无线传感器网络的资源异构及能效管理研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络是由大量微型传感器节点构成的多跳自组织网络系统，可以将信息世界与真实世界融合，在流域监测、军事侦察、工业控制等许多领域有着广阔的应用前景。随着无线传感器网络应用领域的日益拓展，网络规模的不断扩大，无线传感器网络的资源受限特别是能量受限问题已经成为研究的关键，节能受到了广泛的关注。异构传感器网络是由在电源能量、感知能力、通信能力、计算能力和存储能力等方面不同的传感器节点构成的网络，其中能量异构特征在实际应用的无线传感器网络中普遍存在。本文重点研究了无线传感器网络的复杂网络特性、异构传感器网络的构建与能量效率、传感器网络的成簇算法以及分配型MAC协议的时隙调度策略等内容。
首先阐述复杂网络的几种基本拓扑模型及其相互不同的统计特征，并设计开发了复杂网络拓扑生成器。传感器网络的节点数多，节点彼此之间存在着紧密的交互影响作用，因而具有复杂网络特征。本文分析综合无线传感器网络的拓扑特性及其复杂网络特征，旨在为部署能量异构节点构建具有小世界效应的异构无线传感器网络，从而提高传感器网络的能量效率提供理论依据。
从复杂网络的视角研究部署能量异构节点和超级链路对无线传感器网络小世界特征和能量效率的影响。根据网络的偏好连接特性，合理配置少量的能量异构节点承担无线传感器网络的数据中继，可以最大限度地减少传感器节点的能量消耗，延长传感器网络的寿命。本文以网络的平均路径长度最小为优化目标，利用遗传算法研究在传感器网络中部署能量异构节点的优化求解问题。仿真结果表明，能量异构节点的引入和优化部署能够显著改善网络性能并提高了网络的能量效率。
针对实际流域监测存在区域范围广、地势复杂的特点，提出在节点密集位置适当部署能量可以补充的异构节点，引入超级链路以建立三层结构的多级能量异构传感器网络的构建方案。本文阐述了基于节点相关度并结合地理位置和剩余能量信息的无线传感器网络成簇算法，并且考虑到网络成本和无线覆盖范围，研究了优化计算分簇数和确定异构节点位置与数目的方法。
由于无线传感器网络的节点能量主要消耗在数据无线通信，为了减少目前根据剩余能量成簇的分布式算法存在簇内的能量信息交换频繁和实施竞选簇头的时机受人为因素影响大的问题，提出了基于节点能量评估的成簇算法。本文建立能量评估函数来表示节点的竞争簇头能力，在每轮的成簇阶段节点自主决定向簇头发送能量信息和竞争簇头能力参数的时机，簇头管理候选簇头集并确定实施重新竞选簇头工作的时机，以避免过早竞选簇头而消耗能量。
针对传统分配型MAC协议存在一般为各子信道分配等长时隙的问题，在分配型AMAC协议和EATA算法基础上，提出了一种能量有效的自适应时隙调度策略。通过对簇内节点的上轮剩余负载和新产生负载加权求和，动态调度各节点占用的时隙长度，给出了时隙大小和权值的计算方法。本文阐述了时隙调度策略中时隙大小划分、时隙更新频率和时隙分配顺序，从导致能量浪费的节点串音、空闲侦听和算法复杂度等因素分析时隙调度策略的能量效率。
最后对全文进行总结，并指出今后需要进一步研究的工作。
A wireless sensor network (WSN), consisting of a large number of tiny sensor nodes, is a multi-hop self-organizing network system. As it can fuse the information world with the real world, WSN has a wide spectrum of promising applications in many fields, such as valley monitoring, military reconnaissance and industrial control. With the increasing expanding into other potential application prospects, the network size of WSN is growing, and the issue of resources especially energy in WSN receive increasing attention, many theoretical and technical problems remain open. Heterogeneous sensor network is composed of many wireless sensor nodes which are different in power energy, perception ability, communication ability, computing ability and storage ability. Energy heterogeneity is very common in practical applications of wireless sensor networks. This thesis focuses on the research of complex network characteristics in WSN, energy efficiency and network construction of heterogeneous sensor network, clustering algorithm for WSN and time-slot scheduling for MAC protocol of WSN.
