茶农使用农药行为影响因素研究
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摘要
农产品质量安全正在成为全球性关注的突出问题。农产品质量安全涉及生产、加工、销售领域多个环节,其中生产环节是形成农产品质量的源头,农户生产行为直接影响到农产品质量。农药使用则是关系农产品质量安全的关键环节。
茶叶是我国传统特色农产品,是消费者喜爱的健康、绿色、天然饮料。近10年来,全球茶叶消费量以年均3%的增幅递增,中国则达到5%。在茶叶消费不断增长的同时,人们绿色消费意识日益增强,茶叶质量安全问题受到广泛的关注,特别是茶叶农药残留,是目前茶叶消费者最关心的问题。
茶农使用农药不合理是茶叶农药残留的源头和关键。茶农使用了已禁止在茶园中使用的农药或使用了某些不合格农药产品是导致茶叶中农药残留超标的主要因素。到目前为止,受科学技术水平和生产条件的制约,除了少量的有机茶园外,茶树上有害生物的治理仍离不开化学农药。20世纪90年代以来,我国茶园农药使用量逐年提高。使用化学农药防治病、虫、草害,对茶叶的高产优质起着重要作用,但也带来农药环境污染、茶叶农药残留等负面影响。茶农在农药使用中产生的大量外部性没有反映到茶农的私人成本中,造成农药使用的过量和低效率。
本研究综合利用自然科学成果和社会科学理论,从交叉科学角度综合研究茶农生产用药行为,探讨影响茶农使用农药行为的主要因素,实证分析各因子的影响程度,根据各因子影响程度的不同,提出相应的对策建议。研究主要目的是:在保证茶农利益的前提下,引导茶农科学合理使用农药、减少农药的负外部性,以提高茶叶质量、环境质量和保证人体健康,促进我国茶业可持续发展。
本研究内容分9章:第1章介绍研究的背景、意义、内容、方法、目标。第2章对茶农使用农药行为的相关文献进行综述。第3章总结茶叶生产中使用农药的历史、现状、存在的问题和发展趋势,对农药使用造成的环境污染和农药残留等负外部性进行阐述。第4章根据农户行为理论,以茶农是理性经济人为假设前提,分析影响茶农使用农药行为的各种因素。第5章分析茶农使用农药行为的特征,对茶农使用农药行为进行博弈分析,并对茶农安全生产行为进行经济学分析。第6章基于问卷调查数据,对影响福建茶农使用农药行为的因素进行描述性分析。第7章应用Logit模型和多元回归模型,对影响福建茶农使用农药行为的因素进行实证分析。第8章对安溪县茶叶安全生产的典型案例进行分析。第9章研究主要结论与政策建议。
本研究以福建省为例,调查了福建省主要产茶区的500户茶农,回收386份,其中有效问卷331份,经实证分析,得到以下结论:
一、应用Logit模型分析影响茶农购买使用绿色或无公害农药意愿的因素。具有显著影响的因素有9个:种茶收入的影响最大;其次是对绿色或无公害农药的了解、参加合作组织、茶叶生产规模、农药残留对人体健康的危害认识、种植年限、政府绿色补贴,再次是茶叶价格、茶园生态环境。其中前面7个为正面影响,最后2个为负面影响。结果表明,茶叶收入最大化是茶农生产的主要目标,茶农使用农药也以收入最大化为导向,选择最佳的投入组合使产出最优。茶农对绿色或无公害农药的了解越多,对农药残留对人体健康的危害认识越深,购买的意愿越强。茶农参加合作组织、生产规模扩大、种茶年限的增长和政府绿色补贴有助于扩大绿色或无公害农药的使用。当茶叶价格持续高涨时,茶农的边际收益也不断增加。茶农为实现利润最大化,在茶叶生产中,为保证产量,包括农药在内的生产资料投入也相应增加。由于无公害或绿色农药价格高于一般农药,且药效缓慢,为节省成本,快速杀灭害虫,茶农可能减少使用无公害或绿色农药,而更多地使用一般农药。茶园生态环境改善,会减少农药使用,其中绿色或无公害农药也相应减少。
二、利用多元回归模型对影响茶农实际使用农药次数(量)相关因素进行分析。具有显著影响并通过模型检验的因素有6个。依次是:(1)考虑农药使用目标因素。当茶农购买农药时最先考虑的因素是防治效果时,农药使用次数是最多的。当最先考虑的是农药价格时和农药毒性时,使用次数依次减少。当最先考虑的是农药对环境的影响时,使用次数更少。(2)茶叶销售方式。销售方式不同,农残检测概率不同。农药残留检测的次数越多,茶农使用农药的道德风险越大,茶农使用农药次数越少。(3)种茶收入比重。种茶收入占家庭收入比重越高,为保证茶叶生产取得最大效益,茶农使用农药次数越多。(4)茶农技术培训。参加了农药使用技术培训的茶农比没有参加的茶农农药使用次数减少。(5)种茶年限。茶农种茶年限越长,农药年使用次数越少。(6)农药危害认识。茶农认为农药残留对人体健康危害越轻,使用农药次数越多。
