像资料、统计资料和图件结合实地调查,采用遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术以及相关方法,研究杞麓湖流域土地利用变化的历史过程。通过对数据的提炼分析,建立主要土地利用类型数量变化的时间序列,分析其变化的趋势和特点;并研究其空间格局的变化;然后根据收集到的资料,并运用主成分分析、筛选人类活动驱动力因子,从人口的数量构成,国家政策制度和科技进步等人文因子、社会经济因子详细地研究,创建人类活动影响土地利用变化的数量模型,模拟人类活动对土地利用变化的影响。运用景观格局指数分析比较两个时期景观格局变化,并运用生态系统服务功能对两个时期的土地利用生态服务功能进行了分析,评价土地利用变化的环境效应。通过长周期水文模型模拟土地利用变化引起的面源污染响应。先根据长周期水文模型计算出流域内不同土壤类型上不同土地利用类型的产流量,结合径流产出的污染物浓度负荷,估算典型时段1989年和2005年流域内面源污染的负荷的空间分布。运用修正的压力—状态—响应模型,筛选合适的指标对流域进行生态安全评价,为流域的可持续发展提供指导并提出有利于区域生态安全的土地利用策略与建议。
研究结果表明:17a来流域综合土地利用动态度年变化率为0.66%,土地利用变化速度相对于云南高原其他流域如洱海流域要快;单一土地利用动态度来说,从大到小依次是有林地、建设用地、灌木林地、耕地、荒草地和水域。在杞麓湖流域这个相对较小区域,自然驱动因子对土地利用的影响较小。影响土地利用变化最主要的因素是人口的增长、经济的发展以及城镇化进程的加快。景观格局研究表明,研究区景观多样性指数提高,优势度指数减少,均匀度指数相应增大,破碎度指数减小,2005年流域的总体生态服务功能价值为比1989年减少了24.15%,总体生态服务功能呈下降趋势,生态环境质量降低。土地利用变化引起的面源污染输出模拟表明,农用地和城镇居民点的总氮、总磷输出为主要贡献,有林地和荒草地的贡献最小,有林地和荒草地对各种污染物截留的效果较好。通过对杞麓湖流域生态安全结果的检验和分析,1989年和2005年杞麓湖流域生态安全指数分别为0.5912和0.5845,均处于“较差”安全状态。2005年杞麓湖流域自然人文压力比1989年有所增高,且生态系统状态和社会对流域生态所采取的响应均有所减弱,导致生态安全状况下降。从系统总体来看,自然人文的压力对流域生态安全评价的影响程度最大。
本论文主要创新点在:选择了人类活动剧烈的高原湖泊流域—杞麓湖流域作为研究区域,以17年时间尺度的土地利用变化进行研究并进行了探讨,丰富了我国的LUCC的研究成果,并运用RS、GIS空间信息技术对高原湖泊流域不同时段的土地利用变化的面源污染变化进行了对比研究;从土地利用变化角度研究生态安全并进行动态评价,进一步分析了不同土地利用格局与区域生态安全的关系,从而为土地利用变化生态安全评价的研究提供理论基础。
Land-use change and land-cover change is a core field of global environmental change research.Study on land-use and land-cover change of different spatial and time scale is also one focus of geography recently.Land-use change,due to modern agriculture development,industrialization and urbanization,has lots of impacts on water balance and environment,such as increasing downstream flooding,decreasing groundwater supply, drying wetlands,soil erosion,non-point source pollutant increasing and so on.Soil erosion and non-point source pollution are two serious environmental issues.So it is very important to analyze water environment impacts and soil loss of land use change for land use plan and watershed management.
By selecting Qilu lake basin as study area,this paper analyzed the land use change of the basin and found the key driving forces in 17 years firstly.Secondly landscape patterns and its environmental effect were analyzed,then,under the support of technology of remote sensing and geographical information system,this paper analyzed the land use changes and its non-point source pollutant in 1989 and 2005.Finally,to use modified pressure-status-response(P-S-R) model,ecological security status of Qilu lake basin was qualitatively assessed.The land map of 1989 and 2005 are acquired by explaining the TM image.
Some conclusions are drawn out.
The land use had changed greatly from 1989 to 2005 in Qilu lake basin.Agricultural land and waste-grassland areas reduced largely,forest land and construction-use land increased considerably during the period.The land use changes speed is higher than other Yunnan plateau lake basin's,such as Erhai basin,and its changes ratio is 0.66%annually. So far as the dynamic degrees of certain land types are concerned,forest land areas' annual change ratio is the maximum,the second is construction-use land areas,then are shrub land and agricultural land,the minimum is waste-grassland and water-body.
As far as land-use conversion target is concerned,forest land converted to shrub land mainly,shrub land converted to forestland,waste-grassland to shrub land,water body converted to agricultural land lightly.Agricultural land area change is the maximum and it convened to construction-use land.So far as the source is concerned,forestland area increase is due to shrub protection and forestation on waste-grassland,the part of shrub land was destroyed and convened to waste-grassland.Agricultural land and waste-grassland area decrease are the major contributors to construction-use land area increase because of population increase and economic growth.
In the relatively small region,Qilu lake basin,nature driving forces had little effect on land-use change during 17 years.By the methods of Factor Analysis,it is found that there are several main human factors including population growth,economic growth and fast urbanization process.
Landscape patterns changed with land use/cover changes because of human activities. The landscape diversity index and evenness index increased,dominance index and fragmentation index decreased from 1989 to 2005.The total patch density decreased because that some similar patch in forest land and construction-use land combined to a bigger patch.Landscape diversity index increased because of agricultural land and shrub land area decrease greatly,in addition forest land,construction-use land and waste-grassland area increase.The degree of every landscape types' control decreased and the evenness index increase.The degree of landscape fragmentation decreased was due to the number of all land-use patch decrease.
As far as landscape structure and change feature was concerned,fragmentation degree of construction-use land is the quickest decrease because of urbanization and economic development,and fractal dimensions is increasing with the constant strengthen of human activities.Vegetation restoration and lake environmental protection made forest land have concentrated continuous tendency,moreover,agricultural land and shrub land trended separated tendency as human activities.
As a result of landscape element changes,shortage of water resources,serious water pollution,water degradation,humid area decrease,loss in ecological function of wetland and serious soil erosion etc,these ecological environment effects lead the ecological services function decreased.The total ecological services value of Qilu lake basin is 2.37×10~8 yuan,which decreased by 24.15 percentage than 1989.In general,the system services function decreased.
Using precipitation daily serial(from 1985 to 2004),and soil category map,the average annual runoff of 1989 and 2005 can be stimulated based on different land use distribution by L-thia(Long-term Hydrologic Impact Assessment ).The model result express there is prominence pollution impacts of land use change.The runoff in 1989 is 9599.52×10~4m~3,and 9344.43×10~4m~3 in 2005.The total nitrogen and total phosphorus of agricultural land and constructional-use land are the main contributor to the non-point source pollution.The simulated pollutant loads of different land use result show that the total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads is most serious in agricultural land, constructional-use land take the second place.Forest land and waste-grassland can prevent pollutant to a certain extent.
The ecological security assessment result showed that Qilu lake basin located unsafe status both 1989 and 2005.The main reason is that humanity pressure increased.Human activities changed the land use construction,and the bearing capacity of the ground is limited.Although economic growth can ease the conflict between land and ecological environment to a certain degree,there is still some measure to promote ecological security construction of Qilu lake basin.
