青岛市重点流域水环境承载力与污染防治对策研究
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摘要
经济的快速发展,导致工业企业数量猛增,工业用水量及排水量逐年增多。城市化进程的加快,导致城镇人口也在逐年增多,城镇生活污染源已经成为污染水体的主要污染源。加上农村生活污染、城市径流污染、畜禽养殖污染及农田径流等非点源污染的影响,水环境已难承其重。水环境的保护工作已经成为当前环境保护的头等工作。要保证经济稳步发展,又要满足水环境功能不受影响,这就需要我们进行水环境承载力研究。对重点流域进行全面研究,并有针对性地制定治理及保护计划,对流域健康发展非常有必要。青岛市“环湾保护,拥湾发展”是青岛市今后重点发展战略,为“拥湾发展”服务、也为青岛市可持续发展服务,进行重点流域水环境承载力研究及流域污染防治对策研究非常有必要。
本文在水环境承载能力研究的基础上,进行重点流域水环境容量核算,通过对流域内各类污染源入河污染物进行核算研究,确定不同污染源对水环境的贡献率,对比入河污染源、流域容量及使用功能,提出削减指标及污染治理计划;通过对2015年“十二五”末经济、社会发展进行预测分析,进行各类污染源对流域的污染影响预测方法研究,结合流域使用功能调整及相关区域发展定位,核算需要削减的污染物量,提出有针对性的污染治理计划;通过对流域水环境承载能力的评价结果分析,提出改善流域水环境的措施和提升水环境承载能力的建议,进而为实现区域、流域良性发展,为保护胶州湾海域水质,为“环湾保护、拥湾发展”战略的顺利实施提供技术依据。
研究成果及创新点主要包括以下几个方面:
1.确立重点流域水环境承载力评价模式、主要计算参数及评价指标体系,进行水环境容量计算,结合胶州湾海域环境容量及分配给大沽河的允许容量计算结果,明确重点流域水质控制要求及入河污染物削减指标,提出水环境污染治理措施及提高水环境承载力的建议;
2.通过实验法和经验法相结合的方式,对点源、非点源污染物入河量进行了计算方法研究,确立了计算模式及计算参数,确定了农田径流污染源源强和城镇径流污染源源强系数,并对2007年不同污染源入河污染物及分担率进行了核算,为污染源及污染物削减与有效控制提供了依据,为污染物入河量与水环境影响效应研究提供了技术支撑;
3.通过万元工业增加值排污系数、行业排污系数研究,结合区域定位及布局调整、集中式处理设施的提升建设,进行2015年工业源排污预测;通过重点乡镇筛选及发展预测、城乡人口增长预测,进行生活污染源入河污染物的计算方法研究及核算;通过非点源污染预测研究,确定农田径流、畜禽养殖等面源污染状况;通过各类源对重点流域贡献率情况,结合水环境承载能力及水质使用功能要求,确立污染物削减指标;
4.通过水环境承载能力计算及水环境功能定位,进行流域经济承载能力预测分析,提出流域发展指导性建议;
5.通过流域水环境质量断面控制指标可达性研究,主要河段污染物削减指标,制定流域污染治理措施,结合国内外生态整治特点,提出流域生态整治建议。
最后,在论文中提出了重点流域发展受到的环境制约,提出了流域经济可持续发展战略,建议对存在的不足问题进行更深入的研究。
Rapid economic development consequentially leads to increased quantity of industrial enterprises, industrial water consumption and discharge year by year. Urbanization results in increased urban population year after year and urban living pollution becoming the main source of pollution to water body. The effects of country living contamination, urban runoff contamination, livestock and poultry farm runoff and other pollutions on the water environment make the water body suffering hard. Water environmental protection has become the current first-class job of environmental protection. The water environment carrying capacity is needed to be researched to ensure steady economic development and to ensure the water environment function not to be affected. It is necessary for healthy development of valley to across-the-board study major river valleys and regions and to measure for measure propose the plan of treatment and protection.“Rounding Protection and Development of Jiaozhou Bay”is the key development strategy of Qingdao in the future. So it is necessary to study the water Environment carrying capacity of main valleys and the measures to control pollutions around the bay.