根据本文研究,结合我国茶叶生产现状,为了使茶农更加科学合理使用农药,减少茶叶农药污染和降低农药残留,建议做好以下工作:一是建设生态茶园,优化茶叶生长环境。发挥茶园的自然调控能力,减少病虫害发生。良好的茶园生态环境条件,是实现无公害茶叶生产的前提,也是绿色食品茶叶和有机茶生产的一项重要措施。二是加强茶农教育培训,提高农药知识水平。加大对无公害或绿色农药的宣传力度,多举办农药使用技术培训,组织茶农(尤其是新手)参加培训,提高茶农科学、合理、安全用药水平。三是进一步优化茶产业组织,提高茶叶生产组织化程度,扩大茶叶经营规模,提高茶业产业化水平。推广茶业合作社和“公司+基地+农户”的生产组织模式。四是大力推行茶叶标准化生产,规范茶叶生产行为。在制订和完善茶叶标准体系的前提下,全程推行标准化生产,在种植过程中实施良好农业规范(GAP)。五是充分发挥政府公共管理服务职能,完善茶叶市场。补贴手段对激励农户采用无公害或绿色农药是有效的,要充分利用政府公共服务功能,发挥政府在推动茶叶安全生产中所起的作用,适当增加投入,建立茶叶安全生产者补贴制度。要加强市场监管,规范市场准入制度,加强检测,确保消费安全。
Food safety1 has become an outstanding issue of global concern. It is related to many links in the field of production,processing,and selling,among these links,production forms the source of the quality,tea farmers’behavior impairs the quality directly, and the application of pesticides is the crucial link with relation to food safety.
Tea is a kind of traditional and characteristic agricultural products in China, which is also a kind of healthy, green and natural drink loved by consumers. The world consumption of tea increases by 3% per year, and by 5% in China. With the growing consumption of tea, people’s consuming awareness has been enhanced, and the quality and safety of tea has been widely concerned, in particular, pesticide residue has caused the most concern to tea consumers at present.
Tea farmers’unreasonable application of pesticides is the source and crucial reason of pesticide residue. Tea farmers using pesticides banned in tea plantantion or unqualified ones is the primary reason why pesticide residue exceeds the standard. Up to now, for the limited science technology and conditions of production, the pest on tea plants can not be killed without chemical pesticide. Since the 1990s, the application of pesticides in China has been increasing year by year. Using chemical pesticide to prevent the damage from disease, insect and grass plays an important role in the high yield and good quality of tea, but it also brings some adverse impacts, such as environmental pollution from pesticide, pesticide residue in tea and so on. Since the exteriorities caused by the application of pesticides are not involved in tea farmer’s own cost, the application of pesticides becomes overproof and ineffective.
