新疆喀纳斯旅游区草地植物多样性对人类干扰的响应机制研究
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摘要
旅游区植被及其多样性保护已成为旅游区科学合理利用开发的重要挑战之一,也是旅游区实现生态旅游可持续发展的关键要素之一。本文通过对喀纳斯旅游区主要景点附近山地草甸群落在不同人类干扰方式与干扰强度下草地植物多样性的组成结构、生境和稳定性等变化的研究,以及人类干扰过程中整个旅游区植被景观结构与格局、生态承载力变化的研究,重点探讨不同空间尺度植物多样性对人类干扰响应的方式、过程和生态后果,探索草地植物多样性对人类干扰响应的机制,为旅游区草地生态系统的合理科学利用及生物多样性保护提供科学依据。
主要研究结果如下:
(1)喀纳斯山地草甸群落随放牧强度的增加,植物群落高度下降,生物量减少,盖度降低,植物群落密度则在一定放牧强度内呈增加趋势;Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数均呈减小趋势,且轻牧与重牧、极牧差异显著(P <0.05)。随着旅游干扰强度的增加,群落物种组成从以对旅游干扰耐性弱的物种为主逐渐发展到以对旅游干扰耐性强的物种为主,群落的重要值有向少数物种集中的趋势;Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均随着干扰强度的增加而呈下降趋势,均匀度指数则在中度干扰下最大。
(2)山地草甸群落中原有的优势功能群是营养丰富、种类繁多的多年生杂类草和多年生根茎禾草,在不合理的放牧干扰下重要值逐渐减小,甚至消失,而那些能适应强放牧干扰的低矮、小型化、营养繁殖能力强的功能群(多年生丛生禾草和一、二年生草本)逐渐在群落中增加,占据优势地位;与之相对应的是,群落功能群丰富度和功能群所含物种数显著下降(P <0.05);群落恢复力稳定性、群落保持结构和功能的能力、群落抵抗力稳定性均呈下降趋势;研究区β多样性的变化次序为:重牧-极牧>轻牧-中牧>中牧-重牧。
(3)随着旅游干扰强度的增加,多年生根茎禾草、莎草、多年生杂类草和豆科牧草重要值均呈下降趋势,多年生丛生禾草和一、二年生草本则呈增大趋势;多年生杂类草功能群对旅游干扰具有较强的冗余缓冲作用;多年生丛生禾草能够耐受较强的干扰,一、二年生草本非常适于在旅游干扰强度极大的生境中生存,这两类生态功能群是生态系统对干扰的有效抵抗者,恢复力较强;灌木和半灌木、多年生根茎禾草和豆科牧草则对旅游干扰敏感。在群落多样性层次,中度-重度阶段物种替代速率最快,重度-极度次之,轻度-中度最慢。群落恢复力稳定性在中度干扰下最高,群落保持结构和功能的能力、群落抵抗力稳定性均随旅游干扰强度的增加而呈下降趋势。
(4)在植被系统受到放牧干扰而逐渐退化的同时,土壤系统生境也发生了恶性变化,表现为土壤容重在0-10cm土层随放牧强度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05),土壤含水量在0-10cm土层随放牧强度的增加而显著下降(P<0.05),但两者在重牧与极牧阶段则无差异(P>0.05)。土壤有机质和碱解氮均随放牧干扰强度的增加而呈下降趋势,以0-10cm土层变化最为明显。在0-10cm土层,土壤有效磷各个处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。土壤速效钾随放牧强度的增加而增加,且极牧阶段显著高于其它放牧干扰阶段(P<0.05)。土壤有机质和碱解氮的分布与植物群落高度和生物量呈正相关,且土壤有机质与植物群落高度和生物量相关性显著(P<0.05),土壤有效磷、速效钾与植物群落特征均表现为负相关关系。
(5)在植被系统受到旅游干扰而逐渐退化的同时,土壤系统生境也发生了恶性变化,表现为随旅游干扰强度的增强,表层土壤(0-10cm)中的土壤含水量显著降低,土壤容重呈上升趋势,土壤紧实度显著增加,碱解氮含量降低,有机质含量也有下降趋势,有效磷、速效钾含量则显著上升。在旅游区草地受到不同旅游干扰的各个阶段,植物多样性、盖度、高度、生物量和凋落物生物量与土壤的主要理化性质之间存在较密切的相关性(R2值为0.04～0.56)。因此,旅游活动对旅游区草甸干扰过程的实质是草甸植被-土壤系统协同响应的过程。
(6)喀纳斯旅游区的景观格局在过去的13a内受人类干扰较小,景观格局总体上变化不大,景观多样性处于较高水平,旅游区在这13a中受到了较好的保护;但从局部看,不断扩大的建设用地导致山地草甸等草地景观面积减小,草地景观格局发生较大变化。旅游区景观格局变化分为两个时期:1992-2000年和2000-2005年。1992-2000年,旅游区景观格局的驱动力主要是自然因素(气候变迁、植被景观的内在演替及其它生物因素等),人类干扰对景观格局的影响还较小;2000-2005年,人类干扰对景观格局的影响力逐渐增大,其中草地(主要是山地草甸、灌丛草地)受到人类干扰的影响最大。
(7)生态系统的可持续发展程度是通过综合分析生态系统生态弹性状态、载荷状态和可持续承载状态三者的情况确定的。利用主成分分析法、层次分析法构建了喀纳斯旅游区评价指标体系,并通过分析生态系统荷载容量压力与支持力(负向与正向)的相互关系筛选出具体的评价指标,利用状态空间法计算出的生态承载指数从1992年的0.0669,下降到2000年的0.0485,2005年的0.0046;旅游区的承载状态从1992、2000年的可持续承载下降到2005年的弱可持续承载。基于生态弹性状态、载荷状态与可持续承载状态建立的可持续发展程度区间的划分,可以从整体上反映区域系统的生态承载力,可为区域生态系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。
The effective conservation of vegetation and plant diversity has become one of the important challenges to rational utilization and scientific development of natural tourism resource in scenic area. And it is also one of the key factors of implementation eco-tourism sustainable development in scenic area. This paper studied the changes of plant diversity composition and structure, habitat, community stability of midmountain meadow community under different anthropogenic disturbance at main scenic spots in Kanas Scenic Area. And it also studied the changes of the structure and pattern of vegetation