柔性叶片潮流能水轮机水动力学性能研究
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摘要
海洋潮流能作为一种可再生能源成为国内外研究的热点,我国海洋潮流能储量丰富,其开发利用潜力巨大。潮流水轮机作为获取海洋潮流能的能量转换装置,是潮流能开发利用的关键,其结构原理、动力机制以及性能优化是研究的重点和难点。
本文作者借鉴帆船推进机理、柔性风帆耦合作用以及帆翼的气动力特性,创新性地研制了一种新型潮流能能量转换装置——柔性叶片水轮机。采用能充分利用流体运动作用力的柔性材料制作水轮机叶片,能很好地适应水流作用发生形变,自动调节攻角,并能充分利用与水流间相互耦合作用产生的升力效应和阻力效应做功,获能效率较高,具有许多刚性叶片所不具备的优点和良好的水动力学性能。
提出了柔性叶片的几何形态以及柔性叶片水轮机转子的结构形式;分析了柔性叶片在水轮机运动过程中的形变规律及受力特性,初步探讨了柔性叶片水轮机的工作原理和性能特点,建立了柔性叶片水轮机主要水动力性能参数的数学模型,并通过量纲分析确定了影响柔性叶片水轮机性能的主要因素。
鉴于柔性叶片水轮机因涉及柔性叶片与水流间相互耦合作用和动力机制的复杂性,提出了运用风浪流水槽模型实验与计算流体力学数值模拟相结合的方法来研究其动力学性能的思路和方法。
建立了柔性叶片水轮机风浪流水槽模型实验系统和水动力学性能测试平台,确定了柔性叶片水轮机实验模型水动力学性能的测试方法,设计了十几种不同叶片形状、布置方式、结构形式和安装方式的柔性叶片水轮机实验模型,并利用风浪流水槽进行了大量实验,对柔性叶片水轮机的水动力学性能及其影响因素有了较全面的认知,对柔性叶片及水轮机转子的结构形式进行了初步筛选和优化。
计算流体力学的快速发展为解决柔性叶片与水流间的耦合作用和水轮机的动力学性能预测以及数值模拟提供了可能。本文在借鉴有关柔性翼、降落伞充气过程和心脏瓣膜流固耦合等研究方法的基础上,提出了柔性叶片流固耦合的求解思路和运用计算流体力学(CFD)方法进行柔性叶片水轮机水动力性能数值模拟的方案,即首先建立了柔性叶片在流体中的流固耦合控制方程,通过双向流固耦合求解柔性叶片的变形;其次利用求解的各柔性叶片形状,建立柔性叶片不同转角位置的瞬时物理模型;然后采用动网格技术,编译用户自定义函数,实现了柔性叶片水轮机的数值模拟和水动力学性能的预测。
本文综合运用风浪流水槽模型实验和计算流体力学数值模拟的方法,研究和验证了柔性叶片水轮机的水动力学性能,分析了影响柔性叶片水轮机水动力学性能的主要因素,对其结构、参数和性能进行了优化配置,并在此基础上,对潮流能发电海试水轮机进行了设计优化,研制了5kW潮流能发电海试样机,通过海试证明其水动力学性能良好,并与风浪流水槽模型实验及数值模拟的研究结果基本吻合。
As renewable energy, the tidal current is becoming one of the research focuses at home and aboard. The resource of tidal current energy in china is rich, so its development potentiality is promising. As the conversion device, turbine is the key component of tidal current energy technologies. Ongoing research is focused on its structure, power mechanisms, and performance optimization.
The author developed an innovative type of fluid energy extracting device—flexible blade turbine, borrowing ideas from impelling mechanism of sailing, the coupling effect of the flexible sail and the aerodynamic characteristics of wing. Using flexible materials as blade which can take good advantage of fluid dynamic, it can adjust attack angle automatically, taking full use of the lift and drag effect generated by the coupling with fluid. Thereby, it has an excellent hydrodynamic performance that the rigid blades do not have.