By using the results of natural science and the theories of social science, and from the angle of intrecross science, the behavior of tea farmers using pesticide was studied in this paper, the main factors impact the behavior was approached, the different impact degrees of all factors were analyzed empirically, according to the different impact degrees, their corresponding countermeasures were put forward. The main purposes of this research were as in the following: on the premise of benefits assurance for tea farmers, to lead tea farmers’reasonable application of pesticides, to reduce the negative exteriorities from pesticide, to improve the quality of tea, to improve environment condition, to ensure human health, and to promote the sustainable developing of tea industry.
This research was falled into 9 chapters:in Chapter 1,the background,purposes, contents,methods and object of this study were introduced. In Chapter 2,Some literatures about tea farmers’application of pesticides were listed. In Chapter 3, the history, current state, existing problems and tendency of tea farmers’application of pesticides were summarized, some negative exteriorities from pesticide, such as environmental pollution, pesticide residue and so forth were also described. According to tea farmers’behavior theory, taking tea farmer as an economic man, the hypothesis of tea farmers’application of pesticides was put forward, some theoretical analyses about factors impact tea farmers’behavior were given in Chapter 4. The characteristics of tea farmers’behavior of using pesticides and Game Analysis about tea farmers’behavior were given in Chapter 5, and economic analysis of farmers’safe production conduct was also given in this chapter. On the basis of questionnaire data, descriptive analyses about factors impact the behavior of tea farmers from Fujian were given in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7, factors impact the behavior of tea farmers from Fujian were analyzed empirically by applying Logit Model and Multiple Regression Model. In Chapter 8, the typical case of safe production of Anxi tea was analyzed. Lastly, in Chapter 9, conclusions were drawed, and the corresponding countermeasures were proposed .
In this research, taking Fujian Province for instance, 500 tea farmers from major growing places in Fujian were investigated, 386 questionnaires were called back, including 311 valid questionnaires, through empirical analysis, conclusions were drawed as follows:
Firstly, Logit Model was applied to analyze the factors impact tea farmers’willingness to buy Green Tea or Nuisance-Free Tea. There were 9 remarkable factors as follows: firstly, the income from tea planting; secondly, the understanding of Green Tea or Nuisance-FreeTea, then, attending cooperation organization, tea production scale, the recognition of the harmfulness of pesticide residue to human health, the fixed number of years for planting, government subsidy for Green Planting; lastly, the price of tea, ecological environment of tea plantation. Among these factors, the first 7 were positive, and the last 2 were negative. As the results showed, the maximization of the income from tea planting was tea farmers’ultimate goal, which was also a guide for tea farmers’application of pesticides, then, the best combination of input was chosen to optimum the outcome. The more tea farmers knew about Green Tea or Nuisance-Free Tea, the deeper they recognized the harmfulness of pesticide residue to human health,and the more strongly they were willing to buy. Tea farmers attending cooperation organization, the expansion of tea production scale, the increase of the fixed number of years for planting and government subsidy for Green Planting were all good to the application expansion of Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide.When the price of tea was continued to rise, tea farmers’marginal benefit was increased. To maximize the profit and guarantee the quality, during tea processing, the means of production(including pesticide) were also increased. Because the price of Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide were higher than that of ordinary pesticide, and the pesticide effect is slower. In order to save cost, fast to kill pests, tea farmers may reduce the use of Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide while increase using ordinary pesticide. When the ecological environment is improved in tea garden , the pesticide using cuts down, among them Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide is reduced too.
Secondly, Multiple Regression Model was applied to analyze the factors impact tea farmers’actual using times of pesticide. There were 6 remarkable factors detected by the model, they were as in the following: (1) The consideration of goal when buying pesticide. When the first consideration of tea farmers buying pesticide was prevention effect, the using times was the most. When the first consideration was the price and toxicity of tea, the using times reduced in turn.When the first consideration was the influence of pesticide to environment,the using times became less. (2)The means of tea sales. The detection rate of pesticide residue was different when the means of tea sales were different. The more frequently pesticide residue was detected, the greater moral risk for using pesticide tea farmers ran, the less often tea farmers used pesticide. (3)The ratio of the income from tea planting to total family income.To ensure the maximal benefit of tea production,the higher the ratio was,the more often tea farmers used pesticide. (4)Tea famers attending technical training.The using times of pesticide became less when tea farmers attending technical training about the application of pesticides. (5)The fixed number of years for planting.The more the fixed number of years for planting was,the less often tea farmers used pesticide. (6)The recognition of the harmfulness of pesticide residue to human health. The lighter tea farmers recognized the harmfulness of pesticide residue to human health, the more often tea farmers used pesticide.