landscape, the ecological capacity of the whole study area. The purpose of these studies is mainly discussing on the mode, process and ecological consequence of the response of the plant diversity to anthropogenic disturbance at different spatial scale, exploring the response mechanism of grassland plant diversity to anthropogenic disturbance, providing the scientific basis for the protection and rational utilization of grassland system and biodiversity in the eco-tourism area.
The main results were the flowing:
(1) The plant community height, coverage and biomass were all decreased with increasing grazing disturbance intensity, and the plant community density was increased from light to heavy grazing disturbance intensity in Kanas midmountain meadow community. The values of Patrick richness index, Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener index were all decreased with increasing grazing disturbance intensity, and they were significant different at light to heavy and over grazing disturbance intensity (P<0.05). The species composition and their important value were significantly impacted by tourism disturbance. With increasing tourism disturbance intensity, some tourism-sensitive plants had disappeared or their important value decreased, while some tourism-resistant species had expanded their population. And the important value of total community concentrated on several tourism-resistant species. The values of Patrick richness index and Shannon-Wiener index decreased with increasing tourism disturbance intensity, while the higher values of evenness index were found under the moderate disturbance intensity.
(2) The original dominant plant functional groups are perennial forbs and perennial rhizome grasses which have rich species and nutrient. And they were replaced the perennial bunch grasses, annuals and biennials which are low, miniaturized, vegetative reproduction in the meadow community. The important value of perennial forbs, perennial rhizome grasses, sedges and legumes all declined, and the important value of perennial bunch grasses, annuals and biennials all ascended with increasing grazing disturbance intensity. The value of plant functional group richness was the highest under the moderate grazing disturbance. With increasing grazing disturbance intensity, the number of species including perennial forbs, perennial rhizome grasses and legumes all decreased, and the number of species including annuals and biennials increased. With increasing grazing disturbance intensity, the coefficients of variation in biomass at the levels of community and plant functional group increased, the coefficient of variation at the levels of community was lower than at the levels of plant functional group, and the community dominance index too increased, but the coefficient of community structure variation decreased. So the community stability has significantly decreased under unreasonable grazing disturbance. The species turnover rate (βdiversity) was the stage of heavy-over > light-moderate > moderate-heavy grazing disturbance.