根据地理学、土壤学、生态学及相关学科的基本理论,依靠数学、遥感和地理信息系统为分析手段,首先在行政机关收集统计资料,根据影像资料、统计资料和图件结合实地调查,采用遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术以及相关方法,研究杞麓湖流域土地利用变化的历史过程。通过对数据的提炼分析,建立主要土地利用类型数量变化的时间序列,分析其变化的趋势和特点;并研究其空间格局的变化;然后根据收集到的资料,并运用主成分分析、筛选人类活动驱动力因子,从人口的数量构成,国家政策制度和科技进步等人文因子、社会经济因子详细地研究,创建人类活动影响土地利用变化的数量模型,模拟人类活动对土地利用变化的影响。运用景观格局指数分析比较两个时期景观格局变化,并运用生态系统服务功能对两个时期的土地利用生态服务功能进行了分析,评价土地利用变化的环境效应。通过长周期水文模型模拟土地利用变化引起的面源污染响应。先根据长周期水文模型计算出流域内不同土壤类型上不同土地利用类型的产流量,结合径流产出的污染物浓度负荷,估算典型时段1989年和2005年流域内面源污染的负荷的空间分布。运用修正的压力—状态—响应模型,筛选合适的指标对流域进行生态安全评价,为流域的可持续发展提供指导并提出有利于区域生态安全的土地利用策略与建议。
研究结果表明:17a来流域综合土地利用动态度年变化率为0.66%,土地利用变化速度相对于云南高原其他流域如洱海流域要快;单一土地利用动态度来说,从大到小依次是有林地、建设用地、灌木林地、耕地、荒草地和水域。在杞麓湖流域这个相对较小区域,自然驱动因子对土地利用的影响较小。影响土地利用变化最主要的因素是人口的增长、经济的发展以及城镇化进程的加快。景观格局研究表明,研究区景观多样性指数提高,优势度指数减少,均匀度指数相应增大,破碎度指数减小,2005年流域的总体生态服务功能价值为比1989年减少了24.15%,总体生态服务功能呈下降趋势,生态环境质量降低。土地利用变化引起的面源污染输出模拟表明,农用地和城镇居民点的总氮、总磷输出为主要贡献,有林地和荒草地的贡献最小,有林地和荒草地对各种污染物截留的效果较好。通过对杞麓湖流域生态安全结果的检验和分析,1989年和2005年杞麓湖流域生态安全指数分别为0.5912和0.5845,均处于“较差”安全状态。2005年杞麓湖流域自然人文压力比1989年有所增高,且生态系统状态和社会对流域生态所采取的响应均有所减弱,导致生态安全状况下降。从系统总体来看,自然人文的压力对流域生态安全评价的影响程度最大。
本论文主要创新点在:选择了人类活动剧烈的高原湖泊流域—杞麓湖流域作为研究区域,以17年时间尺度的土地利用变化进行研究并进行了探讨,丰富了我国的LUCC的研究成果,并运用RS、GIS空间信息技术对高原湖泊流域不同时段的土地利用变化的面源污染变化进行了对比研究;从土地利用变化角度研究生态安全并进行动态评价,进一步分析了不同土地利用格局与区域生态安全的关系,从而为土地利用变化生态安全评价的研究提供理论基础。
Land-use change and land-cover change is a core field of global environmental change research.Study on land-use and land-cover change of different spatial and time scale is also one focus of geography recently.Land-use change,due to modern agriculture development,industrialization and urbanization,has lots of impacts on water balance and environment,such as increasing downstream flooding,decreasing groundwater supply, drying wetlands,soil erosion,non-point source pollutant increasing and so on.Soil erosion and non-point source pollution are two serious environmental issues.So it is very important to analyze water environment impacts and soil loss of land use change for land use plan and watershed management.
By selecting Qilu lake basin as study area,this paper analyzed the land use change of the basin and found the key driving forces in 17 years firstly.Secondly landscape patterns and its environmental effect were analyzed,then,under the support of technology of remote sensing and geographical information system,this paper analyzed the land use changes and its non-point source pollutant in 1989 and 2005.Finally,to use modified pressure-status-response(P-S-R) model,ecological security status of Qilu lake basin was qualitatively assessed.The land map of 1989 and 2005 are acquired by explaining the TM image.
Some conclusions are drawn out.
The land use had changed greatly from 1989 to 2005 in Qilu lake basin.Agricultural land and waste-grassland areas reduced largely,forest land and construction-use land increased considerably during the period.The land use changes speed is higher than other Yunnan plateau lake basin's,such as Erhai basin,and its changes ratio is 0.66%annually. So far as the dynamic degrees of certain land types are concerned,forest land areas' annual change ratio is the maximum,the second is construction-use land areas,then are shrub land and agricultural land,the minimum is waste-grassland and water-body.
As far as land-use conversion target is concerned,forest land converted to shrub land mainly,shrub land converted to forestland,waste-grassland to shrub land,water body converted to agricultural land lightly.Agricultural land area change is the maximum and it convened to construction-use land.So far as the source is concerned,forestland area increase is due to shrub protection and forestation on waste-grassland,the part of shrub land was destroyed and convened to waste-grassland.Agricultural land and waste-grassland area decrease are the major contributors to construction-use land area increase because of population increase and economic growth.
In the relatively small region,Qilu lake basin,nature driving forces had little effect on land-use change during 17 years.By the methods of Factor Analysis,it is found that there are several main human factors including population growth,economic growth and fast urbanization process.
Landscape patterns changed with land use/cover changes because of human activities. The landscape diversity index and evenness index increased,dominance index and fragmentation index decreased from 1989 to 2005.The total patch density decreased because that some similar patch in forest land and construction-use land combined to a bigger patch.Landscape diversity index increased because of agricultural land and shrub land area decrease greatly,in addition forest land,construction-use land and waste-grassland area increase.The degree of every landscape types' control decreased and the evenness index increase.The degree of landscape fragmentation decreased was due to the number of all land-use patch decrease.
As far as landscape structure and change feature was concerned,fragmentation degree of construction-use land is the quickest decrease because of urbanization and economic development,and fractal dimensions is increasing with the constant strengthen of human activities.Vegetation restoration and lake environmental protection made forest land have concentrated continuous tendency,moreover,agricultural land and shrub land trended separated tendency as human activities.
As a result of landscape element changes,shortage of water resources,serious water pollution,water degradation,humid area decrease,loss in ecological function of wetland and serious soil erosion etc,these ecological environment effects lead the ecological services function decreased.The total ecological services value of Qilu lake basin is 2.37×10~8 yuan,which decreased by 24.15 percentage than 1989.In general,the system services function decreased.
Using precipitation daily serial(from 1985 to 2004),and soil category map,the average annual runoff of 1989 and 2005 can be stimulated based on different land use distribution by L-thia(Long-term Hydrologic Impact Assessment ).The model result express there is prominence pollution impacts of land use change.The runoff in 1989 is 9599.52×10~4m~3,and 9344.43×10~4m~3 in 2005.The total nitrogen and total phosphorus of agricultural land and constructional-use land are the main contributor to the non-point source pollution.The simulated pollutant loads of different land use result show that the total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads is most serious in agricultural land, constructional-use land take the second place.Forest land and waste-grassland can prevent pollutant to a certain extent.