On the basis of the study of the water environmental carrying capacity, the water environmental capacity of major river valleys and regions are calculated. The contribution rates of different contamination are calculated according to the calculation of pollutants inflowing into the rivers. Being compared with pollutants inflowing in the river, valley capacity and using function, the reducing guideline and plan of controlling pollution are presented. Prediction method of various contaminations affecting river valleys and regions is studied by the prediction analysis of“12th Five-Year Plan”economic and social development. And at the same time the amount of contaminations which is needed to be reduced is accounted and the pertinent pollution control programs are presented combined with the adjustment of use function and related regional development orientation. To analyze the evaluation results of water environmental carrying capacity of drainage area, the measures and advices to improve water environment of drainage area and upgrade the water environmental carrying capacity are put forward in the paper. The measures and advices could provide technological basis for the sound development of valleys, the water quality protection of Jiaozhou Bay and the implement of“Rounding Protection and Development of Jiaozhou Bay”strategy.
Research results and innovation points are including:
1.The water environmental carrying capacity evaluation model, major calculating parameter and evaluation index system of water environment in main valleys are confirmed. Then the water environmental carrying capacity is calculated. The demanding water quality in main valleys and reducing guidelines are presented and suggestions and measures to control water environment pollution and enhance the water environmental carrying capacity are proposed in the paper combined with water environmental carrying capacity of Jiaozhou Bay and the calculated capacity of Dagu River.
2.The calculation method about the amount of pollution that inputs into the river from the point sources and non-point sources is studied in a way by combining experiment method with experience method. The calculation model, parameters, pollution source strength coefficients of agricultural runoff and urban runoff are fixed on. The amount of pollution and share-rates from different sources are calculated in order to offer a foundation for the pollution decreasing and effective control on pollution sources. It is also provided technical support for the study of pollution quantity and its influence on water environment.
3.The amount of industrial sewage in 2015 is predicted in the way of research combining the industrial added value of thousand yuan sewage coefficient and industrial sewage coefficient with centralized treatment facilities to upgrade the building. By focusing on the predictions of selection and development of villages and towns and population growth in urban and rural areas, the researches on calculation method and account of contaminations from living inflowing into the river are carried on. Through studies of non-point source pollution prediction, the predictions of emission quantity of agricultural runoff and of livestock and poultry pollutants are made. The pollutant reduction targets are established through calculation by analysis of various sources contribution rates combined with water environmental carrying capacity and functional requirements of water use.
4.Through the calculation of the carrying capacity of water environment and the orientation of water environment function, the economic carrying capacity of river valleys and regions and population capacity are forecasted, and instructional recommendations on the development of rives valleys and regions are put forward.
5.Combined with domestic and international eco-remediation features, ecological remediation recommendations are brought forward according to three aspects mainly including feasibility study on the control of water monitoring section quality, reduction targets of contaminations of main rivers, pollution control measures against river valleys and regions. The environmental constraints that are faced by major river valleys and regions and strategy of sustainable development of river valleys and regions economy and advices about more in-depth research on existent problems are brought forward in the end of the paper.
本文在水环境承载能力研究的基础上,进行重点流域水环境容量核算,通过对流域内各类污染源入河污染物进行核算研究,确定不同污染源对水环境的贡献率,对比入河污染源、流域容量及使用功能,提出削减指标及污染治理计划;通过对2015年“十二五”末经济、社会发展进行预测分析,进行各类污染源对流域的污染影响预测方法研究,结合流域使用功能调整及相关区域发展定位,核算需要削减的污染物量,提出有针对性的污染治理计划;通过对流域水环境承载能力的评价结果分析,提出改善流域水环境的措施和提升水环境承载能力的建议,进而为实现区域、流域良性发展,为保护胶州湾海域水质,为“环湾保护、拥湾发展”战略的顺利实施提供技术依据。
研究成果及创新点主要包括以下几个方面:
1.确立重点流域水环境承载力评价模式、主要计算参数及评价指标体系,进行水环境容量计算,结合胶州湾海域环境容量及分配给大沽河的允许容量计算结果,明确重点流域水质控制要求及入河污染物削减指标,提出水环境污染治理措施及提高水环境承载力的建议;
2.通过实验法和经验法相结合的方式,对点源、非点源污染物入河量进行了计算方法研究,确立了计算模式及计算参数,确定了农田径流污染源源强和城镇径流污染源源强系数,并对2007年不同污染源入河污染物及分担率进行了核算,为污染源及污染物削减与有效控制提供了依据,为污染物入河量与水环境影响效应研究提供了技术支撑;
3.通过万元工业增加值排污系数、行业排污系数研究,结合区域定位及布局调整、集中式处理设施的提升建设,进行2015年工业源排污预测;通过重点乡镇筛选及发展预测、城乡人口增长预测,进行生活污染源入河污染物的计算方法研究及核算;通过非点源污染预测研究,确定农田径流、畜禽养殖等面源污染状况;通过各类源对重点流域贡献率情况,结合水环境承载能力及水质使用功能要求,确立污染物削减指标;
4.通过水环境承载能力计算及水环境功能定位,进行流域经济承载能力预测分析,提出流域发展指导性建议;
5.通过流域水环境质量断面控制指标可达性研究,主要河段污染物削减指标,制定流域污染治理措施,结合国内外生态整治特点,提出流域生态整治建议。
最后,在论文中提出了重点流域发展受到的环境制约,提出了流域经济可持续发展战略,建议对存在的不足问题进行更深入的研究。
