主观幸福感的经济学理论与实证研究
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摘要
主观幸福感(SWB)的研究是一个涉及伦理学、心理学、社会学等的跨学科领域。本文主要是从经济学的角度对SWB进行的研究，融合了心理学和行为科学的相关成果。以认知评价为主线，界定了影响幸福感的两大不同领域：显性领域和隐性领域，对主观幸福感(SWB)的理论分析框架进行了探索，用问卷调查获得的中国居民幸福感的第一手数据对本文的立论前提和主要理论结论进行了检验，也对中国人的SWB的生成机制和影响因素进行了深入剖析。
本文将效用从经济学的“理性宫殿”拉回到真实的现实面前，结合人的神经心理活动机制，对SWB生成的神经心理过程进行了深刻的剖析，证明SWB是比效用更科学更逼近人的真实行为选择的主观体验概念，经济学的效用理论应该从幸福的角度进行必要的拓展和修正。
幸福研究对经济学产生重要影响的理论成果是“收入-幸福悖论”的发现，这一成果的公布引发了经济学幸福研究的兴趣，许多知名经济学家都对此倾注了心力。“幸福悖论”对经济学的深刻影响，使其成为经济学幸福研究无法绕过的内容，本文对“幸福悖论”的研究，是从博弈论的角度进行的，将“囚徒困境”博弈引入到人们对显性收入的攀比竞争的行为分析之中，较好地揭示了“幸福悖论”产生的内在机理。
本文的最大特点是将人的神经心理活动规律纳入到SWB的经济理论分析之中，打破了经济学理性假设的铁律，力图沟通经济学、心理学与行为科学之间的联系，比较准确地刻画人们生活世界的真实情况。全篇以人的认知心理规律为主线，提取出幸福和效用分离的三大认知原因，把影响SWB的全部因子分为显性因子和隐性因子两大类，形成了本文的两分法研究思路。
论文的最大创新在于以认知心理为基础导出了引致需求、饱和需求、纯粹需求等新概念，从需求的角度建立了边际幸福函数，这是本文找到的经济学幸福研究的理论突破口，是SWB经济理论体系建立的基础。运用边际幸福函数和边际效用函数的交叉图找到了现实生活中存在的却无法被人们清醒认识到的福祉损失(幸福损失)，进一步运用认知偏误幸福函数(Cognitive Bias Happiness Function，CBHF)对人们的认知心理偏差所带来的福祉损失进行了理论分析和实例验证。
在实证部分，历时半年，对全国31个省市自治区的居民的幸福感状况进行了实地的问卷调查，获取了本文幸福研究的第一手数据，运用SPSS计量软件对数据进行了有序Logistic回归分析，本文理论部分的主要命题结论均获得了较好的验证。
总之，本文以认知评价为主线，对幸福经济理论从概念体系到理论框架进行了构建。从中得到的主要结论有：幸福损失的发生主要是认知心理主导下的引致需求造成的。在SWB中，隐性因子的贡献要大于显性因子。在认知幸福感(CBH)中，显性因子的作用要大于隐性因子。这些结论都得到了实证的有效检验。
Subjective Well-Being (SWB) is an interdisciplinary field involving ethics,psychology, sociology and so on. The paper studies SWB under the view ofeconomics, combining with the latest related findings from psychology and behaviorscience. By the main line with the cognitive evaluation, it defines two domains thataffect happiness differently which are conspicuous life-domains and inconspicuouslife-domains, explores the theoretical framework of SWB, develops an empiricalanalysis to test the premise hypotheses and main theoretical propositions using datafrom a large questionnaire survey in China, and also further analyzes the operativemechanism and the influencing factors of SWB for Chinese residents.
Drawing utility back to reality from "the palace of rationality" of economics, thepaper explores the neural process of SWB profoundly, and demonstrates that SWB ismore scientific and more accurate for the behavior choice of human in real life thanutility, so it is necessary to develop some expansions and modifications of theeconomic utility theory under the view of happiness.
As a significant theoretical discovery, "happiness paradox" exerted a greatinfluence on economics and evoked strong interest of economists. And a lot of famouseconomists threw great efforts into this new area. Because of the great influence of the"happiness paradox" on economics, it should not ignore this paradox in the economichappiness studies. This paper analyzes "happiness paradox" with the game theory,applying the "Prisoner Dilemma" game model to the behavior analysis of comparingcompetition in conspicuous consumption, which preferably reveals the innermechanism of "happiness paradox".