The ecological security assessment result showed that Qilu lake basin located unsafe status both 1989 and 2005.The main reason is that humanity pressure increased.Human activities changed the land use construction,and the bearing capacity of the ground is limited.Although economic growth can ease the conflict between land and ecological environment to a certain degree,there is still some measure to promote ecological security construction of Qilu lake basin.
引文
1.AMY J L,SUSANNA T Y,JAMES A G.Land use as a mitigation strategy for the water-quality impacts of global warming:a scenario analysis on two watersheds in the Ohio River Basin[J].Environ Engg and Policy,2000,2:65-67.
2.Antonio DI Gregono,Louisa J M Jansen.FAO Land Cover Classification:A Dichotomous,Modular-Hierarchical approach[DB/OL].http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/AGL/AGLS/FGDCFAO.HTM.1997.
3.Baban SMJ,Luke C.Mapping agricultural land use using retrospective ground referenced data,satellite sensor imagery and GIS[J].Int J Remote Sens,2000,21:(8):1757-1762.
4.Barnthouse LW.Tine role of models in ecological risk assessment[J].Environ Taxicol Chem,1992,11:1751-1760.
5.Bascietto JJ.A framework for ecological risk assessment;Beyond the quotient method.In:Newman MC and Strojan CL,eds.Risk Assessment;Logic and Measurement[M].Michigan:Ann Arbor Press.1998,11-22.
6.Bryan A West.A speculative model of population influences on Australia's ecology,economy and society[J].Australian Geographical Studies,1997,35(2):220-228.
7.Budhendra B.,Jon H.,Bernie E.Assessing Watershed-Scale,Long-Term Hydrologic Impacts of Landuse Change Using a G1S-NPS Model[J].Environmental Management,2000.26(6):643-658.
8.Campbell KR,Bartell SM.Ecological models and ecological risk assessment.In:Newmart MC and Strojan CL,ed.Risk AssessTrtao:Logic and Measurement[M].Michigan:.Ann Arbor Press,1998:69-100.
9.Costanza R,Norton BG Haskell BD.Ecosystem health:New goal for environmental management[M].Washington DC:Island Press,1992.
10.Costanza R D,Arge R,Groot R,et al.The value of the world s ecosystem service and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387:253-256.
11.Daily G.C.Nature's Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[M].Washington D.C:Island Press,1997.
12.Decoursey D G.Mathematical models for non-point water pollution control[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1985,40:408-413.
13.Ebbert J C,M H Kim.Soil processes and chemical transport[J].Journal of Environment Quality,1998,27:372-380.
14.EPA.Ecological assessment of hazardous waste sites.EPA600/3-89/013,1989.
15.EPA.Framework for ecological risk assessment.EP.4 630/R-92/001,Risk Assessment Forum,Washington DC,1992a.
16.EPA.Risk datahases and tools[DB/OL].http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/risktool.cfm.1992b.
17.Fleming DM,Wolff WF,DeAngelis DI.Importance of landscape heterogeneity to wood storks in the Florida Everglades[J].Environ Manag.1994,18(5):743-757
18.Forman R T.Land Mosaics:the ecology of landscapes and region[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
19.Kaly U,Pratt C.Environmental vulnerability index.SOPAC Technical Report 306,2000.Suva,Fiji.
20.Karr J R.Defining and assessing ecological integrity:Beyond water quality[J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,1993,12:1521-1531
21.Katherine G Osborne.Awaterquality G1S tool for the city ofAustinincorporatingnon-pointsources and best management practices[C]//CRWR Report00-10.The university of Texas at Austin,2000.
22.Kwak SJ,Yoo SH and Shin W.2002.A mufti-attribute index for assessing environmental impacts of regional development projects:A case study of Korea[J].Entrtron Mana,29(2):301-309.
23.Li W H.Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2004,201:33-41.
24.Liu I.ECOLECUN:An ecological-economic model for species conservation in complex forest landscapes.Ecol Male,1993.70:63-87.
25.Maidment D R.Handbook of hydrology[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1992.
26.Mandelbrot B B．大自然的分形几何[M]．陈守吉,凌复华译．上海：上海远东出版社,1998：285-298．
27.Rainer WALZ.Development of Environmental Indicator Systems:Experiences from Germany[J].Environmental Management,2000,15(6):613-623.
28.Ramankutty N,Foley JA.Estimating historical changes in land cover:North American croplands from 1850 to 1992[J].Global Ecol Biogeogr,1999,8:381～396.
29.Rapport DJ.Evaluating landscape health:Integrating social goals and biophysical process[J].J Environ Manag,1998,53:1-15.
30.Richard D,Marc O Ribaudo.Policy objectives and economic incentives for controlling agricultural sources of nonpoint pollution[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):717-727.
31.Rickers JR,Queen LP,Arthaud GJ.A proximity-based approach to assessing habitat[J].Landscape Ecol,1995,10:309-321.
32.Schaeffer DJ,Henricks EE and Ketster HW.Ecosystem health 1.Measuring ecosystem health.Environ Manag,1988,12(4);445-455.
33.Schippers P,van de Weerd H,de Klein J,et al.Impacts of agricultural phosphorus use in catchments on shallow lake water quality:About buffers,time delays and equilibria[J].Science of the Total Environment 2006,369:280-294.
34.Shen JF.Estimating urbanization levels in Chinese provinces in 1982-2000[J].International Statistical Review,2006,74:89-107.
35.Suter GW.A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes[J].Environ Taricol Chem.1993,11:1533-1539.
36.Tran LT,Knight CG,O' Nell RV.et al.Fuzzy decision analysis for integrated environmental vulnerability assessment of the Mid-Atlantic region[J].Environ Manag.2002,29(6):845-859.
37.Turner,B.L.Ⅱ.,D.Skole,S.Sanderson.Land use and land cover change:Science/ Research Plan.IGBP Report No.35 and HDP Report No.7,Stockholm and Geneva,1995.
38.USDA United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service.Urban hydrology for small watersheds[C]//Technical Release No.55 Colorado:Water Resources Publications,1986:15-17.
39.Villa F,McLeod H.Environmental vulnerability indicators for environmental planning and decision-making:Guidelines and,applicadons.Environ Manag,2002,29(3):335-348.
40.Vladimir Novomy.Integrating diffuse/nonpoint pollution control and water body restoration into watershed management[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):717-722.
41.Westman WE.Ecology,Impact Assessment,and Environmental Planning.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1997.
42.World Commission on Environment and Development(WCED).Our common future[M].Oxford University Press:New York,1987.
43.Young R A,Onstad C A,BoschD D,et al.A non-point source pollutionmodel for evaluating agricultural watersheds[J].Journal of Soil and WaterConservation Society,1989,44(2):164-172.
44.Z TANG,B,A ENGEL,B,C PIJANOWSKI,et al.Forecasting land use change and its environmental impact at a watershed scale[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2005,76:35-45.
45.Zhang P,Shao G,Zhao G,et al.China's forest policy for the 21st century[J].Science,2000,288:2135-2136.
46.摆万奇,柏书琴.土地利用和覆盖变化在全球变化研究中的地位与作用[J].地域研究与开发,1999,18(4):13-16.
47.鲍全盛,王华东等.我国水环境非点源污染研究与展望[J].地理科学,1996,16(1):66-71.
48.曹文志,洪华生,张玉珍,等.AGNPS在我国东南亚热带地区的检验[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):537-540.