This paper puts forward the geometric configuration of the flexible blade and the structural of flexible blade turbine; analyzes the shapes of flexible blade and forces acting on it in rotation; studies the principle and performance characteristics of the flexible blade turbine preliminarily; sets up the mathematical models of the main performance parameter of the flexible blade turbine; finds the main factors effecting the performance of the flexible blade turbine via dimensional analysis.
The study on flexible blade turbine involves in the complex hydrodynamic mechanism of the coupling between fluid and flexible blade, which is a difficult problem unsolved at present. So the research method of combining water tank model test with numerical simulation is proposed.
The author designed a water tank model test system and the testing means of hydrodynamic performances of flexible blade turbine. Several models with different blade shapes, blade fixed methods, rotor structures and installation are designed. Then water tank testing was carried out. Based on the analysis of results, the hydrodynamic performances of flexible blade turbine and their influence factors are researched plenty. Then the structures of flexible blade turbine are selected and optimized preliminarily.
With the development of CFD, it’s becoming possible to solve the problem of the coupling between the flexible blade and fluid so as to predict its hydrodynamic performances using numerical simulation. By considering knowledge from related research field such as flexible wings, parachute inflation process and fluid-solid coupling of heart valves, the author proposed the way to solve the problem of the coupling between flexible blade and fluid using numerical simulation in CFD. First of all, the fluid-solid coupling equations are founded. The shape of flexible blade will be acquired using fluid-solid coupling analysis. Then the physical models of flexible blade at different positions are created. In the process of simulation, dynamic mesh technology is adopted. And the rotational speed of rotor is defined via user-defined functions. The numerical simulation and performances prediction of flexible blade turbine are implemented finally.
Under the research method of combination of water tank model test and CFD numerical simulation, the hydrodynamic performances of flexible blade turbine are studied and certificated. The main factors that affect its hydrodynamic performances are analyzed. Then its structures, performance parameters are optimized. Based on this, the 5kW flexible blade turbine is developed for the sea trial. The results of two times sea trials prove its predominant hydrodynamic performances, and an excellent agreement was found between sea trials and water tank model test & numerical simulation results.
本文作者借鉴帆船推进机理、柔性风帆耦合作用以及帆翼的气动力特性,创新性地研制了一种新型潮流能能量转换装置——柔性叶片水轮机。采用能充分利用流体运动作用力的柔性材料制作水轮机叶片,能很好地适应水流作用发生形变,自动调节攻角,并能充分利用与水流间相互耦合作用产生的升力效应和阻力效应做功,获能效率较高,具有许多刚性叶片所不具备的优点和良好的水动力学性能。
提出了柔性叶片的几何形态以及柔性叶片水轮机转子的结构形式;分析了柔性叶片在水轮机运动过程中的形变规律及受力特性,初步探讨了柔性叶片水轮机的工作原理和性能特点,建立了柔性叶片水轮机主要水动力性能参数的数学模型,并通过量纲分析确定了影响柔性叶片水轮机性能的主要因素。
鉴于柔性叶片水轮机因涉及柔性叶片与水流间相互耦合作用和动力机制的复杂性,提出了运用风浪流水槽模型实验与计算流体力学数值模拟相结合的方法来研究其动力学性能的思路和方法。
建立了柔性叶片水轮机风浪流水槽模型实验系统和水动力学性能测试平台,确定了柔性叶片水轮机实验模型水动力学性能的测试方法,设计了十几种不同叶片形状、布置方式、结构形式和安装方式的柔性叶片水轮机实验模型,并利用风浪流水槽进行了大量实验,对柔性叶片水轮机的水动力学性能及其影响因素有了较全面的认知,对柔性叶片及水轮机转子的结构形式进行了初步筛选和优化。
计算流体力学的快速发展为解决柔性叶片与水流间的耦合作用和水轮机的动力学性能预测以及数值模拟提供了可能。本文在借鉴有关柔性翼、降落伞充气过程和心脏瓣膜流固耦合等研究方法的基础上,提出了柔性叶片流固耦合的求解思路和运用计算流体力学(CFD)方法进行柔性叶片水轮机水动力性能数值模拟的方案,即首先建立了柔性叶片在流体中的流固耦合控制方程,通过双向流固耦合求解柔性叶片的变形;其次利用求解的各柔性叶片形状,建立柔性叶片不同转角位置的瞬时物理模型;然后采用动网格技术,编译用户自定义函数,实现了柔性叶片水轮机的数值模拟和水动力学性能的预测。
本文综合运用风浪流水槽模型实验和计算流体力学数值模拟的方法,研究和验证了柔性叶片水轮机的水动力学性能,分析了影响柔性叶片水轮机水动力学性能的主要因素,对其结构、参数和性能进行了优化配置,并在此基础上,对潮流能发电海试水轮机进行了设计优化,研制了5kW潮流能发电海试样机,通过海试证明其水动力学性能良好,并与风浪流水槽模型实验及数值模拟的研究结果基本吻合。