According to the study of this paper and the current state of tea production in China, in order to cause tea farmers to be more scientific reasonable application of pesticides, reduces the tea pesticide pollution, and reduces pesticide residue, Several suggestions were put forward as follows: firstly, a good ecological environment for tea plantation was the premiss of Nuisance-Free Tea production and one of the important measures for Green Tea or Nuisance-Free Tea production. The construction of Ecological Tea Plantation should be intensified and supported, growing environment of tea should be optimized, natural-modulation ability of tea plantation should be exploited, disease and insect pest should be reduced. Secondly, education training for tea farmers should be intensified to enrich their knowledge about pesticide, Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide should be propagandized, more technical training about the application of pesticides for tea farmers(especially for the beginners) should be arranged to make them use pesticide scientifically, reasonably, and safely. Thirdly, industrial organization of tea should be optimized, and industrial organization level of tea production should be improved, the operation scale of tea production should be enlarged, the level of tea industrialization should be improved, tea co-operatives and the organizational model of“company+base+farmers”should be popularized. Fourthly, standardized work of tea production should be practiced largely, the act of tea production should be regulated, then, on the premiss of formulatting and improving the standardized system of tea, standardized work of tea production should be practiced throughly, GAP should be practiced during tea processing. Fifthly, governmental functions of public administration and service should be played fully, tea market should be improved. The means of subsidy was effective in encouraging tea farmers to use Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide. Both the function of public service and the function in promoting safe tea production should be played fully by government, investment should be increased properly, subsidy system for those who produce safe tea should be built, market adminstration should be strengthened,market access system should be regulated, detection should be intensified, consumption safety should be ensured.
茶叶是我国传统特色农产品,是消费者喜爱的健康、绿色、天然饮料。近10年来,全球茶叶消费量以年均3%的增幅递增,中国则达到5%。在茶叶消费不断增长的同时,人们绿色消费意识日益增强,茶叶质量安全问题受到广泛的关注,特别是茶叶农药残留,是目前茶叶消费者最关心的问题。