The Most prominent feature in this study is that it assesses welfare by combiningeconomists' and psychologists' techniques, and brings neural psychological laws intothe economic analysis of SWB. It breaks down the undoubted rule of rationalhypothesis in economics, and tries to establish the links among economics,psychology and behavior science, which could describes the real human behaviormore accurately. Setting the psychological law of human beings' cognition as themain line, it depicts three cognitive reasons of the discrepancies between happinessand utility, and divides all factors that affect SWB into conspicuous ones andinconspicuous ones, which lays the foundation for the dichotomy research approachof this paper.
The biggest innovation of the paper is that the new demand concepts such as"induced demand", "saturated demand" and "pure demand", are introduced from theconsumers' cognitive psychology, and a marginal happiness function is established onthese concepts, which could be seen as the breakthrough in the economic study ofhappiness, and establishes the basis of SWB economic theory. Using the cross graphof marginal happiness function and marginal utility function, it finds out the happinessloss that can not be realized clearly by most people, but do exist universally in society.Furthermore, the Cognitive Bias Happiness Function (CBHF) is developed to make atheoretical and empirical analysis of the well-being loss caused by the cognitivepsychology biases.
In the empirical section, it has made a random sample survey in Chineseresidents to collect the first-hand data for the happiness research. The survey covers31 provinces or autonomous regions and costs nearly half a year. And the logisticregression analysis is executed to the survey data with Spss software effectively. Theempirical results support the propositions of the theoretical study quite well.
In conclusion, this paper focuses on cognitive evaluation of SWB withineconomic framework. The mains results are summaried as follows. The happiness lossare caused mostly by induced demand. Conspicuous factors have greater influence onSWB than inconspicuous factors, while inconspicuous factors have greater influenceon CBH than conspicuous factors. These results are supported by empirical researcheffectively.
本文将效用从经济学的“理性宫殿”拉回到真实的现实面前，结合人的神经心理活动机制，对SWB生成的神经心理过程进行了深刻的剖析，证明SWB是比效用更科学更逼近人的真实行为选择的主观体验概念，经济学的效用理论应该从幸福的角度进行必要的拓展和修正。
幸福研究对经济学产生重要影响的理论成果是“收入-幸福悖论”的发现，这一成果的公布引发了经济学幸福研究的兴趣，许多知名经济学家都对此倾注了心力。“幸福悖论”对经济学的深刻影响，使其成为经济学幸福研究无法绕过的内容，本文对“幸福悖论”的研究，是从博弈论的角度进行的，将“囚徒困境”博弈引入到人们对显性收入的攀比竞争的行为分析之中，较好地揭示了“幸福悖论”产生的内在机理。
本文的最大特点是将人的神经心理活动规律纳入到SWB的经济理论分析之中，打破了经济学理性假设的铁律，力图沟通经济学、心理学与行为科学之间的联系，比较准确地刻画人们生活世界的真实情况。全篇以人的认知心理规律为主线，提取出幸福和效用分离的三大认知原因，把影响SWB的全部因子分为显性因子和隐性因子两大类，形成了本文的两分法研究思路。
论文的最大创新在于以认知心理为基础导出了引致需求、饱和需求、纯粹需求等新概念，从需求的角度建立了边际幸福函数，这是本文找到的经济学幸福研究的理论突破口，是SWB经济理论体系建立的基础。运用边际幸福函数和边际效用函数的交叉图找到了现实生活中存在的却无法被人们清醒认识到的福祉损失(幸福损失)，进一步运用认知偏误幸福函数(Cognitive Bias Happiness Function，CBHF)对人们的认知心理偏差所带来的福祉损失进行了理论分析和实例验证。
在实证部分，历时半年，对全国31个省市自治区的居民的幸福感状况进行了实地的问卷调查，获取了本文幸福研究的第一手数据，运用SPSS计量软件对数据进行了有序Logistic回归分析，本文理论部分的主要命题结论均获得了较好的验证。
总之，本文以认知评价为主线，对幸福经济理论从概念体系到理论框架进行了构建。从中得到的主要结论有：幸福损失的发生主要是认知心理主导下的引致需求造成的。在SWB中，隐性因子的贡献要大于显性因子。在认知幸福感(CBH)中，显性因子的作用要大于隐性因子。这些结论都得到了实证的有效检验。
Subjective Well-Being (SWB) is an interdisciplinary field involving ethics,psychology, sociology and so on. The paper studies SWB under the view ofeconomics, combining with the latest related findings from psychology and behaviorscience. By the main line with the cognitive evaluation, it defines two domains thataffect happiness differently which are conspicuous life-domains and inconspicuouslife-domains, explores the theoretical framework of SWB, develops an empiricalanalysis to test the premise hypotheses and main theoretical propositions using datafrom a large questionnaire survey in China, and also further analyzes the operativemechanism and the influencing factors of SWB for Chinese residents.