Firstly, a topology generator is designed based on the analysis of several basic topology models and various statistical characteristics of the complex network. As WSN has a large number of sensor nodes which exists close interaction with each other, there are some characteristics of complex network in WSN. This thesis analyzes the topology characteristics of WSN and its characteristics of complex network in order to provide a theory basis to improve the energy efficiency of WSN by constructing a heterogeneous sensor network with small-world characteristics.
As the view of complex network, it has influence on WSN in terms of the small-world characteristics and energy efficiency deploying heterogeneous nodes and super links. For the sake of furthest mitigating the energy consumption of sensor nodes and prolonging the network life simultaneously, minor nodes with heterogeneous power capabilities would be deployed appropriately to undertake data relaying in WSN according to the preferential attachment. Accordingly, an optimal scheme of deploying heterogeneous nodes is presented by using genetic algorithm in order to minimize the average path length of WSN. The simulation results show that the performance of network has evidently improved and the energy efficiency has also increased through optimized deployment of heterogeneous nodes.
Aiming at resolving the issue of complex terrain and wide region in actual valley monitoring, a strategy suitable for node-intensive environment is proposed to deploy proper heterogeneous nodes whose energy could be supplemented and construct a three-layer-structured multilevel energy heterogeneous sensor networks. The clustering algorithm of WSN based on correlation, geographical information and residual energy is described. Considering the network cost and wireless coverage, the thesis gives a solution to calculate the number of clusters and decide how many or where heterogeneous nodes should be deployed in WSN.
As sensor nodes mainly consume their energy in data wireless communication, a clustering algorithm is proposed based on node energy evaluating (NEE) in order to resolve the problem of the existing distributed clustering algorithm based on residual energy, which usually influenced by man-made factors when run for cluster head, and other reasons such as energy information exchange frequently. NEE algorithm gives an energy evaluation function for sensor nodes to denote the ability parameter of competition for cluster head. At clustering stage, every node decides when it send information including energy and ability parameter to cluster head, and the cluster head manages the set of candidate heads, decides when the new cluster head would be selected for the reason of avoiding energy consumption in premature selection.
There exists a problem with the traditional multi-channel MAC protocol which assigns equal-length timeslots to each channel. Therefore an energy-efficient adaptive time-slot scheduling strategy is proposed on the basis of analyzing AMAC and EATA. The weight-load adaptive MAC (WAMAC) can variably adjust a corresponding time-slot length for every node according to its weight-load that weighting the new load and the residual load. Simultaneously, WAMAC gives an approach to calculate time-slot length and weight. This thesis also elaborates the time-slot assignment, time-slot renewal and time-slot order. After that, the energy efficiency of WAMAC is also analyzed from the aspects of node overhearing, idle listening and algorithm complexity.
The last part is the conclusion, which as well suggests the further research that should be done in the future.
首先阐述复杂网络的几种基本拓扑模型及其相互不同的统计特征，并设计开发了复杂网络拓扑生成器。传感器网络的节点数多，节点彼此之间存在着紧密的交互影响作用，因而具有复杂网络特征。本文分析综合无线传感器网络的拓扑特性及其复杂网络特征，旨在为部署能量异构节点构建具有小世界效应的异构无线传感器网络，从而提高传感器网络的能量效率提供理论依据。
从复杂网络的视角研究部署能量异构节点和超级链路对无线传感器网络小世界特征和能量效率的影响。根据网络的偏好连接特性，合理配置少量的能量异构节点承担无线传感器网络的数据中继，可以最大限度地减少传感器节点的能量消耗，延长传感器网络的寿命。本文以网络的平均路径长度最小为优化目标，利用遗传算法研究在传感器网络中部署能量异构节点的优化求解问题。仿真结果表明，能量异构节点的引入和优化部署能够显著改善网络性能并提高了网络的能量效率。
针对实际流域监测存在区域范围广、地势复杂的特点，提出在节点密集位置适当部署能量可以补充的异构节点，引入超级链路以建立三层结构的多级能量异构传感器网络的构建方案。本文阐述了基于节点相关度并结合地理位置和剩余能量信息的无线传感器网络成簇算法，并且考虑到网络成本和无线覆盖范围，研究了优化计算分簇数和确定异构节点位置与数目的方法。
由于无线传感器网络的节点能量主要消耗在数据无线通信，为了减少目前根据剩余能量成簇的分布式算法存在簇内的能量信息交换频繁和实施竞选簇头的时机受人为因素影响大的问题，提出了基于节点能量评估的成簇算法。本文建立能量评估函数来表示节点的竞争簇头能力，在每轮的成簇阶段节点自主决定向簇头发送能量信息和竞争簇头能力参数的时机，簇头管理候选簇头集并确定实施重新竞选簇头工作的时机，以避免过早竞选簇头而消耗能量。
针对传统分配型MAC协议存在一般为各子信道分配等长时隙的问题，在分配型AMAC协议和EATA算法基础上，提出了一种能量有效的自适应时隙调度策略。通过对簇内节点的上轮剩余负载和新产生负载加权求和，动态调度各节点占用的时隙长度，给出了时隙大小和权值的计算方法。本文阐述了时隙调度策略中时隙大小划分、时隙更新频率和时隙分配顺序，从导致能量浪费的节点串音、空闲侦听和算法复杂度等因素分析时隙调度策略的能量效率。
最后对全文进行总结，并指出今后需要进一步研究的工作。
A wireless sensor network (WSN), consisting of a large number of tiny sensor nodes, is a multi-hop self-organizing network system. As it can fuse the information world with the real world, WSN has a wide spectrum of promising applications in many fields, such as valley monitoring, military reconnaissance and industrial control. With the increasing expanding into other potential application prospects, the network size of WSN is growing, and the issue of resources especially energy in WSN receive increasing attention, many theoretical and technical problems remain open. Heterogeneous sensor network is composed of many wireless sensor nodes which are different in power energy, perception ability, communication ability, computing ability and storage ability. Energy heterogeneity is very common in practical applications of wireless sensor networks. This thesis focuses on the research of complex network characteristics in WSN, energy efficiency and network construction of heterogeneous sensor network, clustering algorithm for WSN and time-slot scheduling for MAC protocol of WSN.
Firstly, a topology generator is designed based on the analysis of several basic topology models and various statistical characteristics of the complex network. As WSN has a large number of sensor nodes which exists close interaction with each other, there are some characteristics of complex network in WSN. This thesis analyzes the topology characteristics of WSN and its characteristics of complex network in order to provide a theory basis to improve the energy efficiency of WSN by constructing a heterogeneous sensor network with small-world characteristics.
As the view of complex network, it has influence on WSN in terms of the small-world characteristics and energy efficiency deploying heterogeneous nodes and super links. For the sake of furthest mitigating the energy consumption of sensor nodes and prolonging the network life simultaneously, minor nodes with heterogeneous power capabilities would be deployed appropriately to undertake data relaying in WSN according to the preferential attachment. Accordingly, an optimal scheme of deploying heterogeneous nodes is presented by using genetic algorithm in order to minimize the average path length of WSN. The simulation results show that the performance of network has evidently improved and the energy efficiency has also increased through optimized deployment of heterogeneous nodes.
Aiming at resolving the issue of complex terrain and wide region in actual valley monitoring, a strategy suitable for node-intensive environment is proposed to deploy proper heterogeneous nodes whose energy could be supplemented and construct a three-layer-structured multilevel energy heterogeneous sensor networks. The clustering algorithm of WSN based on correlation, geographical information and residual energy is described. Considering the network cost and wireless coverage, the thesis gives a solution to calculate the number of clusters and decide how many or where heterogeneous nodes should be deployed in WSN.
As sensor nodes mainly consume their energy in data wireless communication, a clustering algorithm is proposed based on node energy evaluating (NEE) in order to resolve the problem of the existing distributed clustering algorithm based on residual energy, which usually influenced by man-made factors when run for cluster head, and other reasons such as energy information exchange frequently. NEE algorithm gives an energy evaluation function for sensor nodes to denote the ability parameter of competition for cluster head. At clustering stage, every node decides when it send information including energy and ability parameter to cluster head, and the cluster head manages the set of candidate heads, decides when the new cluster head would be selected for the reason of avoiding energy consumption in premature selection.
There exists a problem with the traditional multi-channel MAC protocol which assigns equal-length timeslots to each channel. Therefore an energy-efficient adaptive time-slot scheduling strategy is proposed on the basis of analyzing AMAC and EATA. The weight-load adaptive MAC (WAMAC) can variably adjust a corresponding time-slot length for every node according to its weight-load that weighting the new load and the residual load. Simultaneously, WAMAC gives an approach to calculate time-slot length and weight. This thesis also elaborates the time-slot assignment, time-slot renewal and time-slot order. After that, the energy efficiency of WAMAC is also analyzed from the aspects of node overhearing, idle listening and algorithm complexity.
The last part is the conclusion, which as well suggests the further research that should be done in the future.
引文
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