49.常学礼,邬建国.分形模型在生态学研究中的应用[J].生态学杂志,1996,15(3):35-42.
50.常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地景观格局的特征分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):225-232.
51.陈百明.试论中国土地利用和土地覆盖变化及其人类驱动力研究[J].自然资源,1997,(2):31-35.
52.陈国阶.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,2002,24(3)1-3,18.
53.陈浩,周金星,陆中臣等.荒漠化地区生态安全评价-首都圈怀来县为例[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1):58-62
54.陈娟,胡玉洪.杞麓湖流域环境综合治理规划设计[J].云南环境科学,1998,17(4):27-29.
55.陈求稳,欧阳志云.流域生态学及模型系统[J].生态学报,2005,25(5):1184-1192.
56.陈卓全.植物挥发性气体与人类的健康安全[J].生态环境,2004,13(3):385-389.
57.崔键,马友华,赵艳萍,等.农业面源污染的特性及防治对策[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(1):335-340.
58.邓慧平.气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究[J].地球科学进展.2001,16(3):436-441.
59.范成新.太湖非点源污染负荷与对策研究[J].河海大学学报,1996,24,海洋湖沼专辑:64-69.
60.冯益明,吴波,卢琦,等.青藏高原高寒沙区景观格局变化分析--以青海贵南县为例[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(2):182-187.
61.符涂滨,严中伟 全球变化与我国未来的生存环境[M].北京:气象出版社,1996.
62.付在毅,许学工,林辉平,等.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2001,21(3):365-373.
63.傅伯杰.景观多样性分析及其制图研究[J].生态学报,1995,15(4):345-350.
64.高超,朱建国,窦贻俭.农业非点源污染对太湖水质的影响:发展态势与研究重点[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(3):260-263.
65.葛全胜,赵名茶,郑景云.20世纪中国土地利用变化研究[J].地理学报,2000,55(6):698-706.
66.关文彬,谢春华,马克明等.景观生态恢复与重建是区域生态安全格局构建的关键途径[J].生态学报,2003,23(1):64-73.
67.桂萌,祝万鹏,余刚,等.滇池流域大棚种植区面源污染释放规律[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(1):1-5.
68.贺缠生,傅伯杰,陈利项.非点源污染的管理及控制[J].环境科学,1998,19(5):87-91.
69.黄满向,章申,唐以剑,等.模拟降雨条件下农田径流中氮的流失过程[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(1):6-10.
70.黄睿.土地利用变化与区域生态安全研究-以湖北省安陆市为例[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2007.
71.黄占斌,山仑,张岁歧.雨水利用与水土保持和农业持续发展[J].水土保持通报,1997,16(1):54-56.
72.江伟钰.论依法架构国家生态安全体系[J].天中学刊,.2003,18(3):46-48
73.姜昀,高吉喜,欧晓昆.澜沧江流域云南段土地利用格局变化及环境影响分析[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(3):46-51.
74.孔红梅,赵景柱,姬兰柱,等.生态系统健康评价方法初探[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(4):486-490.
75.蓝红林.云南高原湖泊的治理与保护初探[J].云南环境科学,2001,20(4):26-28.
76.黎尚豪,俞敏娟,李光正,等.云南高原湖泊调查[J].海洋与湖沼,1960,5(2):87-114.
77.李哈滨,伍业刚.景观生态学的数量研究方法[M].当代生态学博论,北京:中国科学技术出版社,1992.
78.李恒.云南高原湖泊水生植被的研究[J].云南植物研究,1980,2(2):113-141.
79.李恒鹏,刘晓玫,黄文钰.太湖流域浙西区不同土地利用类型的面源污染[J].地理学报,2004,59(3):403-407.
80.李恒鹏,杨桂山,刘晓玫,等.流域土地利用变化的长周期水文效应及管理策略[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(4):450-455.
81.李平,李秀彬,刘学军.我国现阶段土地利用变化驱动力的宏观分析[J].地理研究,2001,20(2):129-138.
82.李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域-土地利用/覆盖变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553-557.
83.李月臣,刘春霞.北方13省土地利用/覆盖动态变化分析[J].地理科学,2007,27(1):45-52.
84.李运刚,何大明,何承刚.大理市土地利用变化及其驱动力分析[J].云南地理环境研究,2008,20(1):7-12.
85.李喆,秦其明,刘大平,等.土地利用变化的时空分析及其在云南丽江的应用[J].云南地理环境研究,2004,16(3):10-13.
86.梁涛,张秀梅,章申,等.西若溪流域不同土地类型下氮素输移过程[J].地理学报,2002,57(4):389-396.
87.林彰平,刘湘南.东北农牧交错带土地利用生态安全模式案例研究[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(6):15-19.
88.刘黎明.土地资源调查与评价[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2005:35-45.
89.刘瑞民,杨志峰,丁晓雯,等.土地利用/覆盖变化对长江上游非点源污染影响研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(12):2407-2414.
90.刘思峰等.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
91.刘阳,吴钢,高正文.云南省抚仙湖和杞麓湖流域土地利用变化对水质的影响[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(3):447-453.
92.刘永,郭怀成.湖泊-流域生态系统管理研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
93.龙花楼,王文杰,翟刚,等.安徽省土地利用变化及其驱动力分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(6):526-530.
94.马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.
95.蒙吉军,吴秀芹,李正国.河西走廊土地利用,覆盖变化的景观生态效应-以肃州绿洲为例[J].生态学报,2004(11):192-198.
96.莫宏伟,任志远,谢红霞.延安市城郊区土地利用动态与生态效应变化[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(4):133-136.
97.欧维新,杨桂山,于兴修,等.盐城海岸带土地利用变化的生态环境效应研究[J].资源科学,2004,26(3):76-84.
98.欧阳志云,王如松.生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2000,22(5):45-50.
99.潘英姿.基于景观生态学的生态质量评价方法及其应用研究[D].北京:中国环境科学研究院,2001。
100.彭建,王仰麟,张源,等.滇西北生态脆弱区土地利用变化及其生态效应-以云南省永胜县为例[J].地理学报,2004,59(4):629-638.
101.彭少麟,郝艳茹,陆宏芳等.生态安全的涵义与尺度[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(6):27-31.
102.曲福田等.经济发展与土地可持续利用[M].北京:人民出版社,2001:12-14.
103.曲格平.关注生态安全之一:生态环境问题已经成为国家安全的热门话题[J].环境保护,2002(5):3-5.
104.任海,邬建国,彭少麟,等.生态系统管理的概念及其要素[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3):455-458.
105.任志远,张艳芳.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,27-35.
106.沈涛,刘云良,马金峰,等.基于L-THIA模型密云水库地区非点源污染空间分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(5):62-68.
107.石峰,杜鹏飞,张大伟,等.滇池流域大棚种植区面源污染模拟[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版)2005,45(3):363-366.
108.史德明.加强水土保持是保障国家生态安全的战略措施[J].中国水土保持,2002,2:8-10.
109.史培军,潘耀忠,陈晋,等.深圳市土地利用/覆盖变化与生态环境安全分析[J].自然资源学院,1999,14(4):293-299.
110.史培军,宫鹏,李晓兵等.土地利用覆盖变化研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
111.史培军,江源,王静爱,等.土地利用/覆盖变化与生态安全响应机制[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
112.史培军,王静爱,冯文利,等.中国土地利用/覆盖变化的生态环境安全响应与调控[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(2):111-119.
