轻型木结构住宅节能与墙体传热研究
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摘要
轻型木结构住宅以其独特的环境友善、节能降耗、结构安全、健康舒适等优势,为人们创造了良好的居住环境。在我国的住宅产业化进程中,尤其是城乡一体化建设,大力推广建造轻型木结构住宅,不仅在节约能源、保护生态方面能为人类社会作出贡献,而且人居环境的改善能给人们带来更舒心的感受。
住宅节能是当今建筑节能热潮中的重要组成部分,轻型木结构住宅节能是其得以推广使用的基本前提。本论文采用现场检测技术,对地处北京地区的轻型木结构住宅进行节能评价,研究了能耗、墙体保温性能和温湿度调节性能;采用热流计法和热箱法研究了国产材料制备的轻型木结构墙体稳态条件下的保温性能;并通过数值计算,得出了轻型木结构墙体的温度分布,揭示了传热规律。
论文主要研究结果如下:
1轻型木结构住宅节能效果显著,对居室空间具有良好的温湿度调节性能。
(1)轻型木结构和砖混结构住宅用于采暖的年电能消耗分别为120 kWh/(m2·a)和324 kWh/(m2·a),轻型木结构比砖混结构节约电能63%。比地处哈尔滨的砖混复合保温墙体结构和轻型木结构的采暖耗热量分别低48%和10%。
(2)轻型木结构住宅墙体平均有效传热系数为0.217 W/(m2·K),比我国现行节能65%标准中所规定的墙体传热系数限值还低52%,完全可将该类型的轻型木结构住宅推广到我国的严寒地区使用。
(3)实验住宅1轻型木结构1层室内温度为5.7℃～31.0℃,平均相对湿度为33%～75%;2层室内温度为6.7℃～34.6℃,平均相对湿度为31%～66%。实验住宅2胶合木结构2层室内温度为0.8℃～37.2℃,平均相对湿度为59%～76%。实验住宅3胶合木结构2层室内温度为-2.4℃～19.8℃,平均相对湿度为40%～44%。在冬季无采暖的条件下,住宅1的保温性能要好于住宅2和住宅3;夏季无制冷条件下,住宅2的相对湿度较稳定。
(4)在3～10月,轻型木结构外墙内部的温度高于室内和室外。但在11～1月,高于外温约11℃,低于室温3℃,沿着墙体从外向内温度呈增加趋势。墙体具有优良的冬季保温、夏季隔热的作用,且使室内空气温度分布均匀。相对湿度变化规律与温度相反,墙体内部低于室外和室内。
(5)各住宅在最冷月和最热月的温度变动比平均值均小于0.5,室内相对湿度波幅最小为11%,最大为35%。根据日室内温湿度延迟时间分布看,轻型木结构实验住宅1的温湿度调节性能强,保温防潮效果好;而胶合木结构实验住宅2夏季的相对湿度延迟时间较长,波幅小。
2人工林木材制备的轻型木结构墙体保温性能优异,可以积极推广使用。
(1)实验墙体1、2、3、6号有效传热系数为0.489～0.529 W/ (m2·K),其余墙体有效传热系数均<0.4 W/(m2·K)。实验构造墙体的保温性能完全满足木结构住宅和钢筋混凝土框架木骨架填充墙体的使用要求。尤其是12号和13号墙体,有效传热系数<0.3 W/(m2·K),用于严寒地区,节能效果显著。
(2)采用热箱—热流计法进行墙体保温性能检测,数据更加可靠。应用有效传热系数指标评价轻型木结构墙体保温性能。
(3)木墙骨框架之间填充岩棉保温,热阻至少提高2倍;胶合板可降低有效传热系数6%,聚苯板可降低有效传热系数26%,挤塑板可降低有效传热系数36%;端面尺寸45×140mm的木墙骨比45×90mm规格的轻型木结构墙体试件的有效传热系数降低6%～32%,对热流的抵抗能力增强。
3采用数值计算可准确地描述轻型木结构复合墙体各组成单元界面的温度分布。
(1)采用数值计算得到各组成材料界面的温度,与实验检测值基本吻合,可以直观、有效地评价墙体传热。
(2)岩棉的填充和挤塑板与聚苯板的覆面外保温决定了墙体构件的保温效果。木材作为框架材料,具有抵抗外界温度波动的作用。
(3)采用数值计算得出墙体结构各复合层界面上温度动态分布,使建筑师可以预测各种气候环境条件对轻型木结构墙体的长期作用,有利于节能保温设计。
Light-frame wood residence can create a good living environment with advantages of environment-friend, energy-efficiency, structural safety, health and comfort. Therefore, they not only can contribute to human in saving energy source and protecting zoology, but also can provide superior living environment to improving people living comfort, which can be popularized in the course of residence industrialization, especially in the integration of urban-rural areas.
