鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘镇泾地区中生界隐蔽油气藏勘探
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摘要
由于我国改革开放以来经济的高速发展,对石油和天然气的需求日益增高,到2008年,我国已成为国际上第二大石油进口国,油气供需矛盾日益突出,牵涉到国家的能源安全。目前,我国油气勘探逐渐从常规油气藏转向隐蔽油气藏。随着隐蔽油气藏勘探程度的不断深入,形成了一系列的隐蔽油气藏勘探理论与技术,如“坡折带控油论”、“复式油气聚集论”、“相势耦合控藏”等。在实践中也取得了令人瞩目的成果,但到目前为止,国内外对隐蔽油气藏的宏观分布规律还没有完全掌握,勘探成功率还不高,远不能满足目前的勘探开发。
论文以鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘镇泾地区中生界延长组和延安组为研究对象,通过野外露头、钻井资料、录井资料、测井资料及分析化验资料,进行层序界面的识别与划分。在此基础上,建立了镇泾地区中生界的层序地层格架,在层序地层格架内,建立沉积微相、砂岩、油层的数据库。通过取心段详细研究,分析研究区中生界的沉积相类型、组合及其演化,在层序地层格架内,建立相的空间配置。通过岩石学特征、成岩作用、储集层的物性、孔隙类型及孔隙结构对储层特征进行研究,以储层特征研究为核心,进行三线,三面研究,研究其对油藏的控制作用,结合试油试采资料,归纳总结研究区中生界的油藏类型及油气富集规律,为国内隐蔽油气藏的勘探提供新的理论观点和技术方法。其创新点主要表现在以下3个方面:
1.基于层序地层分析的古地貌恢复
前侏罗纪古地貌不仅仅影响着延安组早期的沉积格局,而且控制了延安组的圈闭形态。因此,古地貌的刻画是延安组隐蔽油气藏勘探的一项重要工作,与其它古地貌恢复方法相比,基于层序地层分析的古地貌恢复强调了“最大湖泛面”的概念。利用层序地层学的原理及方法,能够准确识别不整合面,特别是不整合面上下岩性变化不明显的区域。通过古地貌的恢复,结果表明研究区延安组地层自东向西,自南自北超覆,镇原地区不存在延10段沉积,局部地区甚至缺失延9段地层。与此相对的是镇原地区延长组出露地层为长3,向南、向东依次过渡为长4+5、长6,庆西古河道及川口地区出露地层为长6,这一成果改变了前人对该地区的地层认识。
2.建立了研究区碎屑岩古风化壳模式
研究区延长组风化壳在川口地区的长6地层中最为典型,风化壳包括两层结构,毗邻不整合面的水解带和之下的淋滤带。水解带在该区域厚度稳定、分布较广,主要为一套泥岩沉积,在钻井上表现为钻速加快,测井上表现为井径扩大、声波跳跃和低电阻率。淋滤带主要为一套砂岩沉积,岩性疏松,次生孔隙极为发育,储层物性好,在测井上表现为井径不规则,声波跳跃,薄片下见大量的蚀变高岭石和伊利石,与同层位的其它砂体相对,长石含量很低。微量元素分析表明,淋滤带砂岩贫K,Na,Ca,Mg,富Al,Si,Fe,风化指数小,风化壳的厚度在0～60m之间。
3.形成了研究区三个主要目的层的勘探思路
对于烃源岩之下的长8油藏,勘探的重点为甜点储层。通过层序和沉积相研究,确定目的层为MSC7层序上升半旋回中期的坝顶席状砂。研究表明张家滩页岩薄的区域对应弱的方解石胶结和甜点储层,所以湖盆底形相对高的区域为甜点储层发育区,一旦有所突破,考虑主河道走向和裂缝发育方向,可沿基底断裂60°方向进行勘探。长8油藏的勘探归纳为“定层序、占高点、追裂缝、打河道”。对于烃源岩之上的长6油藏,勘探的重点亦为甜点储层,通过层序和沉积相研究,确定目的层为MSC13和MSC14层序下降半旋回中-晚期的水下分流河道砂岩。如果砂岩储层位于古地貌斜坡之上,受不整合面下淋滤作用的影响,经历中间开启型成岩系统,储层储集物性好。所以将长6油藏的勘探归纳为“定层序、沿斜坡、追裂缝、打河道”。
对于不整合面之上的延安组油藏,由于储层储集物性相对较好,油水分异彻底,圈闭是勘探的重点,而延安组的圈闭均系差异压实作用形成的低幅岩性-构造复合圈闭,古地貌变化剧烈处,最易形成圈闭,一旦勘探获得成功,便可圈定油水界面,所以延安组的勘探为“找转折、定圈闭、占高点、打河道”。
论文将镇泾地区中生界延长组-延安组作为一个整体进行研究,系统总结了中生界的油气藏类型及油气分布规律,并运用层序和沉积相结合的方法,明确目的层位和勘探范围,根据油藏形成的主控因素,对主要含油层系进行了预测,提出了一套中生界油藏的勘探技术和思路,该成果对西南缘中生界的油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。
With the deepening of economic reforms and opening up, China need more and more petroleum and natural gas. China, as the second largest oil importer around the world, is currently facing a sharp conflict between the supply and demand, greatly concerned about the national security of natural energy. Since the targets of exploration are gradually transferring to subtle reservoirs, relevant working methods and acknowledge systems have been shaped up. Take, for instance,“Slope break controlled reservoir”,“Compound accumulation of oil-gas”and“facies-eneygy coupling controlled reservoir”as examples, implausibly great achievements have been accomplished upon the practices. However, the macro rules of distribution for subtle reservoirs are yet to be aware, and the rate of exploration accuracy is supposed to be enhanced in order to meet the industrial need, both internally and externally.