茶农使用农药不合理是茶叶农药残留的源头和关键。茶农使用了已禁止在茶园中使用的农药或使用了某些不合格农药产品是导致茶叶中农药残留超标的主要因素。到目前为止,受科学技术水平和生产条件的制约,除了少量的有机茶园外,茶树上有害生物的治理仍离不开化学农药。20世纪90年代以来,我国茶园农药使用量逐年提高。使用化学农药防治病、虫、草害,对茶叶的高产优质起着重要作用,但也带来农药环境污染、茶叶农药残留等负面影响。茶农在农药使用中产生的大量外部性没有反映到茶农的私人成本中,造成农药使用的过量和低效率。
本研究综合利用自然科学成果和社会科学理论,从交叉科学角度综合研究茶农生产用药行为,探讨影响茶农使用农药行为的主要因素,实证分析各因子的影响程度,根据各因子影响程度的不同,提出相应的对策建议。研究主要目的是:在保证茶农利益的前提下,引导茶农科学合理使用农药、减少农药的负外部性,以提高茶叶质量、环境质量和保证人体健康,促进我国茶业可持续发展。
本研究内容分9章:第1章介绍研究的背景、意义、内容、方法、目标。第2章对茶农使用农药行为的相关文献进行综述。第3章总结茶叶生产中使用农药的历史、现状、存在的问题和发展趋势,对农药使用造成的环境污染和农药残留等负外部性进行阐述。第4章根据农户行为理论,以茶农是理性经济人为假设前提,分析影响茶农使用农药行为的各种因素。第5章分析茶农使用农药行为的特征,对茶农使用农药行为进行博弈分析,并对茶农安全生产行为进行经济学分析。第6章基于问卷调查数据,对影响福建茶农使用农药行为的因素进行描述性分析。第7章应用Logit模型和多元回归模型,对影响福建茶农使用农药行为的因素进行实证分析。第8章对安溪县茶叶安全生产的典型案例进行分析。第9章研究主要结论与政策建议。
本研究以福建省为例,调查了福建省主要产茶区的500户茶农,回收386份,其中有效问卷331份,经实证分析,得到以下结论:
一、应用Logit模型分析影响茶农购买使用绿色或无公害农药意愿的因素。具有显著影响的因素有9个:种茶收入的影响最大;其次是对绿色或无公害农药的了解、参加合作组织、茶叶生产规模、农药残留对人体健康的危害认识、种植年限、政府绿色补贴,再次是茶叶价格、茶园生态环境。其中前面7个为正面影响,最后2个为负面影响。结果表明,茶叶收入最大化是茶农生产的主要目标,茶农使用农药也以收入最大化为导向,选择最佳的投入组合使产出最优。茶农对绿色或无公害农药的了解越多,对农药残留对人体健康的危害认识越深,购买的意愿越强。茶农参加合作组织、生产规模扩大、种茶年限的增长和政府绿色补贴有助于扩大绿色或无公害农药的使用。当茶叶价格持续高涨时,茶农的边际收益也不断增加。茶农为实现利润最大化,在茶叶生产中,为保证产量,包括农药在内的生产资料投入也相应增加。由于无公害或绿色农药价格高于一般农药,且药效缓慢,为节省成本,快速杀灭害虫,茶农可能减少使用无公害或绿色农药,而更多地使用一般农药。茶园生态环境改善,会减少农药使用,其中绿色或无公害农药也相应减少。
二、利用多元回归模型对影响茶农实际使用农药次数(量)相关因素进行分析。具有显著影响并通过模型检验的因素有6个。依次是:(1)考虑农药使用目标因素。当茶农购买农药时最先考虑的因素是防治效果时,农药使用次数是最多的。当最先考虑的是农药价格时和农药毒性时,使用次数依次减少。当最先考虑的是农药对环境的影响时,使用次数更少。(2)茶叶销售方式。销售方式不同,农残检测概率不同。农药残留检测的次数越多,茶农使用农药的道德风险越大,茶农使用农药次数越少。(3)种茶收入比重。种茶收入占家庭收入比重越高,为保证茶叶生产取得最大效益,茶农使用农药次数越多。(4)茶农技术培训。参加了农药使用技术培训的茶农比没有参加的茶农农药使用次数减少。(5)种茶年限。茶农种茶年限越长,农药年使用次数越少。(6)农药危害认识。茶农认为农药残留对人体健康危害越轻,使用农药次数越多。
根据本文研究,结合我国茶叶生产现状,为了使茶农更加科学合理使用农药,减少茶叶农药污染和降低农药残留,建议做好以下工作:一是建设生态茶园,优化茶叶生长环境。发挥茶园的自然调控能力,减少病虫害发生。良好的茶园生态环境条件,是实现无公害茶叶生产的前提,也是绿色食品茶叶和有机茶生产的一项重要措施。二是加强茶农教育培训,提高农药知识水平。加大对无公害或绿色农药的宣传力度,多举办农药使用技术培训,组织茶农(尤其是新手)参加培训,提高茶农科学、合理、安全用药水平。三是进一步优化茶产业组织,提高茶叶生产组织化程度,扩大茶叶经营规模,提高茶业产业化水平。推广茶业合作社和“公司+基地+农户”的生产组织模式。四是大力推行茶叶标准化生产,规范茶叶生产行为。在制订和完善茶叶标准体系的前提下,全程推行标准化生产,在种植过程中实施良好农业规范(GAP)。五是充分发挥政府公共管理服务职能,完善茶叶市场。补贴手段对激励农户采用无公害或绿色农药是有效的,要充分利用政府公共服务功能,发挥政府在推动茶叶安全生产中所起的作用,适当增加投入,建立茶叶安全生产者补贴制度。要加强市场监管,规范市场准入制度,加强检测,确保消费安全。
Food safety1 has become an outstanding issue of global concern. It is related to many links in the field of production,processing,and selling,among these links,production forms the source of the quality,tea farmers’behavior impairs the quality directly, and the application of pesticides is the crucial link with relation to food safety.
Tea is a kind of traditional and characteristic agricultural products in China, which is also a kind of healthy, green and natural drink loved by consumers. The world consumption of tea increases by 3% per year, and by 5% in China. With the growing consumption of tea, people’s consuming awareness has been enhanced, and the quality and safety of tea has been widely concerned, in particular, pesticide residue has caused the most concern to tea consumers at present.
Tea farmers’unreasonable application of pesticides is the source and crucial reason of pesticide residue. Tea farmers using pesticides banned in tea plantantion or unqualified ones is the primary reason why pesticide residue exceeds the standard. Up to now, for the limited science technology and conditions of production, the pest on tea plants can not be killed without chemical pesticide. Since the 1990s, the application of pesticides in China has been increasing year by year. Using chemical pesticide to prevent the damage from disease, insect and grass plays an important role in the high yield and good quality of tea, but it also brings some adverse impacts, such as environmental pollution from pesticide, pesticide residue in tea and so on. Since the exteriorities caused by the application of pesticides are not involved in tea farmer’s own cost, the application of pesticides becomes overproof and ineffective.
By using the results of natural science and the theories of social science, and from the angle of intrecross science, the behavior of tea farmers using pesticide was studied in this paper, the main factors impact the behavior was approached, the different impact degrees of all factors were analyzed empirically, according to the different impact degrees, their corresponding countermeasures were put forward. The main purposes of this research were as in the following: on the premise of benefits assurance for tea farmers, to lead tea farmers’reasonable application of pesticides, to reduce the negative exteriorities from pesticide, to improve the quality of tea, to improve environment condition, to ensure human health, and to promote the sustainable developing of tea industry.
This research was falled into 9 chapters:in Chapter 1,the background,purposes, contents,methods and object of this study were introduced. In Chapter 2,Some literatures about tea farmers’application of pesticides were listed. In Chapter 3, the history, current state, existing problems and tendency of tea farmers’application of pesticides were summarized, some negative exteriorities from pesticide, such as environmental pollution, pesticide residue and so forth were also described. According to tea farmers’behavior theory, taking tea farmer as an economic man, the hypothesis of tea farmers’application of pesticides was put forward, some theoretical analyses about factors impact tea farmers’behavior were given in Chapter 4. The characteristics of tea farmers’behavior of using pesticides and Game Analysis about tea farmers’behavior were given in Chapter 5, and economic analysis of farmers’safe production conduct was also given in this chapter. On the basis of questionnaire data, descriptive analyses about factors impact the behavior of tea farmers from Fujian were given in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7, factors impact the behavior of tea farmers from Fujian were analyzed empirically by applying Logit Model and Multiple Regression Model. In Chapter 8, the typical case of safe production of Anxi tea was analyzed. Lastly, in Chapter 9, conclusions were drawed, and the corresponding countermeasures were proposed .
In this research, taking Fujian Province for instance, 500 tea farmers from major growing places in Fujian were investigated, 386 questionnaires were called back, including 311 valid questionnaires, through empirical analysis, conclusions were drawed as follows:
Firstly, Logit Model was applied to analyze the factors impact tea farmers’willingness to buy Green Tea or Nuisance-Free Tea. There were 9 remarkable factors as follows: firstly, the income from tea planting; secondly, the understanding of Green Tea or Nuisance-FreeTea, then, attending cooperation organization, tea production scale, the recognition of the harmfulness of pesticide residue to human health, the fixed number of years for planting, government subsidy for Green Planting; lastly, the price of tea, ecological environment of tea plantation. Among these factors, the first 7 were positive, and the last 2 were negative. As the results showed, the maximization of the income from tea planting was tea farmers’ultimate goal, which was also a guide for tea farmers’application of pesticides, then, the best combination of input was chosen to optimum the outcome. The more tea farmers knew about Green Tea or Nuisance-Free Tea, the deeper they recognized the harmfulness of pesticide residue to human health,and the more strongly they were willing to buy. Tea farmers attending cooperation organization, the expansion of tea production scale, the increase of the fixed number of years for planting and government subsidy for Green Planting were all good to the application expansion of Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide.When the price of tea was continued to rise, tea farmers’marginal benefit was increased. To maximize the profit and guarantee the quality, during tea processing, the means of production(including pesticide) were also increased. Because the price of Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide were higher than that of ordinary pesticide, and the pesticide effect is slower. In order to save cost, fast to kill pests, tea farmers may reduce the use of Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide while increase using ordinary pesticide. When the ecological environment is improved in tea garden , the pesticide using cuts down, among them Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide is reduced too.
Secondly, Multiple Regression Model was applied to analyze the factors impact tea farmers’actual using times of pesticide. There were 6 remarkable factors detected by the model, they were as in the following: (1) The consideration of goal when buying pesticide. When the first consideration of tea farmers buying pesticide was prevention effect, the using times was the most. When the first consideration was the price and toxicity of tea, the using times reduced in turn.When the first consideration was the influence of pesticide to environment,the using times became less. (2)The means of tea sales. The detection rate of pesticide residue was different when the means of tea sales were different. The more frequently pesticide residue was detected, the greater moral risk for using pesticide tea farmers ran, the less often tea farmers used pesticide. (3)The ratio of the income from tea planting to total family income.To ensure the maximal benefit of tea production,the higher the ratio was,the more often tea farmers used pesticide. (4)Tea famers attending technical training.The using times of pesticide became less when tea farmers attending technical training about the application of pesticides. (5)The fixed number of years for planting.The more the fixed number of years for planting was,the less often tea farmers used pesticide. (6)The recognition of the harmfulness of pesticide residue to human health. The lighter tea farmers recognized the harmfulness of pesticide residue to human health, the more often tea farmers used pesticide.
According to the study of this paper and the current state of tea production in China, in order to cause tea farmers to be more scientific reasonable application of pesticides, reduces the tea pesticide pollution, and reduces pesticide residue, Several suggestions were put forward as follows: firstly, a good ecological environment for tea plantation was the premiss of Nuisance-Free Tea production and one of the important measures for Green Tea or Nuisance-Free Tea production. The construction of Ecological Tea Plantation should be intensified and supported, growing environment of tea should be optimized, natural-modulation ability of tea plantation should be exploited, disease and insect pest should be reduced. Secondly, education training for tea farmers should be intensified to enrich their knowledge about pesticide, Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide should be propagandized, more technical training about the application of pesticides for tea farmers(especially for the beginners) should be arranged to make them use pesticide scientifically, reasonably, and safely. Thirdly, industrial organization of tea should be optimized, and industrial organization level of tea production should be improved, the operation scale of tea production should be enlarged, the level of tea industrialization should be improved, tea co-operatives and the organizational model of“company+base+farmers”should be popularized. Fourthly, standardized work of tea production should be practiced largely, the act of tea production should be regulated, then, on the premiss of formulatting and improving the standardized system of tea, standardized work of tea production should be practiced throughly, GAP should be practiced during tea processing. Fifthly, governmental functions of public administration and service should be played fully, tea market should be improved. The means of subsidy was effective in encouraging tea farmers to use Green Pesticide or Nuisance-Free Pesticide. Both the function of public service and the function in promoting safe tea production should be played fully by government, investment should be increased properly, subsidy system for those who produce safe tea should be built, market adminstration should be strengthened,market access system should be regulated, detection should be intensified, consumption safety should be ensured.
引文
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