113.宋泽芬,王克勤,杨云华,等.澄江尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型面源污染输出特征[J]. 水土保持学报,2008,22(2):98-101.
114.宋治清,王仰麟.城市景观及其格局的生态效应研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2004,23(2):97-106.
115.孙彦伟,卢荣安,姜广辉.区域土地持续利用规划的景观生态学思维[J].生态经济,2005,3:56-59.
116.谭跃进.定量分析方法[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002:144.
117.汤庆新,张宝雷,周万村.较大尺度流域的土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化分析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(2):69-71.
118.汤泽生,苏智先.发展生物技术重视生态安全[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),2002,23(3):292-295.
119.仝川.环境指标研究进展与分析[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(4):53-55.
120.童绍玉,蔡运龙,李双成.云南省楚雄市与双柏县土地利用变化对比研究[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):397-405.
121.汪水兵.农业非点源污染与防治对策[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(2):294-295.
122.王建群,卢志华.土地利用变化对水文系统的影响研究[[J].地球科学进展2003,18(2):292-298.
123.王杰臣.遥感与GIS支持下环青海湖草地蝗虫测报方法与模型研究[D].南京师范大学博士论文,2000:78,104.
124.王敬国,张玉龙,陈英旭.资源与环境概论[M].2000.北京:中国农业大学出版社.
125.王礼先,李中魁.试论小流域治理的系统观.水土保持通报,1993,13(3):47-52
126.王少平,俞立中,许世远,等,苏州河非点源污染负荷研究[J].环境科学研究,2002,15(6):20-27.
127.王胜.景观结构特征数量化方法概述[J].河北林果研究,1999,14(2):126-132.
128.王晓辉,张之源,贾良清,等.巢湖流域非点源N·P污染控制措施研究[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(32):10452-10453,10456.
129.王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(1):81-87.
130.王秀兰.土地利用/覆盖变化中的人口因素分析[J].资源科学,2000,22(3):39-42.
131.邬建国.景观生态学--格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
132.吴国庆.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价探析[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(3):227-233.
133.吴豪,许刚,虞孝感.关于建立长江流域生态安全体系的初步探讨同.地域研究与开发,2001,20(2):34-37.
134.吴开亚.区域生态安全综合评价[D].合肥:安徽工业大学,2003.
135.伍星,沈珍瑶.长江上游土地利用/覆被变化特征及其驱动力分析[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43(4):461-466.
136.肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性研究[J].生态学报,1997,17(5):453-461.
137.肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容.应用生态学报,2002,13(3):354-358.
138.谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.
139.邢可霞,郭怀成,孙延枫.等.流域非点源污染模拟研究[J].地理研究,2005,24(4):549-557.
140.邢可霞,郭怀成,孙延枫.基于HSPF模型的滇池流域非点源污染模拟[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(2):229-232.
141.徐建华,艾南山,金炯,等.西北干旱区景观要素镶嵌结嵌的分形研究[J].干旱区研究,2001,18(1):35-39.
142.许其功,刘鸿亮,沈珍瑶,等.茅坪河流域非点源污染负荷模拟[J].环境科学,2006,27(11):2176-2181.
143.许为义.全面关注“生态安全”问题[J].上海综合经济,2003(6):24-26.
144.杨建云.洱海湖区非点源污染与洱海水质恶化[J].云南环境科学,2004,23(S1):104-105,126.
145.杨京平,卢剑波.生态安全的系统分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
146.杨柳,马克明,郭青海,等.汉阳非点源污染控制区划[J].环境科学,2006,27(1):31-37.
147.杨胜天,朱启疆.人机交互式解译在大尺度土壤使性遥感调查中的作用,水土保持学报,2000,14(3):88-91.
148.杨文龙.云南高原湖泊的开发与保护[J].湖泊科学,1994,6(2):161-165.
149.杨子生,贺一梅,李云辉,等.近40年来金沙江南岸干热河谷区的土地利用变化及其土壤侵蚀治理研究-以云南宾川县为例[J].地理科学进展,2004,23(2):17-27.
150.于兴修,杨桂山,李恒鹏.典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应-以浙江省西苕溪流域为例[J].自然资源学报,2003(1):14-20.
151.宇传华.SPSS与统计分析[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007:491-514.
152.袁俊.湖北省土地利用变化及其驱动力分析[J].国土与自然资源研究,2003,(4):33-35.
153.袁兴中,刘红,陆健健.生态系统健康评价--概念构架与指标选择[J].应用生态学报,2001,2(4):627-629.
154.云南高原湖泊资源不合理开发利用的生态后果调研课题组.云南高原“四湖”的生态问题与生态后果.昆明:云南科技出版社,1987:1-15.
155.云南省人大常委会.云南省杞麓湖管理条例[DB/OL].http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=26876.
156.云南省统计局.云南省统计年鉴2005[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2006.
157.张兵,金凤君,董晓峰.甘肃中部地区景观生态格局与土地利用变化研究[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(3):35-43.
158.张炳淳.论西部大开发中生态安全的法律防治[J].理论导刊,2001,(6):27-28.
159.张从.农业生态环境的监测与评价[DB/OL].http://www.hnhbnw.gov.cn/asp/showdetail.asp?id =6560,2003.
160.张怀渝等.云南省经济地理[M].北京:新华出版社,1988.
161.张雷,刘慧.中国国家资源环境安全问题初探[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2002,12(1):41-46.
162.张明.榆林地区土地利用与土地覆被变化研究[D].北京:中国科学院地理研究所,1998.
163.张明.区域土地利用结构及其驱动因子的统计分析[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(4):381-384.
164.张桥英,何兴金,卿风,等.气候变暖对中国生态安全的影响[J].自然杂志,2003,24(4):212-215.
165.张塞.国际统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1996.
166.张鑫,史奕,赵天宏,等.我国农业非点源污染研究现状及控制措施[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(20):5303-5305.
167.张志剑,胡勤海,朱荫媚.农业面源污染与水体保护[J].杭州科技.1999,(6):23-24.
168.张志强,程国栋,徐中民.可持续发展评估指标、方法及应用研究[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(4):344-360.
169.赵帮元.TM卫星影像几何纠正技术浅探[J].中国水土保持,2000,(6):30-32.
170.赵磊,袁国林,张琰,等.基于GIS和USLE模型对滇池宝象河流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(3):42-46.
171.赵士洞.新千年生态系统评估--背景、任务和建议[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(4):330-336.
172.赵淑清,方精云,唐志尧,等.洪湖湖区土地利用/土地覆盖时空格局研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(5):721-725.
173.赵松岭.集水农业引论[M].西安:陕西科学出版社,1996.
174.赵伟,谢德体,刘洪斌.重庆市景观格局动态变化分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(1):47-50.
175.赵延治.高寒地区土地利用/覆盖变化对生态安全的影响-以西藏自治区拉孜县为例[D].北京:北京师范大学,2003.
176.郑万生,王继富,孙桂凤.生态安全问题的全球观与战略对策[J].哈尔滨学院学报,2002,23(7):120-122.
177.中国科学院《中国自然地理》编辑委员会,中国自然地理[M]·北京:科学出版社,1985,83-88.
178.中国统计局.中国统计年鉴2005[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2006.
179.周青,黄贤金,濮励杰,等.快速城镇化农村区域土地利用变化及驱动机制研究-以江苏省原锡山市为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(1):22-28.