Energy efficiency in residence buildings is an important part in today's energy boom of architecture, and energy efficiency of the light-frame wood residence is the basic premise to promote to application. In this research energy efficiency was evaluated based on field testing for the light-frame wood residence in Beijing, including energy consume, wall insulation performance, and regulation performance of temperature and humidity; insulation performance of wood frame walls was studied under the conditions of steady-state performance using heat flow meter and hot-box test method, which were fabricated used domestic materials; through numerical calculation, heat transfer regularity of the temperature distribution in the wall was observed.
The main results of the dissertation are summarized as follows:
1 Energy-efficiency effect in light-frame wood residence is significant, and the regulation performance of temperature and humidity is well in living space.
(1)Electricity consumption in wood structure and brick-concrete structure used for residence heating respectively was 120kWh/(m2·a) and 324 kWh/(m2·a). Light-frame wood residence save energy 63% than brick-concrete structure, and save energy 48% than Harbin’s insulation composite brick-concrete structure, also save energy10% than its same frame structure.
(2)The average effective heat transfer coefficient of light-frame wood wall was 0.217 W/(m2·K), its lower 52% than current standard limit of energy-efficiency 65% in our country.
(3)In residence 1- light-frame wood house, the indoor temperature was 5.7℃～31.0℃, and the average relative humidity was 33%～75% on the first floor; the indoor temperature was 6.7℃～34.6℃, and the average relative humidity was 31%～66% on the second floor. In residence 2- glued laminated timber house, the indoor temperature was 0.8℃～37.2℃, and the average relative humidity was 59%～76% on the second floor. In residence 3- glued laminated timber house, the indoor temperature was -2.4℃～19.8℃, and the average relative humidity was 40%～44% on the second floor. The insulation performance of light-frame wood house was better than glued laminated timber house in un-heating conditions in winter; the variation of relative humidity of glued laminated timber house was the most stable in un-refrigeration conditions.
(4)Temperature inner light-frame was higher than indoor and outdoor temperature in March to October. But higher than outdoor temperature about 11℃and lower than indoor temperature about 3℃in November to January, and along the wall from outside to inside, temperature showed an increasing trend. The wall has an excellent thermal insulation in winter and summer, which was helpful for homogeneous distribution of indoor air temperature. The variation regularity of relative humidity was contrary to temperature, and the relative humidity of inner wall was below than it’s of inside and outside.
(5)In the hottest and the coldest month, indoor temperature change rate of all residence was less 0.5, and the minimum amplitude of the indoor relative humidity was 11%, the maximum was 35%. According the distribution of delay time of the indoor temperature and relative humidity, the regulation performance of temperature and humidity was well in light-frame wood residence; delay time of relative humidity was longer in glued laminated timber house in summer, and the amplitude was small.
2 The insulation performance of the light-frame wood walls is excellent, which are manufactured by the plantation wood, therefore this kind of wall can be actively promoted to application.
(1)Heat transfer coefficient of No.1, No.2, No.3, and No.6 was 0.489～0.529W/(m2·K), others were less 0.4 W/(m2·K). The insulation properties of the experimental structure walls were qualified to the technical code for wood construction and partitions with timber frame- work used in reinforced concrete frame. Especially heat transfer coefficient of the walls of No.12 and No.13, when they were used in more cold areas, the energy-saving effect was significant.
(2)Data were more reliable when hot box-heat flow meter was used to test the insulation performance. Effective heat transfer coefficient should be used to describe the insulation performance of light-frame wood wall.
(3)The resistance could be increasing at least 2 times, if the cavity between the wood stud was filled with Rockwool. Plywood could be effective to reduce heat transfer coefficient 6%; expandable polystyrene(EPS) could reduce its 26%; extrude polystyrene (XPS) could reduce its 36%; 45×140mm dimension wood stud could reduce wall heat transfer coefficient 6%～32% than 45×90mm dimension wood stud, and the resistance to heat was more enhanced.
3 Numerical calculation can be used to accurately describe temperature distribution of internal interface in the light-frame wood wall.
(1)Temperature distribution of internal interface could be calculated used numerical method. The results were agreed approximately with experiment value, so the numerical value could estimate heat transfer visually and effectively.