Drawing utility back to reality from "the palace of rationality" of economics, thepaper explores the neural process of SWB profoundly, and demonstrates that SWB ismore scientific and more accurate for the behavior choice of human in real life thanutility, so it is necessary to develop some expansions and modifications of theeconomic utility theory under the view of happiness.
As a significant theoretical discovery, "happiness paradox" exerted a greatinfluence on economics and evoked strong interest of economists. And a lot of famouseconomists threw great efforts into this new area. Because of the great influence of the"happiness paradox" on economics, it should not ignore this paradox in the economichappiness studies. This paper analyzes "happiness paradox" with the game theory,applying the "Prisoner Dilemma" game model to the behavior analysis of comparingcompetition in conspicuous consumption, which preferably reveals the innermechanism of "happiness paradox".
The Most prominent feature in this study is that it assesses welfare by combiningeconomists' and psychologists' techniques, and brings neural psychological laws intothe economic analysis of SWB. It breaks down the undoubted rule of rationalhypothesis in economics, and tries to establish the links among economics,psychology and behavior science, which could describes the real human behaviormore accurately. Setting the psychological law of human beings' cognition as themain line, it depicts three cognitive reasons of the discrepancies between happinessand utility, and divides all factors that affect SWB into conspicuous ones andinconspicuous ones, which lays the foundation for the dichotomy research approachof this paper.
The biggest innovation of the paper is that the new demand concepts such as"induced demand", "saturated demand" and "pure demand", are introduced from theconsumers' cognitive psychology, and a marginal happiness function is established onthese concepts, which could be seen as the breakthrough in the economic study ofhappiness, and establishes the basis of SWB economic theory. Using the cross graphof marginal happiness function and marginal utility function, it finds out the happinessloss that can not be realized clearly by most people, but do exist universally in society.Furthermore, the Cognitive Bias Happiness Function (CBHF) is developed to make atheoretical and empirical analysis of the well-being loss caused by the cognitivepsychology biases.
In the empirical section, it has made a random sample survey in Chineseresidents to collect the first-hand data for the happiness research. The survey covers31 provinces or autonomous regions and costs nearly half a year. And the logisticregression analysis is executed to the survey data with Spss software effectively. Theempirical results support the propositions of the theoretical study quite well.
In conclusion, this paper focuses on cognitive evaluation of SWB withineconomic framework. The mains results are summaried as follows. The happiness lossare caused mostly by induced demand. Conspicuous factors have greater influence onSWB than inconspicuous factors, while inconspicuous factors have greater influenceon CBH than conspicuous factors. These results are supported by empirical researcheffectively.
引文
1 杰文斯：《政治经济学理论》，商务印书馆1984年版，第2页。
2 杰文斯：《政治经济学理论》，商务印书馆1984年版，第37页。
3 马歇尔：《经济学原理》上卷，商务印书馆1981年版，第34页。
4 马歇尔：《经济学原理》上卷，商务印书馆1981年版，第11页。
5 Sen, A. On Ethics & Economics, Blackwell Published Ltd, 1999,Ⅰ.1-11.
6 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, London, William Henemann Lid, 1982, Ⅰ. 1096b10-15. (苗力田译, pp.8)。
7 同上，1095a10-15．
8 同上，1101b5-10．
9 同上，1099b25-30．
10 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, London, William Henemann Ltd, 1982, Ⅰ. 1104b5-15.
11 同上，1105a1-5．
12 同上，1105a5-15．
13 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals an Legislation, Methuen & Co. Ltd 1982, Ⅰ. 11. (时殷弘译, pp. 57)。
14 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals an Legislation, Methuen & Co. Ltd 1982, Ⅰ. 11.
15 苗力田：《古希腊哲学》，中国人民大学出版社1989年版，第299页。
16 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals an Legislation, Methuen & Co. Ltd 1982，Ⅳ．39．(时殷弘译，pp．87-88)。
17 同上，39-40．
18 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals an Legislation, Methuen & Co. Ltd 1982,Ⅰ.12.
19 杰文斯：《政治经济学理论》，商务印书馆1984年版，第2页。
20 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, London, William Henemann Ltd, 1982, Ⅰ. 1105a10-11.
21 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, London, William Henemann Ltd, 1982, Ⅰ. 1153b1-27.
22 详细定义可以参考Veenhoven(1984)，pp．22-28．
2 Kahneman, D. (1999), 'Objective happiness', in D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwartz (eds), Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (Russel Sage, New York), pp. 3.
3 Jevons, W. S. The Theory of Political Economy, London: Macmillan & Co, 1871/1888, Ⅰ. 17.
4 指一组没有计量单位，但有方向(正负)并可连续比较大小或强弱的数列(叶航、肖文，2002)。
1 孟昭兰：《情绪心理学》，北京大学出版社2005年版，第55页。
2 张卫东：《生理心理学》，上海社会科学出版社2007年版，第244页。
1 汪丁丁：《经济学思想史讲义》，上海人民出版社2008年版，第241页。
2 注意这里的效用是古典经济学时期所研究的人的感受满足的效用概念，是从经济学的传统渊源角度进行的对比研究，应与前面第三章第五节中出现的与幸福相分离的，代表偏好指数关系的现代效用概念相区分。
7 该部分参考了特维尔斯基和卡尼曼(Tversky & Kahneman，1992)。
1 陈戍国：《尚书校注》，长沙岳麓书社2004年版，第112页。
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2 杰文斯：《政治经济学理论》，商务印书馆1984年版，第37页。
3 马歇尔：《经济学原理》上卷，商务印书馆1981年版，第34页。
4 马歇尔：《经济学原理》上卷，商务印书馆1981年版，第11页。
5 Sen, A. On Ethics & Economics, Blackwell Published Ltd, 1999,Ⅰ.1-11.
6 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, London, William Henemann Lid, 1982, Ⅰ. 1096b10-15. (苗力田译, pp.8)。
7 同上，1095a10-15．
8 同上，1101b5-10．
9 同上，1099b25-30．
10 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, London, William Henemann Ltd, 1982, Ⅰ. 1104b5-15.
11 同上，1105a1-5．
12 同上，1105a5-15．
13 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals an Legislation, Methuen & Co. Ltd 1982, Ⅰ. 11. (时殷弘译, pp. 57)。
14 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals an Legislation, Methuen & Co. Ltd 1982, Ⅰ. 11.
15 苗力田：《古希腊哲学》，中国人民大学出版社1989年版，第299页。
16 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals an Legislation, Methuen & Co. Ltd 1982，Ⅳ．39．(时殷弘译，pp．87-88)。
17 同上，39-40．
18 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principle of Morals an Legislation, Methuen & Co. Ltd 1982,Ⅰ.12.
19 杰文斯：《政治经济学理论》，商务印书馆1984年版，第2页。
20 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, London, William Henemann Ltd, 1982, Ⅰ. 1105a10-11.
21 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, London, William Henemann Ltd, 1982, Ⅰ. 1153b1-27.
22 详细定义可以参考Veenhoven(1984)，pp．22-28．
2 Kahneman, D. (1999), 'Objective happiness', in D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwartz (eds), Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (Russel Sage, New York), pp. 3.
3 Jevons, W. S. The Theory of Political Economy, London: Macmillan & Co, 1871/1888, Ⅰ. 17.
4 指一组没有计量单位，但有方向(正负)并可连续比较大小或强弱的数列(叶航、肖文，2002)。
1 孟昭兰：《情绪心理学》，北京大学出版社2005年版，第55页。
2 张卫东：《生理心理学》，上海社会科学出版社2007年版，第244页。
1 汪丁丁：《经济学思想史讲义》，上海人民出版社2008年版，第241页。
2 注意这里的效用是古典经济学时期所研究的人的感受满足的效用概念，是从经济学的传统渊源角度进行的对比研究，应与前面第三章第五节中出现的与幸福相分离的，代表偏好指数关系的现代效用概念相区分。
7 该部分参考了特维尔斯基和卡尼曼(Tversky & Kahneman，1992)。
1 陈戍国：《尚书校注》，长沙岳麓书社2004年版，第112页。
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