180.左伟,王桥,王文杰,等.区域生态安全评价指标与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002,18(1):67-71.
181.左伟,周慧珍,王桥.区域生态安全评价指标体系选取的概念框架研究[J].土壤,2003,(1):2-7.
2.Antonio DI Gregono,Louisa J M Jansen.FAO Land Cover Classification:A Dichotomous,Modular-Hierarchical approach[DB/OL].http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/AGL/AGLS/FGDCFAO.HTM.1997.
3.Baban SMJ,Luke C.Mapping agricultural land use using retrospective ground referenced data,satellite sensor imagery and GIS[J].Int J Remote Sens,2000,21:(8):1757-1762.
4.Barnthouse LW.Tine role of models in ecological risk assessment[J].Environ Taxicol Chem,1992,11:1751-1760.
5.Bascietto JJ.A framework for ecological risk assessment;Beyond the quotient method.In:Newman MC and Strojan CL,eds.Risk Assessment;Logic and Measurement[M].Michigan:Ann Arbor Press.1998,11-22.
6.Bryan A West.A speculative model of population influences on Australia's ecology,economy and society[J].Australian Geographical Studies,1997,35(2):220-228.
7.Budhendra B.,Jon H.,Bernie E.Assessing Watershed-Scale,Long-Term Hydrologic Impacts of Landuse Change Using a G1S-NPS Model[J].Environmental Management,2000.26(6):643-658.
8.Campbell KR,Bartell SM.Ecological models and ecological risk assessment.In:Newmart MC and Strojan CL,ed.Risk AssessTrtao:Logic and Measurement[M].Michigan:.Ann Arbor Press,1998:69-100.
9.Costanza R,Norton BG Haskell BD.Ecosystem health:New goal for environmental management[M].Washington DC:Island Press,1992.
10.Costanza R D,Arge R,Groot R,et al.The value of the world s ecosystem service and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387:253-256.
11.Daily G.C.Nature's Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[M].Washington D.C:Island Press,1997.
12.Decoursey D G.Mathematical models for non-point water pollution control[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1985,40:408-413.
13.Ebbert J C,M H Kim.Soil processes and chemical transport[J].Journal of Environment Quality,1998,27:372-380.
14.EPA.Ecological assessment of hazardous waste sites.EPA600/3-89/013,1989.
15.EPA.Framework for ecological risk assessment.EP.4 630/R-92/001,Risk Assessment Forum,Washington DC,1992a.
16.EPA.Risk datahases and tools[DB/OL].http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/risktool.cfm.1992b.
17.Fleming DM,Wolff WF,DeAngelis DI.Importance of landscape heterogeneity to wood storks in the Florida Everglades[J].Environ Manag.1994,18(5):743-757
18.Forman R T.Land Mosaics:the ecology of landscapes and region[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
19.Kaly U,Pratt C.Environmental vulnerability index.SOPAC Technical Report 306,2000.Suva,Fiji.
20.Karr J R.Defining and assessing ecological integrity:Beyond water quality[J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,1993,12:1521-1531
21.Katherine G Osborne.Awaterquality G1S tool for the city ofAustinincorporatingnon-pointsources and best management practices[C]//CRWR Report00-10.The university of Texas at Austin,2000.
22.Kwak SJ,Yoo SH and Shin W.2002.A mufti-attribute index for assessing environmental impacts of regional development projects:A case study of Korea[J].Entrtron Mana,29(2):301-309.
23.Li W H.Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2004,201:33-41.
24.Liu I.ECOLECUN:An ecological-economic model for species conservation in complex forest landscapes.Ecol Male,1993.70:63-87.
25.Maidment D R.Handbook of hydrology[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1992.
26.Mandelbrot B B．大自然的分形几何[M]．陈守吉,凌复华译．上海：上海远东出版社,1998：285-298．
27.Rainer WALZ.Development of Environmental Indicator Systems:Experiences from Germany[J].Environmental Management,2000,15(6):613-623.
28.Ramankutty N,Foley JA.Estimating historical changes in land cover:North American croplands from 1850 to 1992[J].Global Ecol Biogeogr,1999,8:381～396.
29.Rapport DJ.Evaluating landscape health:Integrating social goals and biophysical process[J].J Environ Manag,1998,53:1-15.
30.Richard D,Marc O Ribaudo.Policy objectives and economic incentives for controlling agricultural sources of nonpoint pollution[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):717-727.
31.Rickers JR,Queen LP,Arthaud GJ.A proximity-based approach to assessing habitat[J].Landscape Ecol,1995,10:309-321.
32.Schaeffer DJ,Henricks EE and Ketster HW.Ecosystem health 1.Measuring ecosystem health.Environ Manag,1988,12(4);445-455.
33.Schippers P,van de Weerd H,de Klein J,et al.Impacts of agricultural phosphorus use in catchments on shallow lake water quality:About buffers,time delays and equilibria[J].Science of the Total Environment 2006,369:280-294.
34.Shen JF.Estimating urbanization levels in Chinese provinces in 1982-2000[J].International Statistical Review,2006,74:89-107.
35.Suter GW.A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes[J].Environ Taricol Chem.1993,11:1533-1539.
36.Tran LT,Knight CG,O' Nell RV.et al.Fuzzy decision analysis for integrated environmental vulnerability assessment of the Mid-Atlantic region[J].Environ Manag.2002,29(6):845-859.
37.Turner,B.L.Ⅱ.,D.Skole,S.Sanderson.Land use and land cover change:Science/ Research Plan.IGBP Report No.35 and HDP Report No.7,Stockholm and Geneva,1995.
38.USDA United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service.Urban hydrology for small watersheds[C]//Technical Release No.55 Colorado:Water Resources Publications,1986:15-17.
39.Villa F,McLeod H.Environmental vulnerability indicators for environmental planning and decision-making:Guidelines and,applicadons.Environ Manag,2002,29(3):335-348.
40.Vladimir Novomy.Integrating diffuse/nonpoint pollution control and water body restoration into watershed management[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1999,35(4):717-722.
41.Westman WE.Ecology,Impact Assessment,and Environmental Planning.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1997.
42.World Commission on Environment and Development(WCED).Our common future[M].Oxford University Press:New York,1987.
43.Young R A,Onstad C A,BoschD D,et al.A non-point source pollutionmodel for evaluating agricultural watersheds[J].Journal of Soil and WaterConservation Society,1989,44(2):164-172.
44.Z TANG,B,A ENGEL,B,C PIJANOWSKI,et al.Forecasting land use change and its environmental impact at a watershed scale[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2005,76:35-45.
45.Zhang P,Shao G,Zhao G,et al.China's forest policy for the 21st century[J].Science,2000,288:2135-2136.
46.摆万奇,柏书琴.土地利用和覆盖变化在全球变化研究中的地位与作用[J].地域研究与开发,1999,18(4):13-16.
47.鲍全盛,王华东等.我国水环境非点源污染研究与展望[J].地理科学,1996,16(1):66-71.
48.曹文志,洪华生,张玉珍,等.AGNPS在我国东南亚热带地区的检验[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):537-540.
49.常学礼,邬建国.分形模型在生态学研究中的应用[J].生态学杂志,1996,15(3):35-42.
50.常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地景观格局的特征分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):225-232.
51.陈百明.试论中国土地利用和土地覆盖变化及其人类驱动力研究[J].自然资源,1997,(2):31-35.