As renewable energy, the tidal current is becoming one of the research focuses at home and aboard. The resource of tidal current energy in china is rich, so its development potentiality is promising. As the conversion device, turbine is the key component of tidal current energy technologies. Ongoing research is focused on its structure, power mechanisms, and performance optimization.
The author developed an innovative type of fluid energy extracting device—flexible blade turbine, borrowing ideas from impelling mechanism of sailing, the coupling effect of the flexible sail and the aerodynamic characteristics of wing. Using flexible materials as blade which can take good advantage of fluid dynamic, it can adjust attack angle automatically, taking full use of the lift and drag effect generated by the coupling with fluid. Thereby, it has an excellent hydrodynamic performance that the rigid blades do not have.
This paper puts forward the geometric configuration of the flexible blade and the structural of flexible blade turbine; analyzes the shapes of flexible blade and forces acting on it in rotation; studies the principle and performance characteristics of the flexible blade turbine preliminarily; sets up the mathematical models of the main performance parameter of the flexible blade turbine; finds the main factors effecting the performance of the flexible blade turbine via dimensional analysis.
The study on flexible blade turbine involves in the complex hydrodynamic mechanism of the coupling between fluid and flexible blade, which is a difficult problem unsolved at present. So the research method of combining water tank model test with numerical simulation is proposed.
The author designed a water tank model test system and the testing means of hydrodynamic performances of flexible blade turbine. Several models with different blade shapes, blade fixed methods, rotor structures and installation are designed. Then water tank testing was carried out. Based on the analysis of results, the hydrodynamic performances of flexible blade turbine and their influence factors are researched plenty. Then the structures of flexible blade turbine are selected and optimized preliminarily.
With the development of CFD, it’s becoming possible to solve the problem of the coupling between the flexible blade and fluid so as to predict its hydrodynamic performances using numerical simulation. By considering knowledge from related research field such as flexible wings, parachute inflation process and fluid-solid coupling of heart valves, the author proposed the way to solve the problem of the coupling between flexible blade and fluid using numerical simulation in CFD. First of all, the fluid-solid coupling equations are founded. The shape of flexible blade will be acquired using fluid-solid coupling analysis. Then the physical models of flexible blade at different positions are created. In the process of simulation, dynamic mesh technology is adopted. And the rotational speed of rotor is defined via user-defined functions. The numerical simulation and performances prediction of flexible blade turbine are implemented finally.
Under the research method of combination of water tank model test and CFD numerical simulation, the hydrodynamic performances of flexible blade turbine are studied and certificated. The main factors that affect its hydrodynamic performances are analyzed. Then its structures, performance parameters are optimized. Based on this, the 5kW flexible blade turbine is developed for the sea trial. The results of two times sea trials prove its predominant hydrodynamic performances, and an excellent agreement was found between sea trials and water tank model test & numerical simulation results.
引文
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