This paper has mainly focused on the combination of Yanchang and Yan’an Formation, developed in Mesozoic, located in Zhen-Jing Region, south west of Ordos Basin. Related data are gathered and collected from the field outcrops, drilling records, loggings, and laboratory analysis, used to identify the various sequence boundaries in the working area. Supported by the figures mentioned above, a precise analysis about the sequence frame of southwest Ordos Basin has presented a database, which includes sedimentary microfacies, information of potential reservoirs. Though the procedures of core analysis, together with the assessment on sedimentary regimes, fabric and evolution, outcomes showed further details about the distribution of sedimentary facies in the sequence framework. After the assessment of petrologic characteristics, diagenesis, reservoirs property, types and structures of porosity, a“triaxial reserch”- structural line, boundary of pinchout and overlap-as well as a“trihedron research”– plane of unconformity, bottom configuration and slope belt– defined and discussed the main characterization and contribution to the potential reservoirs. Finally, the conclusion came with the production test demonstrated that the works related to reservoir types and accumulation principles had enormously help with discover of subtle oil field in China by terms of providing creative exploration theories and techniques. Followed are the three innovative notions about this issue.
1. Palaeogeomorphic Reconstruct Based on Analysis of Sequence
Palaeogeomorphic geography of Pre- Jurassic not only played a significant role on the early deposition pattern of Yan’an Formation, but also on the structure of features, as picturing the palaeogeomorphic geography is kind of important in exploration of subtle reservoirs. Compared with other techniques of reconstructed modeling, a raise of conception about“Maximum flooding surface”makes this paper distinguished. It is much easier to identify the boundary of unconformity with high accuracy rate by taking advantage of basic principles of sequence stratigraphy, especially practical for sections with discontinuously changes. According to the results of palaeogeomorphic reconstruction, the working area experienced an onlap from the southeast to northwest. There is utterly no Yan 10 Formation found as an outcrop-evidence, whilst partly Yan-9 Formation could be seen. By contrast, Chang 3 formation can be seen in the Zhenyuan field, and transit to Chang4+5 or Chang6 formation from northwest to southeast. Chang 6 formation emerged in Chuankou field and Qingxi paleochannel. So, result changed some strata comprehension of this field.