(3) The important value of perennial forbs, perennial rhizome grasses, sedges and legumes all declined, and the important value of perennial bunch grasses, annuals and biennials all ascended with increasing tourism disturbance intensity. The perennial forbs have strong tolerance and buffering ability under tourism disturbance. The perennial bunch grasses, annuals and biennials have strong resiliency and resistance under tourism disturbance, and they can survive in over disturbance intensity habitat. The perennial rhizome grasses, legumes, shrubs and half shrubs are sensitive to tourism disturbance. In the hierarchy of community diversity, the species turnover rate (βdiversity) was the stage of moderate-heavy >heavy-over > light-moderate tourism disturbance. With increasing tourism disturbance intensity, the community dominance index increased, but the coefficient of community structure variation decreased. The coefficients of variation in biomass at the levels of community and plant functional group were all the lowest value under the moderate disturbance intensity, the coefficient of variation at the levels of community was lower than at the levels of plant functional groups. So the community stability has significantly decreased under unreasonable tourism disturbance.
(4) The plant system gradually degraded under unreasonable grazing disturbance. Meanwhile, the soil system, especially surface soil (0-10cm) significantly degraded. In 0-10cm soil layer, soil bulk density was increased and soil water content was decreased with grazing disturbance intensity increasing. And they were significant different from light to heavy grazing disturbance intensity (P<0.05), but no significant different under over grazing disturbance intensity (P>0.05). Soil organic matter, soil hydrolysable N and soil available P were all decreased from light to heavy grazing disturbance intensity in 0-10cm soil layer, but soil available K was increased with grazing disturbance intensity increasing. In over grazing disturbance intensity stage, soil organic matter, soil hydrolysable N and soil available P were increased. The biomass and height of plant community were took on the positive correlations with the distribution of soil organic matter and soil hydrolysable N, and it was only significant different between biomass, height of plant community and soil organic matter (P<0.05). All community properties were took on the negative correlations with the distribution of soil available P and soil available K.
(5) The plant system gradually degraded under unreasonable tourism disturbance. Meanwhile, the soil system, especially surface soil (0-10cm) significantly degraded. With increasing tourism disturbance intensity, the soil water content, soil organic matter, content of available nitrogen correspondingly decreased, however the soil bulk density, soil compaction, availability of potassium and phosphorus enhanced. Correlation analyses showed that there was a close correlation between topsoil physical-chemical properties and plant community characteristics (plant species diversity, coverage, height, biomass and litter biomass) of the meadow community in Kanasi scenic area (the values of R2are0.04～0.56). And this indicated that the disturbance processes of meadow community under tourism activities were virtually a synergistically response processes of soil-plant system.
(6) The impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape pattern of Kanas Scenic Area were little in 13 years, and the whole landscape pattern changed little. The landscape diversity of Kanas Scenic Area kept at high levels. The results indicated the Kanas Scenic Area was effectively protected. But the grassland landscape pattern changed dramatically in the local Kanas Scenic Area. The increasing areas of the build-up land were equivalent to the decreasing areas of midmountain meadow. The periods of landscape pattern changes could divide into two period: 1992-2000 year, 2000-2005 year. In 1992-2000, the driving forces of the landscape pattern changes were mainly from natural factors (climate change, the ecological succession of vegetation landscape, other biological factors, etc.). The influence of anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape pattern was little. In 2000-2005, the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape pattern was increasing gradually, of which grassland landscape (the types of grassland patches are midmountain meadow and shrub grassland) was affected seriously.
(7) The sustainable development degree of an ecosystem is best indicated by comprehensive analysis of the relation among ecological resilience state, bearing state and sustainable carrying capacity state. The evaluation indices system of ecological carrying capacity in Kanas Scenic Area was established using principal components analysis (PCA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). And the concrete evaluation indices of ecological carrying capacity were screened out by analyzing the correlation between the bearing pressure and the supporting force (negative direction and positive direction). The ecological carrying index using the status space method to calculate was 0.0669 in 1992, it was decreased to 0.0485 in 2000 and 0.0046 in 2005. The Sustainable carrying state was sustainable in 1992 and 2000, and it was feebly sustainable in 2005. The sustainable development degree based on the ecological resilience state, bearing state and sustainable carrying capacity state can integrally reflect the ecological carrying capacity of region and serve as scientific basis for the regional sustainable development.