52.陈国阶.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,2002,24(3)1-3,18.
53.陈浩,周金星,陆中臣等.荒漠化地区生态安全评价-首都圈怀来县为例[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1):58-62
54.陈娟,胡玉洪.杞麓湖流域环境综合治理规划设计[J].云南环境科学,1998,17(4):27-29.
55.陈求稳,欧阳志云.流域生态学及模型系统[J].生态学报,2005,25(5):1184-1192.
56.陈卓全.植物挥发性气体与人类的健康安全[J].生态环境,2004,13(3):385-389.
57.崔键,马友华,赵艳萍,等.农业面源污染的特性及防治对策[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(1):335-340.
58.邓慧平.气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究[J].地球科学进展.2001,16(3):436-441.
59.范成新.太湖非点源污染负荷与对策研究[J].河海大学学报,1996,24,海洋湖沼专辑:64-69.
60.冯益明,吴波,卢琦,等.青藏高原高寒沙区景观格局变化分析--以青海贵南县为例[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(2):182-187.
61.符涂滨,严中伟 全球变化与我国未来的生存环境[M].北京:气象出版社,1996.
62.付在毅,许学工,林辉平,等.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2001,21(3):365-373.
63.傅伯杰.景观多样性分析及其制图研究[J].生态学报,1995,15(4):345-350.
64.高超,朱建国,窦贻俭.农业非点源污染对太湖水质的影响:发展态势与研究重点[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(3):260-263.
65.葛全胜,赵名茶,郑景云.20世纪中国土地利用变化研究[J].地理学报,2000,55(6):698-706.
66.关文彬,谢春华,马克明等.景观生态恢复与重建是区域生态安全格局构建的关键途径[J].生态学报,2003,23(1):64-73.
67.桂萌,祝万鹏,余刚,等.滇池流域大棚种植区面源污染释放规律[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(1):1-5.
68.贺缠生,傅伯杰,陈利项.非点源污染的管理及控制[J].环境科学,1998,19(5):87-91.
69.黄满向,章申,唐以剑,等.模拟降雨条件下农田径流中氮的流失过程[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(1):6-10.
70.黄睿.土地利用变化与区域生态安全研究-以湖北省安陆市为例[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2007.
71.黄占斌,山仑,张岁歧.雨水利用与水土保持和农业持续发展[J].水土保持通报,1997,16(1):54-56.
72.江伟钰.论依法架构国家生态安全体系[J].天中学刊,.2003,18(3):46-48
73.姜昀,高吉喜,欧晓昆.澜沧江流域云南段土地利用格局变化及环境影响分析[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(3):46-51.
74.孔红梅,赵景柱,姬兰柱,等.生态系统健康评价方法初探[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(4):486-490.
75.蓝红林.云南高原湖泊的治理与保护初探[J].云南环境科学,2001,20(4):26-28.
76.黎尚豪,俞敏娟,李光正,等.云南高原湖泊调查[J].海洋与湖沼,1960,5(2):87-114.
77.李哈滨,伍业刚.景观生态学的数量研究方法[M].当代生态学博论,北京:中国科学技术出版社,1992.
78.李恒.云南高原湖泊水生植被的研究[J].云南植物研究,1980,2(2):113-141.
79.李恒鹏,刘晓玫,黄文钰.太湖流域浙西区不同土地利用类型的面源污染[J].地理学报,2004,59(3):403-407.
80.李恒鹏,杨桂山,刘晓玫,等.流域土地利用变化的长周期水文效应及管理策略[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(4):450-455.
81.李平,李秀彬,刘学军.我国现阶段土地利用变化驱动力的宏观分析[J].地理研究,2001,20(2):129-138.
82.李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域-土地利用/覆盖变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553-557.
83.李月臣,刘春霞.北方13省土地利用/覆盖动态变化分析[J].地理科学,2007,27(1):45-52.
84.李运刚,何大明,何承刚.大理市土地利用变化及其驱动力分析[J].云南地理环境研究,2008,20(1):7-12.
85.李喆,秦其明,刘大平,等.土地利用变化的时空分析及其在云南丽江的应用[J].云南地理环境研究,2004,16(3):10-13.
86.梁涛,张秀梅,章申,等.西若溪流域不同土地类型下氮素输移过程[J].地理学报,2002,57(4):389-396.
87.林彰平,刘湘南.东北农牧交错带土地利用生态安全模式案例研究[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(6):15-19.
88.刘黎明.土地资源调查与评价[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2005:35-45.
89.刘瑞民,杨志峰,丁晓雯,等.土地利用/覆盖变化对长江上游非点源污染影响研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(12):2407-2414.
90.刘思峰等.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
91.刘阳,吴钢,高正文.云南省抚仙湖和杞麓湖流域土地利用变化对水质的影响[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(3):447-453.
92.刘永,郭怀成.湖泊-流域生态系统管理研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
93.龙花楼,王文杰,翟刚,等.安徽省土地利用变化及其驱动力分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(6):526-530.
94.马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.
95.蒙吉军,吴秀芹,李正国.河西走廊土地利用,覆盖变化的景观生态效应-以肃州绿洲为例[J].生态学报,2004(11):192-198.
96.莫宏伟,任志远,谢红霞.延安市城郊区土地利用动态与生态效应变化[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(4):133-136.
97.欧维新,杨桂山,于兴修,等.盐城海岸带土地利用变化的生态环境效应研究[J].资源科学,2004,26(3):76-84.
98.欧阳志云,王如松.生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2000,22(5):45-50.
99.潘英姿.基于景观生态学的生态质量评价方法及其应用研究[D].北京:中国环境科学研究院,2001。
100.彭建,王仰麟,张源,等.滇西北生态脆弱区土地利用变化及其生态效应-以云南省永胜县为例[J].地理学报,2004,59(4):629-638.
101.彭少麟,郝艳茹,陆宏芳等.生态安全的涵义与尺度[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(6):27-31.
102.曲福田等.经济发展与土地可持续利用[M].北京:人民出版社,2001:12-14.
103.曲格平.关注生态安全之一:生态环境问题已经成为国家安全的热门话题[J].环境保护,2002(5):3-5.
104.任海,邬建国,彭少麟,等.生态系统管理的概念及其要素[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3):455-458.
105.任志远,张艳芳.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,27-35.
106.沈涛,刘云良,马金峰,等.基于L-THIA模型密云水库地区非点源污染空间分布特征[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(5):62-68.
107.石峰,杜鹏飞,张大伟,等.滇池流域大棚种植区面源污染模拟[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版)2005,45(3):363-366.
108.史德明.加强水土保持是保障国家生态安全的战略措施[J].中国水土保持,2002,2:8-10.
109.史培军,潘耀忠,陈晋,等.深圳市土地利用/覆盖变化与生态环境安全分析[J].自然资源学院,1999,14(4):293-299.
110.史培军,宫鹏,李晓兵等.土地利用覆盖变化研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
111.史培军,江源,王静爱,等.土地利用/覆盖变化与生态安全响应机制[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
112.史培军,王静爱,冯文利,等.中国土地利用/覆盖变化的生态环境安全响应与调控[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(2):111-119.
113.宋泽芬,王克勤,杨云华,等.澄江尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型面源污染输出特征[J]. 水土保持学报,2008,22(2):98-101.
114.宋治清,王仰麟.城市景观及其格局的生态效应研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2004,23(2):97-106.