Rapid economic development consequentially leads to increased quantity of industrial enterprises, industrial water consumption and discharge year by year. Urbanization results in increased urban population year after year and urban living pollution becoming the main source of pollution to water body. The effects of country living contamination, urban runoff contamination, livestock and poultry farm runoff and other pollutions on the water environment make the water body suffering hard. Water environmental protection has become the current first-class job of environmental protection. The water environment carrying capacity is needed to be researched to ensure steady economic development and to ensure the water environment function not to be affected. It is necessary for healthy development of valley to across-the-board study major river valleys and regions and to measure for measure propose the plan of treatment and protection.“Rounding Protection and Development of Jiaozhou Bay”is the key development strategy of Qingdao in the future. So it is necessary to study the water Environment carrying capacity of main valleys and the measures to control pollutions around the bay.
On the basis of the study of the water environmental carrying capacity, the water environmental capacity of major river valleys and regions are calculated. The contribution rates of different contamination are calculated according to the calculation of pollutants inflowing into the rivers. Being compared with pollutants inflowing in the river, valley capacity and using function, the reducing guideline and plan of controlling pollution are presented. Prediction method of various contaminations affecting river valleys and regions is studied by the prediction analysis of“12th Five-Year Plan”economic and social development. And at the same time the amount of contaminations which is needed to be reduced is accounted and the pertinent pollution control programs are presented combined with the adjustment of use function and related regional development orientation. To analyze the evaluation results of water environmental carrying capacity of drainage area, the measures and advices to improve water environment of drainage area and upgrade the water environmental carrying capacity are put forward in the paper. The measures and advices could provide technological basis for the sound development of valleys, the water quality protection of Jiaozhou Bay and the implement of“Rounding Protection and Development of Jiaozhou Bay”strategy.
Research results and innovation points are including:
1.The water environmental carrying capacity evaluation model, major calculating parameter and evaluation index system of water environment in main valleys are confirmed. Then the water environmental carrying capacity is calculated. The demanding water quality in main valleys and reducing guidelines are presented and suggestions and measures to control water environment pollution and enhance the water environmental carrying capacity are proposed in the paper combined with water environmental carrying capacity of Jiaozhou Bay and the calculated capacity of Dagu River.
2.The calculation method about the amount of pollution that inputs into the river from the point sources and non-point sources is studied in a way by combining experiment method with experience method. The calculation model, parameters, pollution source strength coefficients of agricultural runoff and urban runoff are fixed on. The amount of pollution and share-rates from different sources are calculated in order to offer a foundation for the pollution decreasing and effective control on pollution sources. It is also provided technical support for the study of pollution quantity and its influence on water environment.
3.The amount of industrial sewage in 2015 is predicted in the way of research combining the industrial added value of thousand yuan sewage coefficient and industrial sewage coefficient with centralized treatment facilities to upgrade the building. By focusing on the predictions of selection and development of villages and towns and population growth in urban and rural areas, the researches on calculation method and account of contaminations from living inflowing into the river are carried on. Through studies of non-point source pollution prediction, the predictions of emission quantity of agricultural runoff and of livestock and poultry pollutants are made. The pollutant reduction targets are established through calculation by analysis of various sources contribution rates combined with water environmental carrying capacity and functional requirements of water use.
4.Through the calculation of the carrying capacity of water environment and the orientation of water environment function, the economic carrying capacity of river valleys and regions and population capacity are forecasted, and instructional recommendations on the development of rives valleys and regions are put forward.
5.Combined with domestic and international eco-remediation features, ecological remediation recommendations are brought forward according to three aspects mainly including feasibility study on the control of water monitoring section quality, reduction targets of contaminations of main rivers, pollution control measures against river valleys and regions. The environmental constraints that are faced by major river valleys and regions and strategy of sustainable development of river valleys and regions economy and advices about more in-depth research on existent problems are brought forward in the end of the paper.
引文
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