2. Weathering Crust Modeling of Clastic Rock
The weathering crust of Yanchang Formation characters itself typically in Chang 6 formation, Chuankou area, with a combination of both hydrolyzing belt and leached zone developed right under the unconformity. Hydrolyzing belt has a steady thickness with component of mudstone, spanning widely, is identified by the acceleration of drilling rate, as well as the enlarging CAL logging and the lower resistivity logging.When things come to the leached zone, unconsolidated formation with highly secondary porosity is the good feature, showing an irregular CAL of logging-data, and jump between acoustic responses. There is a great amount of alteration of kaolinite and illite though the optical screening, however, a much lower proportion of feldspar compared with different sand bodies of the formation. Regarding to the determination of trace elements-poor in K, Na, Ca and Mg, rich in Al, Si and Fe-the index of alteration is comparatively low. The on average thickness of estimation fluctuates between 0~60m.
3.A comprehensive set of exploration skills for reservoirs formed by tight and low permeable sandstone
Sweat spots are the critical targets in Chang-8 reservoir, which was developed beneath the source rocks. And regarding to the sequence stratigraphy analysis, together with the correspondent sedimentary facies, a form of sheet sandstones over the mouth bar, developing in the mid part of rising semicycle in MSC7, is supposed to be the target stratum. Researches illustrate that, wherever the bottom configuration is comparatively higher, sweat spots are more likely to be found. This may partially be caused by the weak development of calcite cement in Zhangjiatan shales. However, once a progress could be made in this area, exploration track goes with the same direction of foundational faults is more hopeful. Hence, we can define“clarification on the strata sequence and high spots, tracking the fractures and sedimentary facies”as the working clues in Chang-8 reserviors.
Whereas the Chang-6 reservoirs lying above, sweat spots are playing an analogous role. The estimated targets are sandstones developed in distributary channels, formed in the mid-late part of a dropping-semicycle in MSC13 and MSC14. Additionally, better characteristics would like to be found in palaeogeomorphic slopes, which are crucially influenced by eluviation and diagenesis system. So, the sequence of strata, geographic location of slope and fractures are the keys of Chang-6 reservoirs.
When things come to reservoirs in Yan’an Formation, given to the better reservoir quality and high separation rate, more consideration are expected for different types of the potential traps. And traps in Yan’an Formation were significantly reconstructed by differential compaction, forming a variety of depositional traps. After successful exploration, the water-oil interface could be easily confirmed. Thus is to say, the transition, traps, high point and channels concern deeply.
This paper will focus on an ultimate combination of Yanchang formation and Yan’an formation in Zhen-Jing area, conclude the types of Mesozoic reservoirs and principles of distribution, and figure out the important controlling factors, in order to eventually make a precise prediction on potential targets. A set of theories aimed at the exploration for Mesozoic reservoirs are also raised, playing an informative role in the southwest Ordos Basin.
论文以鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘镇泾地区中生界延长组和延安组为研究对象,通过野外露头、钻井资料、录井资料、测井资料及分析化验资料,进行层序界面的识别与划分。在此基础上,建立了镇泾地区中生界的层序地层格架,在层序地层格架内,建立沉积微相、砂岩、油层的数据库。通过取心段详细研究,分析研究区中生界的沉积相类型、组合及其演化,在层序地层格架内,建立相的空间配置。通过岩石学特征、成岩作用、储集层的物性、孔隙类型及孔隙结构对储层特征进行研究,以储层特征研究为核心,进行三线,三面研究,研究其对油藏的控制作用,结合试油试采资料,归纳总结研究区中生界的油藏类型及油气富集规律,为国内隐蔽油气藏的勘探提供新的理论观点和技术方法。其创新点主要表现在以下3个方面:
1.基于层序地层分析的古地貌恢复
前侏罗纪古地貌不仅仅影响着延安组早期的沉积格局,而且控制了延安组的圈闭形态。因此,古地貌的刻画是延安组隐蔽油气藏勘探的一项重要工作,与其它古地貌恢复方法相比,基于层序地层分析的古地貌恢复强调了“最大湖泛面”的概念。利用层序地层学的原理及方法,能够准确识别不整合面,特别是不整合面上下岩性变化不明显的区域。通过古地貌的恢复,结果表明研究区延安组地层自东向西,自南自北超覆,镇原地区不存在延10段沉积,局部地区甚至缺失延9段地层。与此相对的是镇原地区延长组出露地层为长3,向南、向东依次过渡为长4+5、长6,庆西古河道及川口地区出露地层为长6,这一成果改变了前人对该地区的地层认识。
2.建立了研究区碎屑岩古风化壳模式
研究区延长组风化壳在川口地区的长6地层中最为典型,风化壳包括两层结构,毗邻不整合面的水解带和之下的淋滤带。水解带在该区域厚度稳定、分布较广,主要为一套泥岩沉积,在钻井上表现为钻速加快,测井上表现为井径扩大、声波跳跃和低电阻率。淋滤带主要为一套砂岩沉积,岩性疏松,次生孔隙极为发育,储层物性好,在测井上表现为井径不规则,声波跳跃,薄片下见大量的蚀变高岭石和伊利石,与同层位的其它砂体相对,长石含量很低。微量元素分析表明,淋滤带砂岩贫K,Na,Ca,Mg,富Al,Si,Fe,风化指数小,风化壳的厚度在0～60m之间。
3.形成了研究区三个主要目的层的勘探思路
对于烃源岩之下的长8油藏,勘探的重点为甜点储层。通过层序和沉积相研究,确定目的层为MSC7层序上升半旋回中期的坝顶席状砂。研究表明张家滩页岩薄的区域对应弱的方解石胶结和甜点储层,所以湖盆底形相对高的区域为甜点储层发育区,一旦有所突破,考虑主河道走向和裂缝发育方向,可沿基底断裂60°方向进行勘探。长8油藏的勘探归纳为“定层序、占高点、追裂缝、打河道”。对于烃源岩之上的长6油藏,勘探的重点亦为甜点储层,通过层序和沉积相研究,确定目的层为MSC13和MSC14层序下降半旋回中-晚期的水下分流河道砂岩。如果砂岩储层位于古地貌斜坡之上,受不整合面下淋滤作用的影响,经历中间开启型成岩系统,储层储集物性好。所以将长6油藏的勘探归纳为“定层序、沿斜坡、追裂缝、打河道”。
对于不整合面之上的延安组油藏,由于储层储集物性相对较好,油水分异彻底,圈闭是勘探的重点,而延安组的圈闭均系差异压实作用形成的低幅岩性-构造复合圈闭,古地貌变化剧烈处,最易形成圈闭,一旦勘探获得成功,便可圈定油水界面,所以延安组的勘探为“找转折、定圈闭、占高点、打河道”。
论文将镇泾地区中生界延长组-延安组作为一个整体进行研究,系统总结了中生界的油气藏类型及油气分布规律,并运用层序和沉积相结合的方法,明确目的层位和勘探范围,根据油藏形成的主控因素,对主要含油层系进行了预测,提出了一套中生界油藏的勘探技术和思路,该成果对西南缘中生界的油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。
With the deepening of economic reforms and opening up, China need more and more petroleum and natural gas. China, as the second largest oil importer around the world, is currently facing a sharp conflict between the supply and demand, greatly concerned about the national security of natural energy. Since the targets of exploration are gradually transferring to subtle reservoirs, relevant working methods and acknowledge systems have been shaped up. Take, for instance,“Slope break controlled reservoir”,“Compound accumulation of oil-gas”and“facies-eneygy coupling controlled reservoir”as examples, implausibly great achievements have been accomplished upon the practices. However, the macro rules of distribution for subtle reservoirs are yet to be aware, and the rate of exploration accuracy is supposed to be enhanced in order to meet the industrial need, both internally and externally.
This paper has mainly focused on the combination of Yanchang and Yan’an Formation, developed in Mesozoic, located in Zhen-Jing Region, south west of Ordos Basin. Related data are gathered and collected from the field outcrops, drilling records, loggings, and laboratory analysis, used to identify the various sequence boundaries in the working area. Supported by the figures mentioned above, a precise analysis about the sequence frame of southwest Ordos Basin has presented a database, which includes sedimentary microfacies, information of potential reservoirs. Though the procedures of core analysis, together with the assessment on sedimentary regimes, fabric and evolution, outcomes showed further details about the distribution of sedimentary facies in the sequence framework. After the assessment of petrologic characteristics, diagenesis, reservoirs property, types and structures of porosity, a“triaxial reserch”- structural line, boundary of pinchout and overlap-as well as a“trihedron research”– plane of unconformity, bottom configuration and slope belt– defined and discussed the main characterization and contribution to the potential reservoirs. Finally, the conclusion came with the production test demonstrated that the works related to reservoir types and accumulation principles had enormously help with discover of subtle oil field in China by terms of providing creative exploration theories and techniques. Followed are the three innovative notions about this issue.