115.孙彦伟,卢荣安,姜广辉.区域土地持续利用规划的景观生态学思维[J].生态经济,2005,3:56-59.
116.谭跃进.定量分析方法[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002:144.
117.汤庆新,张宝雷,周万村.较大尺度流域的土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化分析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(2):69-71.
118.汤泽生,苏智先.发展生物技术重视生态安全[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),2002,23(3):292-295.
119.仝川.环境指标研究进展与分析[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(4):53-55.
120.童绍玉,蔡运龙,李双成.云南省楚雄市与双柏县土地利用变化对比研究[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):397-405.
121.汪水兵.农业非点源污染与防治对策[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(2):294-295.
122.王建群,卢志华.土地利用变化对水文系统的影响研究[[J].地球科学进展2003,18(2):292-298.
123.王杰臣.遥感与GIS支持下环青海湖草地蝗虫测报方法与模型研究[D].南京师范大学博士论文,2000:78,104.
124.王敬国,张玉龙,陈英旭.资源与环境概论[M].2000.北京:中国农业大学出版社.
125.王礼先,李中魁.试论小流域治理的系统观.水土保持通报,1993,13(3):47-52
126.王少平,俞立中,许世远,等,苏州河非点源污染负荷研究[J].环境科学研究,2002,15(6):20-27.
127.王胜.景观结构特征数量化方法概述[J].河北林果研究,1999,14(2):126-132.
128.王晓辉,张之源,贾良清,等.巢湖流域非点源N·P污染控制措施研究[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(32):10452-10453,10456.
129.王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(1):81-87.
130.王秀兰.土地利用/覆盖变化中的人口因素分析[J].资源科学,2000,22(3):39-42.
131.邬建国.景观生态学--格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
132.吴国庆.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价探析[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(3):227-233.
133.吴豪,许刚,虞孝感.关于建立长江流域生态安全体系的初步探讨同.地域研究与开发,2001,20(2):34-37.
134.吴开亚.区域生态安全综合评价[D].合肥:安徽工业大学,2003.
135.伍星,沈珍瑶.长江上游土地利用/覆被变化特征及其驱动力分析[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43(4):461-466.
136.肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性研究[J].生态学报,1997,17(5):453-461.
137.肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容.应用生态学报,2002,13(3):354-358.
138.谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.
139.邢可霞,郭怀成,孙延枫.等.流域非点源污染模拟研究[J].地理研究,2005,24(4):549-557.
140.邢可霞,郭怀成,孙延枫.基于HSPF模型的滇池流域非点源污染模拟[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(2):229-232.
141.徐建华,艾南山,金炯,等.西北干旱区景观要素镶嵌结嵌的分形研究[J].干旱区研究,2001,18(1):35-39.
142.许其功,刘鸿亮,沈珍瑶,等.茅坪河流域非点源污染负荷模拟[J].环境科学,2006,27(11):2176-2181.
143.许为义.全面关注“生态安全”问题[J].上海综合经济,2003(6):24-26.
144.杨建云.洱海湖区非点源污染与洱海水质恶化[J].云南环境科学,2004,23(S1):104-105,126.
145.杨京平,卢剑波.生态安全的系统分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
146.杨柳,马克明,郭青海,等.汉阳非点源污染控制区划[J].环境科学,2006,27(1):31-37.
147.杨胜天,朱启疆.人机交互式解译在大尺度土壤使性遥感调查中的作用,水土保持学报,2000,14(3):88-91.
148.杨文龙.云南高原湖泊的开发与保护[J].湖泊科学,1994,6(2):161-165.
149.杨子生,贺一梅,李云辉,等.近40年来金沙江南岸干热河谷区的土地利用变化及其土壤侵蚀治理研究-以云南宾川县为例[J].地理科学进展,2004,23(2):17-27.
150.于兴修,杨桂山,李恒鹏.典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应-以浙江省西苕溪流域为例[J].自然资源学报,2003(1):14-20.
151.宇传华.SPSS与统计分析[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007:491-514.
152.袁俊.湖北省土地利用变化及其驱动力分析[J].国土与自然资源研究,2003,(4):33-35.
153.袁兴中,刘红,陆健健.生态系统健康评价--概念构架与指标选择[J].应用生态学报,2001,2(4):627-629.
154.云南高原湖泊资源不合理开发利用的生态后果调研课题组.云南高原“四湖”的生态问题与生态后果.昆明:云南科技出版社,1987:1-15.
155.云南省人大常委会.云南省杞麓湖管理条例[DB/OL].http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=26876.
156.云南省统计局.云南省统计年鉴2005[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2006.
157.张兵,金凤君,董晓峰.甘肃中部地区景观生态格局与土地利用变化研究[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(3):35-43.
158.张炳淳.论西部大开发中生态安全的法律防治[J].理论导刊,2001,(6):27-28.
159.张从.农业生态环境的监测与评价[DB/OL].http://www.hnhbnw.gov.cn/asp/showdetail.asp?id =6560,2003.
160.张怀渝等.云南省经济地理[M].北京:新华出版社,1988.
161.张雷,刘慧.中国国家资源环境安全问题初探[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2002,12(1):41-46.
162.张明.榆林地区土地利用与土地覆被变化研究[D].北京:中国科学院地理研究所,1998.
163.张明.区域土地利用结构及其驱动因子的统计分析[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(4):381-384.
164.张桥英,何兴金,卿风,等.气候变暖对中国生态安全的影响[J].自然杂志,2003,24(4):212-215.
165.张塞.国际统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1996.
166.张鑫,史奕,赵天宏,等.我国农业非点源污染研究现状及控制措施[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(20):5303-5305.
167.张志剑,胡勤海,朱荫媚.农业面源污染与水体保护[J].杭州科技.1999,(6):23-24.
168.张志强,程国栋,徐中民.可持续发展评估指标、方法及应用研究[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(4):344-360.
169.赵帮元.TM卫星影像几何纠正技术浅探[J].中国水土保持,2000,(6):30-32.
170.赵磊,袁国林,张琰,等.基于GIS和USLE模型对滇池宝象河流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(3):42-46.
171.赵士洞.新千年生态系统评估--背景、任务和建议[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(4):330-336.
172.赵淑清,方精云,唐志尧,等.洪湖湖区土地利用/土地覆盖时空格局研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(5):721-725.
173.赵松岭.集水农业引论[M].西安:陕西科学出版社,1996.
174.赵伟,谢德体,刘洪斌.重庆市景观格局动态变化分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(1):47-50.
175.赵延治.高寒地区土地利用/覆盖变化对生态安全的影响-以西藏自治区拉孜县为例[D].北京:北京师范大学,2003.
176.郑万生,王继富,孙桂凤.生态安全问题的全球观与战略对策[J].哈尔滨学院学报,2002,23(7):120-122.
177.中国科学院《中国自然地理》编辑委员会,中国自然地理[M]·北京:科学出版社,1985,83-88.
178.中国统计局.中国统计年鉴2005[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2006.
179.周青,黄贤金,濮励杰,等.快速城镇化农村区域土地利用变化及驱动机制研究-以江苏省原锡山市为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(1):22-28.
180.左伟,王桥,王文杰,等.区域生态安全评价指标与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002,18(1):67-71.
181.左伟,周慧珍,王桥.区域生态安全评价指标体系选取的概念框架研究[J].土壤,2003,(1):2-7.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |