蒙古国中部Ugii Nuur湖过去8660年孢粉记录与环境变化研究
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摘要
蒙古高原全新世气候变化时空分布规律研究对于理解高、低纬气团作用以及亚洲冬、夏季风和西风带气候予系统相互作用及演化具有重要意义。然而，蒙古国全新世研究比较薄弱，已有古气候序列分布不均、年代控制差、分辨率低、代用指标敏感性不足。而且，已有资料揭示的区域气候差异明显，尤其在蒙古国中部中全新世气候状况上分歧较大。这对理解和认识蒙古高原全新世气候变化的时空变化规律和气候变化机制造成了很大的困难。因此，本论文选取蒙古国中部Ugii Nuur湖泊沉积为研究对象、以AMS~(14)C测年为框架、区域现代花粉研究为基础，利用高分辨率孢粉记录重建了过去8660 cal．yrBP以来的植被和气候变化。利用硅藻及粒度等记录辅助重建了过去8660 cal．yr BP以来湖泊水位和气候变化历史。此外，还通过区域全新世气候记录的综述与对比研究，探讨了蒙古高原全新世气候变化的时空分布；通过与气候模式模拟结果的对比，对蒙古国中部全新世气候变化的动力学机制进行了粗浅的讨论。研究取得的主要结论及认识如下：
1、通过对蒙古国Gun Nuur至Ugii Nuur断面现代孢粉研究，确定了森林、森林草原、山地草原、草原以及荒漠草原现代花粉组合特征。研究表明松属花粉具超代表性；禾本科花粉具低代表性；草原地带藜科花粉含量显著高于山地草原和森林草原地带，可以作为区别植被的重要指标；山地草原和山地森林草原中生杂类草和莎草科花粉含量高于草原地带，可以指示区域气候湿润状况。Ugii Nuur湖周围现代孢粉研究表明：松属为空气传播的外来花粉，其含量变化可能指示了远山森林草原发育状况；禾本科具显著低代表性，母体植物建群时含量通常在10％以下：藜科花粉含量可以指示区域气候干旱程度。
2、以现代孢粉研究为基础、可靠AMS~(14)C年代为框架，Ugii Nuur孢粉记录高分辨率地重建了蒙古国中部地区过去8660 cal．yr BP以来的植被和气候变化。8660～7800 cal．yr BP研究区植被为禾草草原，湖畔及河谷低地发育苔草草甸，远山发育松属针叶林和森林草原，气候温和略湿润；其中8350～8250 cal．yr BP湿生草甸扩张，旱生植物成分减少，气候凉湿。7800～6860 cal．yr BP旱生成分增加，气候转向暖干。6860～3170 cal．yrBP半荒漠草原扩张，远山森林草原退缩，山地草原和河谷及湖畔湿生草甸退缩(化)，气候持续暖干。3170～2340 cal．yr BP半荒漠草原退缩，远山森林草原扩张，气候转凉变湿，末期湿度条件达最佳。2340～1600 cal．yr BP禾草草原发育，湖畔及河谷低地湿生草甸扩张，远山森林草原略有退缩，气候总体较凉湿。1600 cal．yr BP以来研究区发育禾草-冷蒿草原，气候波动较大。
UG04孔硅藻记录重建的湖泊水位变化基本上支持孢粉重建的古植被和古气候：8660～7230 cal．yr BP硅藻组合以浮游类主导，浮游／底栖比达40以上，指示水位较高，气候略湿润；7230～2330 cal．yr BP浮游类硅藻丰度和浮游／底栖比降低，湖泊处于低水位，气候干旱；2330～930 cal．yr BP浮游类硅藻丰度和浮游／底栖比增加，湖泊水位升高，气候湿润。UG04孔孢粉记录重建的古气候变化还得到了粒度及盘星藻浓度等记录的支持：8660～6010 cal．yr BP沉积物以粉砂为主，中值粒径小于25μm，砂含量低于4％，粉砂含量高于80％，盘星藻浓度较低，可能指示湖泊水位较高的湿润气候；6010～2250 cal．yr BP中值粒径和砂含量显著增加，粉砂含量降低，盘星藻浓度大增，湖泊水位降低，气候干旱；2250～930 cal．yr BP中值粒径陡降至10μm以下，砂含量降至1％以下，粉砂和粘土含量增加，盘星藻浓度降低，湖泊水位再次升高，气候变湿。孢粉、硅藻、粒度以及盘星藻等记录反映的气候湿度变化存在一定的位相差异。
3、UG04孔孢粉、硅藻等记录表明，蒙古国中部6860～3170 cal．yr BP存在持续干旱气候。对蒙古高原及其毗邻地区全新世气候变化记录的对比研究表明，中全新世干旱气候可能具有较为广泛的地理分布，分布在以蒙古国南部荒漠为中心，北至蒙古国北部、南至中国西部干旱区的广大区域。该干旱气候的北界可能位于蒙古国北部森林草原与森林界线一带，该界以北地区气候记录多反映了暖湿的中全新世气候；南界可能位于中国西北干旱区荒漠南界一带。
4、UG04孔孢粉等记录重建的6860～3170 cal．yr BP暖干气候与Bush利用GCM模式模拟的亚洲中部6500～3000 cal．yr BP暖干气候具有较好的对应关系。Bush认为北半球相对较高的太阳辐射和大气CO_2浓度增加共同作用导致了气温升高，升温一方面导致蒸发增强，另一方面提高了大气饱和水汽压，致使云量和降水概率减少，进而形成干旱气候。
5、UG04孔孢粉记录揭示蒙古国中部地区过去8660 cal．yr BP以来的气候变化以暖干／冷湿水热组合特征为主，这与研究区北部西伯利亚和南部中国季风区气候记录揭示的暖湿／冷干的气候模式不同，与Yang等人总结的中国新疆及中亚地区十年至百年尺度的暖干／冷湿气候变化模式相似。
6、对比发现，UG04孔藜科含量指示的区域气候湿度状况与贵州董哥洞石笋记录的亚洲夏季风强度存在反相关关系，在千年尺度气候变化和十至百年尺度气候突发事件上均有较好的对应关系。
The study of the temporal and spatial Holocene climate change on the Mongolia Plateau,which is influenced or controlled by the Asian Monsoon and westerlies related with the NorthAtlantic Oscillation,is vital for us to understand the interacting history of aforementionedclimate sub-systems and the interacting history of the air mass of the high and low latitude.However,the relatively poor level of the Holocene research in Mongolia,which ischaracterized by the uneven distribution,low resolution,poor chronology control,low proxysensitivity and contradictory results,greatly constrained us from understanding the Holocenetemporal and spatial climate changes and associated dynamics of the Mongolia Plateau.
Therefore,we palynologically studied the 854-cm-long core of Ugii Nuur in centralMongolia.Based on 9 robust AMS ~(14)C dates and under the reference of regional modernpollen investigations,detailed vegetation and climate changes over the last 8660 years werereconstructed.In addition,diatom,grain size and other proxy records were provided tosupport or multi-proxy reconstruct the climate and environmental change of the Ugii Nuurarea.Regional published Holocene climate data were reviewed and analyzed to discuss thepossible temporal and spatial laws of Holocene climate changes throughout the MongoliaPlateau and associated dynamics.The primary conclusions are as follows:
1.The modern surface pollen survey on the transect from Gun Nuur to Ugii Nuur definesthe characters of pollen assemblages of conifer forest,forest steppe,montane steppe,steppeand desert steppe.Those include,1) the Pinus pollen is over-represented and the Poaceaepollen is normally under-represented; 2) the Chenopodiaceae pollen show higher percentagesin steppe than that in the forest steppe and montane steppe,and this could be used as a proxyto reflect the regional vegetation and climate moisture conditions; 3) the mesophytic forbs andCyperaceae pollen show higher percentages in the montane steppe and montane forest steppethan in the steppe,probably suggest that their percentages could be used as a auxiliary proxyto reflect climate conditions.The modern pollen survey on different type of modern sedimentsin the Ugii Nuur area suggests that,1) the Pinus pollen might have external origin and itsvariation could reflect the condition of regional montane forest steppe or large scale climateconditions; 2) the Poaceae pollen is under-represented with percentages less than 10% even inthe Poaceae plant dominated grass steppe; 3) the Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages could beviewed as a reliable proxy to reflect the regional moisture conditions.
2.The vegetation and climate changes of last 8660 cal.yr BP in central Mongolia werereconstructed based on the modern pollen survey and reliable chronology.Between 8660 and7800 cal.yr BP,Poaceae-steppe developed,accompanying wetland meadow presented in theriverbank,lakeshore and valley lowland,montane forest steppe grew in the nearby mountains,suggesting a mild and semi-humid climate prevailed with a noticeable cool and humidinterval 8350～8250 cal.yr BE During 7800～6860 cal.yr BP,xerophytic plant increased andthe climate became warm and dry gradually.From 6860 to 3170 cal.yr BP,semi-desert steppeexpanded,regional montane forest steppe retreated,suggesting a prolonged warm and dryclimate.Between 3170 and 2340 cal.yr BP,regional forest steppe expanded whereassemi-desert steppe retreated,indicating the climate became cool and wet gradually and thehumidity reached the maximum at the end of this stage.During 2340～1600 cal.yr BP,Poaceae steppe dominated whereas wetland meadow expanded and the montane forest stepperetreated,suggesting a cool and wet climate prevailed,wormwood grass steppe prevailed andthe climatic instability increased after 1600 cal.a BE
The climate and environmental reconstructions by pollen were supported by the diatomrecords.A relative high lake level and moister climate prevailed between 8660 and 7230 cal.yr BP as inferred by the dominance of planktonic diatom genera and high planktonic/benthicratio (〉40).low lake level and dry climate sustained during 7230～2330 cal.yr BP assuggested by the low abundance of planktonic diatom and low planktonic/benthic ratio (～20);and the lake returned to high level during 2330～930 cal.yr BP as inferred by there-dominance of the planktonic diatom and the high value of palnktonic/benthic ratio.
The pollen-based climate reconstruction was also consolidated by the grain size andPediastrum concentration records.A relative low lake level between 8660～6010 cal.yr BPwas reflected by the clayey silt sediment with the median size less than 25μam and the sandcontent less than 4%,and the Pediastrum concentration was normally low.Between 6010 and2250 cal.yr BP,the median size and sand content increased greatly,and the Pediastrumconcentration raised sharply,suggesting a relative low lake level.After 2250 cal.yr BP,boththe median size and the Pediastrum abundance abruptly declined,suggesting the lake returnedto high level and the climate changed to humid.Remarkable differences of climate phaseswere also observed among the pollen records,diatom records,grain size records and thePediastrum records.
3.The pollen and diatom records from UG04 core suggest that a prolonged dry climatemight prevailed between 6860 and 3170 cal.yr BP in the central Mongolia.Reviews andcomparable analysis of the regional climate data show that a dry mid-Hoiocene climate mighthave prevailed in vast areas of the Mongolian Plateau,which centered at southern Mongoliaand extended northward to central-north Mongolia and southward to arid areas of west China.In contrast,the northernmost Mongolia and adjacent south Siberia might have experienced awarm and wet middle Holocene.Thus,the north boundary of the dry mid-Holocene might bedelimited at the transitional areas between forest steppe and Taiga forest in northern Mongolia.And the difference between the two might be attributed to the fact that the areas to the northof the boundary might be more influenced by the vapor input from Siberia lowland.Meanwhile,the south boundary of this dry phase might be in the southern boundary of desertin northwest China according to the climate records.
4.The warm and dry climate in mid-Holocene in Ugii Nuur is well correlated to theclimate conditions simulated by GCM climate model by Bush.A reasonable mechanism tothis warm and dry climate was proposed by Bush,i.e.,the combination of still high insolationand the increased atmospheric CO_2 concentration resulted in the increase of atmospherictemperature,and the rising temperature led to the enhancement of transpiration and theincreasing of saturation vapor pressure,thus decreased the cloud cover and precipitationchances,and formed the dry climate in the end.
5.The climate change reconstructed by the Ugii Nuur pollen records is characterized byasynchronous water and heat combinations,i.e.,warm/dry and cool/wet climate.Thisasynchronous water and heat combination was different to the climate pattern of southernSiberia and Chinese Monsoon areas,but it could be related to the decade to century-scaleclimate change pattern in Xinjiang and central Asia as revealed by Yang et al.
6.An anti-correlation existed between the moisture variation revealed by theChenopodiacae percentages of UG04 core and the Asian Monsoon intensity suggested by thestalagmite oxygen isotope data both in the millennia-scale trend and decade to century-scaleabrupt climate event.
1、通过对蒙古国Gun Nuur至Ugii Nuur断面现代孢粉研究，确定了森林、森林草原、山地草原、草原以及荒漠草原现代花粉组合特征。研究表明松属花粉具超代表性；禾本科花粉具低代表性；草原地带藜科花粉含量显著高于山地草原和森林草原地带，可以作为区别植被的重要指标；山地草原和山地森林草原中生杂类草和莎草科花粉含量高于草原地带，可以指示区域气候湿润状况。Ugii Nuur湖周围现代孢粉研究表明：松属为空气传播的外来花粉，其含量变化可能指示了远山森林草原发育状况；禾本科具显著低代表性，母体植物建群时含量通常在10％以下：藜科花粉含量可以指示区域气候干旱程度。
2、以现代孢粉研究为基础、可靠AMS~(14)C年代为框架，Ugii Nuur孢粉记录高分辨率地重建了蒙古国中部地区过去8660 cal．yr BP以来的植被和气候变化。8660～7800 cal．yr BP研究区植被为禾草草原，湖畔及河谷低地发育苔草草甸，远山发育松属针叶林和森林草原，气候温和略湿润；其中8350～8250 cal．yr BP湿生草甸扩张，旱生植物成分减少，气候凉湿。7800～6860 cal．yr BP旱生成分增加，气候转向暖干。6860～3170 cal．yrBP半荒漠草原扩张，远山森林草原退缩，山地草原和河谷及湖畔湿生草甸退缩(化)，气候持续暖干。3170～2340 cal．yr BP半荒漠草原退缩，远山森林草原扩张，气候转凉变湿，末期湿度条件达最佳。2340～1600 cal．yr BP禾草草原发育，湖畔及河谷低地湿生草甸扩张，远山森林草原略有退缩，气候总体较凉湿。1600 cal．yr BP以来研究区发育禾草-冷蒿草原，气候波动较大。
UG04孔硅藻记录重建的湖泊水位变化基本上支持孢粉重建的古植被和古气候：8660～7230 cal．yr BP硅藻组合以浮游类主导，浮游／底栖比达40以上，指示水位较高，气候略湿润；7230～2330 cal．yr BP浮游类硅藻丰度和浮游／底栖比降低，湖泊处于低水位，气候干旱；2330～930 cal．yr BP浮游类硅藻丰度和浮游／底栖比增加，湖泊水位升高，气候湿润。UG04孔孢粉记录重建的古气候变化还得到了粒度及盘星藻浓度等记录的支持：8660～6010 cal．yr BP沉积物以粉砂为主，中值粒径小于25μm，砂含量低于4％，粉砂含量高于80％，盘星藻浓度较低，可能指示湖泊水位较高的湿润气候；6010～2250 cal．yr BP中值粒径和砂含量显著增加，粉砂含量降低，盘星藻浓度大增，湖泊水位降低，气候干旱；2250～930 cal．yr BP中值粒径陡降至10μm以下，砂含量降至1％以下，粉砂和粘土含量增加，盘星藻浓度降低，湖泊水位再次升高，气候变湿。孢粉、硅藻、粒度以及盘星藻等记录反映的气候湿度变化存在一定的位相差异。
3、UG04孔孢粉、硅藻等记录表明，蒙古国中部6860～3170 cal．yr BP存在持续干旱气候。对蒙古高原及其毗邻地区全新世气候变化记录的对比研究表明，中全新世干旱气候可能具有较为广泛的地理分布，分布在以蒙古国南部荒漠为中心，北至蒙古国北部、南至中国西部干旱区的广大区域。该干旱气候的北界可能位于蒙古国北部森林草原与森林界线一带，该界以北地区气候记录多反映了暖湿的中全新世气候；南界可能位于中国西北干旱区荒漠南界一带。
4、UG04孔孢粉等记录重建的6860～3170 cal．yr BP暖干气候与Bush利用GCM模式模拟的亚洲中部6500～3000 cal．yr BP暖干气候具有较好的对应关系。Bush认为北半球相对较高的太阳辐射和大气CO_2浓度增加共同作用导致了气温升高，升温一方面导致蒸发增强，另一方面提高了大气饱和水汽压，致使云量和降水概率减少，进而形成干旱气候。
5、UG04孔孢粉记录揭示蒙古国中部地区过去8660 cal．yr BP以来的气候变化以暖干／冷湿水热组合特征为主，这与研究区北部西伯利亚和南部中国季风区气候记录揭示的暖湿／冷干的气候模式不同，与Yang等人总结的中国新疆及中亚地区十年至百年尺度的暖干／冷湿气候变化模式相似。
6、对比发现，UG04孔藜科含量指示的区域气候湿度状况与贵州董哥洞石笋记录的亚洲夏季风强度存在反相关关系，在千年尺度气候变化和十至百年尺度气候突发事件上均有较好的对应关系。
The study of the temporal and spatial Holocene climate change on the Mongolia Plateau,which is influenced or controlled by the Asian Monsoon and westerlies related with the NorthAtlantic Oscillation,is vital for us to understand the interacting history of aforementionedclimate sub-systems and the interacting history of the air mass of the high and low latitude.However,the relatively poor level of the Holocene research in Mongolia,which ischaracterized by the uneven distribution,low resolution,poor chronology control,low proxysensitivity and contradictory results,greatly constrained us from understanding the Holocenetemporal and spatial climate changes and associated dynamics of the Mongolia Plateau.
Therefore,we palynologically studied the 854-cm-long core of Ugii Nuur in centralMongolia.Based on 9 robust AMS ~(14)C dates and under the reference of regional modernpollen investigations,detailed vegetation and climate changes over the last 8660 years werereconstructed.In addition,diatom,grain size and other proxy records were provided tosupport or multi-proxy reconstruct the climate and environmental change of the Ugii Nuurarea.Regional published Holocene climate data were reviewed and analyzed to discuss thepossible temporal and spatial laws of Holocene climate changes throughout the MongoliaPlateau and associated dynamics.The primary conclusions are as follows:
1.The modern surface pollen survey on the transect from Gun Nuur to Ugii Nuur definesthe characters of pollen assemblages of conifer forest,forest steppe,montane steppe,steppeand desert steppe.Those include,1) the Pinus pollen is over-represented and the Poaceaepollen is normally under-represented; 2) the Chenopodiaceae pollen show higher percentagesin steppe than that in the forest steppe and montane steppe,and this could be used as a proxyto reflect the regional vegetation and climate moisture conditions; 3) the mesophytic forbs andCyperaceae pollen show higher percentages in the montane steppe and montane forest steppethan in the steppe,probably suggest that their percentages could be used as a auxiliary proxyto reflect climate conditions.The modern pollen survey on different type of modern sedimentsin the Ugii Nuur area suggests that,1) the Pinus pollen might have external origin and itsvariation could reflect the condition of regional montane forest steppe or large scale climateconditions; 2) the Poaceae pollen is under-represented with percentages less than 10% even inthe Poaceae plant dominated grass steppe; 3) the Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages could beviewed as a reliable proxy to reflect the regional moisture conditions.
2.The vegetation and climate changes of last 8660 cal.yr BP in central Mongolia werereconstructed based on the modern pollen survey and reliable chronology.Between 8660 and7800 cal.yr BP,Poaceae-steppe developed,accompanying wetland meadow presented in theriverbank,lakeshore and valley lowland,montane forest steppe grew in the nearby mountains,suggesting a mild and semi-humid climate prevailed with a noticeable cool and humidinterval 8350～8250 cal.yr BE During 7800～6860 cal.yr BP,xerophytic plant increased andthe climate became warm and dry gradually.From 6860 to 3170 cal.yr BP,semi-desert steppeexpanded,regional montane forest steppe retreated,suggesting a prolonged warm and dryclimate.Between 3170 and 2340 cal.yr BP,regional forest steppe expanded whereassemi-desert steppe retreated,indicating the climate became cool and wet gradually and thehumidity reached the maximum at the end of this stage.During 2340～1600 cal.yr BP,Poaceae steppe dominated whereas wetland meadow expanded and the montane forest stepperetreated,suggesting a cool and wet climate prevailed,wormwood grass steppe prevailed andthe climatic instability increased after 1600 cal.a BE
The climate and environmental reconstructions by pollen were supported by the diatomrecords.A relative high lake level and moister climate prevailed between 8660 and 7230 cal.yr BP as inferred by the dominance of planktonic diatom genera and high planktonic/benthicratio (〉40).low lake level and dry climate sustained during 7230～2330 cal.yr BP assuggested by the low abundance of planktonic diatom and low planktonic/benthic ratio (～20);and the lake returned to high level during 2330～930 cal.yr BP as inferred by there-dominance of the planktonic diatom and the high value of palnktonic/benthic ratio.
The pollen-based climate reconstruction was also consolidated by the grain size andPediastrum concentration records.A relative low lake level between 8660～6010 cal.yr BPwas reflected by the clayey silt sediment with the median size less than 25μam and the sandcontent less than 4%,and the Pediastrum concentration was normally low.Between 6010 and2250 cal.yr BP,the median size and sand content increased greatly,and the Pediastrumconcentration raised sharply,suggesting a relative low lake level.After 2250 cal.yr BP,boththe median size and the Pediastrum abundance abruptly declined,suggesting the lake returnedto high level and the climate changed to humid.Remarkable differences of climate phaseswere also observed among the pollen records,diatom records,grain size records and thePediastrum records.
3.The pollen and diatom records from UG04 core suggest that a prolonged dry climatemight prevailed between 6860 and 3170 cal.yr BP in the central Mongolia.Reviews andcomparable analysis of the regional climate data show that a dry mid-Hoiocene climate mighthave prevailed in vast areas of the Mongolian Plateau,which centered at southern Mongoliaand extended northward to central-north Mongolia and southward to arid areas of west China.In contrast,the northernmost Mongolia and adjacent south Siberia might have experienced awarm and wet middle Holocene.Thus,the north boundary of the dry mid-Holocene might bedelimited at the transitional areas between forest steppe and Taiga forest in northern Mongolia.And the difference between the two might be attributed to the fact that the areas to the northof the boundary might be more influenced by the vapor input from Siberia lowland.Meanwhile,the south boundary of this dry phase might be in the southern boundary of desertin northwest China according to the climate records.
4.The warm and dry climate in mid-Holocene in Ugii Nuur is well correlated to theclimate conditions simulated by GCM climate model by Bush.A reasonable mechanism tothis warm and dry climate was proposed by Bush,i.e.,the combination of still high insolationand the increased atmospheric CO_2 concentration resulted in the increase of atmospherictemperature,and the rising temperature led to the enhancement of transpiration and theincreasing of saturation vapor pressure,thus decreased the cloud cover and precipitationchances,and formed the dry climate in the end.
5.The climate change reconstructed by the Ugii Nuur pollen records is characterized byasynchronous water and heat combinations,i.e.,warm/dry and cool/wet climate.Thisasynchronous water and heat combination was different to the climate pattern of southernSiberia and Chinese Monsoon areas,but it could be related to the decade to century-scaleclimate change pattern in Xinjiang and central Asia as revealed by Yang et al.
6.An anti-correlation existed between the moisture variation revealed by theChenopodiacae percentages of UG04 core and the Asian Monsoon intensity suggested by thestalagmite oxygen isotope data both in the millennia-scale trend and decade to century-scaleabrupt climate event.
引文
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