1. Palaeogeomorphic Reconstruct Based on Analysis of Sequence
Palaeogeomorphic geography of Pre- Jurassic not only played a significant role on the early deposition pattern of Yan’an Formation, but also on the structure of features, as picturing the palaeogeomorphic geography is kind of important in exploration of subtle reservoirs. Compared with other techniques of reconstructed modeling, a raise of conception about“Maximum flooding surface”makes this paper distinguished. It is much easier to identify the boundary of unconformity with high accuracy rate by taking advantage of basic principles of sequence stratigraphy, especially practical for sections with discontinuously changes. According to the results of palaeogeomorphic reconstruction, the working area experienced an onlap from the southeast to northwest. There is utterly no Yan 10 Formation found as an outcrop-evidence, whilst partly Yan-9 Formation could be seen. By contrast, Chang 3 formation can be seen in the Zhenyuan field, and transit to Chang4+5 or Chang6 formation from northwest to southeast. Chang 6 formation emerged in Chuankou field and Qingxi paleochannel. So, result changed some strata comprehension of this field.
2. Weathering Crust Modeling of Clastic Rock
The weathering crust of Yanchang Formation characters itself typically in Chang 6 formation, Chuankou area, with a combination of both hydrolyzing belt and leached zone developed right under the unconformity. Hydrolyzing belt has a steady thickness with component of mudstone, spanning widely, is identified by the acceleration of drilling rate, as well as the enlarging CAL logging and the lower resistivity logging.When things come to the leached zone, unconsolidated formation with highly secondary porosity is the good feature, showing an irregular CAL of logging-data, and jump between acoustic responses. There is a great amount of alteration of kaolinite and illite though the optical screening, however, a much lower proportion of feldspar compared with different sand bodies of the formation. Regarding to the determination of trace elements-poor in K, Na, Ca and Mg, rich in Al, Si and Fe-the index of alteration is comparatively low. The on average thickness of estimation fluctuates between 0~60m.
3.A comprehensive set of exploration skills for reservoirs formed by tight and low permeable sandstone
Sweat spots are the critical targets in Chang-8 reservoir, which was developed beneath the source rocks. And regarding to the sequence stratigraphy analysis, together with the correspondent sedimentary facies, a form of sheet sandstones over the mouth bar, developing in the mid part of rising semicycle in MSC7, is supposed to be the target stratum. Researches illustrate that, wherever the bottom configuration is comparatively higher, sweat spots are more likely to be found. This may partially be caused by the weak development of calcite cement in Zhangjiatan shales. However, once a progress could be made in this area, exploration track goes with the same direction of foundational faults is more hopeful. Hence, we can define“clarification on the strata sequence and high spots, tracking the fractures and sedimentary facies”as the working clues in Chang-8 reserviors.
Whereas the Chang-6 reservoirs lying above, sweat spots are playing an analogous role. The estimated targets are sandstones developed in distributary channels, formed in the mid-late part of a dropping-semicycle in MSC13 and MSC14. Additionally, better characteristics would like to be found in palaeogeomorphic slopes, which are crucially influenced by eluviation and diagenesis system. So, the sequence of strata, geographic location of slope and fractures are the keys of Chang-6 reservoirs.
When things come to reservoirs in Yan’an Formation, given to the better reservoir quality and high separation rate, more consideration are expected for different types of the potential traps. And traps in Yan’an Formation were significantly reconstructed by differential compaction, forming a variety of depositional traps. After successful exploration, the water-oil interface could be easily confirmed. Thus is to say, the transition, traps, high point and channels concern deeply.
This paper will focus on an ultimate combination of Yanchang formation and Yan’an formation in Zhen-Jing area, conclude the types of Mesozoic reservoirs and principles of distribution, and figure out the important controlling factors, in order to eventually make a precise prediction on potential targets. A set of theories aimed at the exploration for Mesozoic reservoirs are also raised, playing an informative role in the southwest Ordos Basin.
引文
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