主要研究结果如下:
(1)喀纳斯山地草甸群落随放牧强度的增加,植物群落高度下降,生物量减少,盖度降低,植物群落密度则在一定放牧强度内呈增加趋势;Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数均呈减小趋势,且轻牧与重牧、极牧差异显著(P <0.05)。随着旅游干扰强度的增加,群落物种组成从以对旅游干扰耐性弱的物种为主逐渐发展到以对旅游干扰耐性强的物种为主,群落的重要值有向少数物种集中的趋势;Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均随着干扰强度的增加而呈下降趋势,均匀度指数则在中度干扰下最大。
(2)山地草甸群落中原有的优势功能群是营养丰富、种类繁多的多年生杂类草和多年生根茎禾草,在不合理的放牧干扰下重要值逐渐减小,甚至消失,而那些能适应强放牧干扰的低矮、小型化、营养繁殖能力强的功能群(多年生丛生禾草和一、二年生草本)逐渐在群落中增加,占据优势地位;与之相对应的是,群落功能群丰富度和功能群所含物种数显著下降(P <0.05);群落恢复力稳定性、群落保持结构和功能的能力、群落抵抗力稳定性均呈下降趋势;研究区β多样性的变化次序为:重牧-极牧>轻牧-中牧>中牧-重牧。
(3)随着旅游干扰强度的增加,多年生根茎禾草、莎草、多年生杂类草和豆科牧草重要值均呈下降趋势,多年生丛生禾草和一、二年生草本则呈增大趋势;多年生杂类草功能群对旅游干扰具有较强的冗余缓冲作用;多年生丛生禾草能够耐受较强的干扰,一、二年生草本非常适于在旅游干扰强度极大的生境中生存,这两类生态功能群是生态系统对干扰的有效抵抗者,恢复力较强;灌木和半灌木、多年生根茎禾草和豆科牧草则对旅游干扰敏感。在群落多样性层次,中度-重度阶段物种替代速率最快,重度-极度次之,轻度-中度最慢。群落恢复力稳定性在中度干扰下最高,群落保持结构和功能的能力、群落抵抗力稳定性均随旅游干扰强度的增加而呈下降趋势。
(4)在植被系统受到放牧干扰而逐渐退化的同时,土壤系统生境也发生了恶性变化,表现为土壤容重在0-10cm土层随放牧强度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05),土壤含水量在0-10cm土层随放牧强度的增加而显著下降(P<0.05),但两者在重牧与极牧阶段则无差异(P>0.05)。土壤有机质和碱解氮均随放牧干扰强度的增加而呈下降趋势,以0-10cm土层变化最为明显。在0-10cm土层,土壤有效磷各个处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。土壤速效钾随放牧强度的增加而增加,且极牧阶段显著高于其它放牧干扰阶段(P<0.05)。土壤有机质和碱解氮的分布与植物群落高度和生物量呈正相关,且土壤有机质与植物群落高度和生物量相关性显著(P<0.05),土壤有效磷、速效钾与植物群落特征均表现为负相关关系。
(5)在植被系统受到旅游干扰而逐渐退化的同时,土壤系统生境也发生了恶性变化,表现为随旅游干扰强度的增强,表层土壤(0-10cm)中的土壤含水量显著降低,土壤容重呈上升趋势,土壤紧实度显著增加,碱解氮含量降低,有机质含量也有下降趋势,有效磷、速效钾含量则显著上升。在旅游区草地受到不同旅游干扰的各个阶段,植物多样性、盖度、高度、生物量和凋落物生物量与土壤的主要理化性质之间存在较密切的相关性(R2值为0.04～0.56)。因此,旅游活动对旅游区草甸干扰过程的实质是草甸植被-土壤系统协同响应的过程。
(6)喀纳斯旅游区的景观格局在过去的13a内受人类干扰较小,景观格局总体上变化不大,景观多样性处于较高水平,旅游区在这13a中受到了较好的保护;但从局部看,不断扩大的建设用地导致山地草甸等草地景观面积减小,草地景观格局发生较大变化。旅游区景观格局变化分为两个时期:1992-2000年和2000-2005年。1992-2000年,旅游区景观格局的驱动力主要是自然因素(气候变迁、植被景观的内在演替及其它生物因素等),人类干扰对景观格局的影响还较小;2000-2005年,人类干扰对景观格局的影响力逐渐增大,其中草地(主要是山地草甸、灌丛草地)受到人类干扰的影响最大。
(7)生态系统的可持续发展程度是通过综合分析生态系统生态弹性状态、载荷状态和可持续承载状态三者的情况确定的。利用主成分分析法、层次分析法构建了喀纳斯旅游区评价指标体系,并通过分析生态系统荷载容量压力与支持力(负向与正向)的相互关系筛选出具体的评价指标,利用状态空间法计算出的生态承载指数从1992年的0.0669,下降到2000年的0.0485,2005年的0.0046;旅游区的承载状态从1992、2000年的可持续承载下降到2005年的弱可持续承载。基于生态弹性状态、载荷状态与可持续承载状态建立的可持续发展程度区间的划分,可以从整体上反映区域系统的生态承载力,可为区域生态系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。
The effective conservation of vegetation and plant diversity has become one of the important challenges to rational utilization and scientific development of natural tourism resource in scenic area. And it is also one of the key factors of implementation eco-tourism sustainable development in scenic area. This paper studied the changes of plant diversity composition and structure, habitat, community stability of midmountain meadow community under different anthropogenic disturbance at main scenic spots in Kanas Scenic Area. And it also studied the changes of the structure and pattern of vegetation landscape, the ecological capacity of the whole study area. The purpose of these studies is mainly discussing on the mode, process and ecological consequence of the response of the plant diversity to anthropogenic disturbance at different spatial scale, exploring the response mechanism of grassland plant diversity to anthropogenic disturbance, providing the scientific basis for the protection and rational utilization of grassland system and biodiversity in the eco-tourism area.
The main results were the flowing:
(1) The plant community height, coverage and biomass were all decreased with increasing grazing disturbance intensity, and the plant community density was increased from light to heavy grazing disturbance intensity in Kanas midmountain meadow community. The values of Patrick richness index, Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener index were all decreased with increasing grazing disturbance intensity, and they were significant different at light to heavy and over grazing disturbance intensity (P<0.05). The species composition and their important value were significantly impacted by tourism disturbance. With increasing tourism disturbance intensity, some tourism-sensitive plants had disappeared or their important value decreased, while some tourism-resistant species had expanded their population. And the important value of total community concentrated on several tourism-resistant species. The values of Patrick richness index and Shannon-Wiener index decreased with increasing tourism disturbance intensity, while the higher values of evenness index were found under the moderate disturbance intensity.
(2) The original dominant plant functional groups are perennial forbs and perennial rhizome grasses which have rich species and nutrient. And they were replaced the perennial bunch grasses, annuals and biennials which are low, miniaturized, vegetative reproduction in the meadow community. The important value of perennial forbs, perennial rhizome grasses, sedges and legumes all declined, and the important value of perennial bunch grasses, annuals and biennials all ascended with increasing grazing disturbance intensity. The value of plant functional group richness was the highest under the moderate grazing disturbance. With increasing grazing disturbance intensity, the number of species including perennial forbs, perennial rhizome grasses and legumes all decreased, and the number of species including annuals and biennials increased. With increasing grazing disturbance intensity, the coefficients of variation in biomass at the levels of community and plant functional group increased, the coefficient of variation at the levels of community was lower than at the levels of plant functional group, and the community dominance index too increased, but the coefficient of community structure variation decreased. So the community stability has significantly decreased under unreasonable grazing disturbance. The species turnover rate (βdiversity) was the stage of heavy-over > light-moderate > moderate-heavy grazing disturbance.
(3) The important value of perennial forbs, perennial rhizome grasses, sedges and legumes all declined, and the important value of perennial bunch grasses, annuals and biennials all ascended with increasing tourism disturbance intensity. The perennial forbs have strong tolerance and buffering ability under tourism disturbance. The perennial bunch grasses, annuals and biennials have strong resiliency and resistance under tourism disturbance, and they can survive in over disturbance intensity habitat. The perennial rhizome grasses, legumes, shrubs and half shrubs are sensitive to tourism disturbance. In the hierarchy of community diversity, the species turnover rate (βdiversity) was the stage of moderate-heavy >heavy-over > light-moderate tourism disturbance. With increasing tourism disturbance intensity, the community dominance index increased, but the coefficient of community structure variation decreased. The coefficients of variation in biomass at the levels of community and plant functional group were all the lowest value under the moderate disturbance intensity, the coefficient of variation at the levels of community was lower than at the levels of plant functional groups. So the community stability has significantly decreased under unreasonable tourism disturbance.
(4) The plant system gradually degraded under unreasonable grazing disturbance. Meanwhile, the soil system, especially surface soil (0-10cm) significantly degraded. In 0-10cm soil layer, soil bulk density was increased and soil water content was decreased with grazing disturbance intensity increasing. And they were significant different from light to heavy grazing disturbance intensity (P<0.05), but no significant different under over grazing disturbance intensity (P>0.05). Soil organic matter, soil hydrolysable N and soil available P were all decreased from light to heavy grazing disturbance intensity in 0-10cm soil layer, but soil available K was increased with grazing disturbance intensity increasing. In over grazing disturbance intensity stage, soil organic matter, soil hydrolysable N and soil available P were increased. The biomass and height of plant community were took on the positive correlations with the distribution of soil organic matter and soil hydrolysable N, and it was only significant different between biomass, height of plant community and soil organic matter (P<0.05). All community properties were took on the negative correlations with the distribution of soil available P and soil available K.
(5) The plant system gradually degraded under unreasonable tourism disturbance. Meanwhile, the soil system, especially surface soil (0-10cm) significantly degraded. With increasing tourism disturbance intensity, the soil water content, soil organic matter, content of available nitrogen correspondingly decreased, however the soil bulk density, soil compaction, availability of potassium and phosphorus enhanced. Correlation analyses showed that there was a close correlation between topsoil physical-chemical properties and plant community characteristics (plant species diversity, coverage, height, biomass and litter biomass) of the meadow community in Kanasi scenic area (the values of R2are0.04～0.56). And this indicated that the disturbance processes of meadow community under tourism activities were virtually a synergistically response processes of soil-plant system.
(6) The impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape pattern of Kanas Scenic Area were little in 13 years, and the whole landscape pattern changed little. The landscape diversity of Kanas Scenic Area kept at high levels. The results indicated the Kanas Scenic Area was effectively protected. But the grassland landscape pattern changed dramatically in the local Kanas Scenic Area. The increasing areas of the build-up land were equivalent to the decreasing areas of midmountain meadow. The periods of landscape pattern changes could divide into two period: 1992-2000 year, 2000-2005 year. In 1992-2000, the driving forces of the landscape pattern changes were mainly from natural factors (climate change, the ecological succession of vegetation landscape, other biological factors, etc.). The influence of anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape pattern was little. In 2000-2005, the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape pattern was increasing gradually, of which grassland landscape (the types of grassland patches are midmountain meadow and shrub grassland) was affected seriously.
(7) The sustainable development degree of an ecosystem is best indicated by comprehensive analysis of the relation among ecological resilience state, bearing state and sustainable carrying capacity state. The evaluation indices system of ecological carrying capacity in Kanas Scenic Area was established using principal components analysis (PCA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). And the concrete evaluation indices of ecological carrying capacity were screened out by analyzing the correlation between the bearing pressure and the supporting force (negative direction and positive direction). The ecological carrying index using the status space method to calculate was 0.0669 in 1992, it was decreased to 0.0485 in 2000 and 0.0046 in 2005. The Sustainable carrying state was sustainable in 1992 and 2000, and it was feebly sustainable in 2005. The sustainable development degree based on the ecological resilience state, bearing state and sustainable carrying capacity state can integrally reflect the ecological carrying capacity of region and serve as scientific basis for the regional sustainable development.
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