(2)The wall insulation effect as the components was determined by cavity fill with Rockwool and cladding outside with extruded polystyrene board and expandable polystyrene board. Timber as a framework material had resistance effect to temperature fluctuations outside.
(3)Temperature distribution of could be calculated in each compound interface of light-frame wood wall by numerical method. This can provide information helpful for the energy-efficient design, because the long-term properties of the wall structure could be predicted by architect in varieties of climatic conditions.
住宅节能是当今建筑节能热潮中的重要组成部分,轻型木结构住宅节能是其得以推广使用的基本前提。本论文采用现场检测技术,对地处北京地区的轻型木结构住宅进行节能评价,研究了能耗、墙体保温性能和温湿度调节性能;采用热流计法和热箱法研究了国产材料制备的轻型木结构墙体稳态条件下的保温性能;并通过数值计算,得出了轻型木结构墙体的温度分布,揭示了传热规律。
论文主要研究结果如下:
1轻型木结构住宅节能效果显著,对居室空间具有良好的温湿度调节性能。
(1)轻型木结构和砖混结构住宅用于采暖的年电能消耗分别为120 kWh/(m2·a)和324 kWh/(m2·a),轻型木结构比砖混结构节约电能63%。比地处哈尔滨的砖混复合保温墙体结构和轻型木结构的采暖耗热量分别低48%和10%。
(2)轻型木结构住宅墙体平均有效传热系数为0.217 W/(m2·K),比我国现行节能65%标准中所规定的墙体传热系数限值还低52%,完全可将该类型的轻型木结构住宅推广到我国的严寒地区使用。
(3)实验住宅1轻型木结构1层室内温度为5.7℃～31.0℃,平均相对湿度为33%～75%;2层室内温度为6.7℃～34.6℃,平均相对湿度为31%～66%。实验住宅2胶合木结构2层室内温度为0.8℃～37.2℃,平均相对湿度为59%～76%。实验住宅3胶合木结构2层室内温度为-2.4℃～19.8℃,平均相对湿度为40%～44%。在冬季无采暖的条件下,住宅1的保温性能要好于住宅2和住宅3;夏季无制冷条件下,住宅2的相对湿度较稳定。
(4)在3～10月,轻型木结构外墙内部的温度高于室内和室外。但在11～1月,高于外温约11℃,低于室温3℃,沿着墙体从外向内温度呈增加趋势。墙体具有优良的冬季保温、夏季隔热的作用,且使室内空气温度分布均匀。相对湿度变化规律与温度相反,墙体内部低于室外和室内。
(5)各住宅在最冷月和最热月的温度变动比平均值均小于0.5,室内相对湿度波幅最小为11%,最大为35%。根据日室内温湿度延迟时间分布看,轻型木结构实验住宅1的温湿度调节性能强,保温防潮效果好;而胶合木结构实验住宅2夏季的相对湿度延迟时间较长,波幅小。
2人工林木材制备的轻型木结构墙体保温性能优异,可以积极推广使用。
(1)实验墙体1、2、3、6号有效传热系数为0.489～0.529 W/ (m2·K),其余墙体有效传热系数均<0.4 W/(m2·K)。实验构造墙体的保温性能完全满足木结构住宅和钢筋混凝土框架木骨架填充墙体的使用要求。尤其是12号和13号墙体,有效传热系数<0.3 W/(m2·K),用于严寒地区,节能效果显著。
(2)采用热箱—热流计法进行墙体保温性能检测,数据更加可靠。应用有效传热系数指标评价轻型木结构墙体保温性能。
(3)木墙骨框架之间填充岩棉保温,热阻至少提高2倍;胶合板可降低有效传热系数6%,聚苯板可降低有效传热系数26%,挤塑板可降低有效传热系数36%;端面尺寸45×140mm的木墙骨比45×90mm规格的轻型木结构墙体试件的有效传热系数降低6%～32%,对热流的抵抗能力增强。
3采用数值计算可准确地描述轻型木结构复合墙体各组成单元界面的温度分布。
(1)采用数值计算得到各组成材料界面的温度,与实验检测值基本吻合,可以直观、有效地评价墙体传热。
(2)岩棉的填充和挤塑板与聚苯板的覆面外保温决定了墙体构件的保温效果。木材作为框架材料,具有抵抗外界温度波动的作用。
(3)采用数值计算得出墙体结构各复合层界面上温度动态分布,使建筑师可以预测各种气候环境条件对轻型木结构墙体的长期作用,有利于节能保温设计。
Light-frame wood residence can create a good living environment with advantages of environment-friend, energy-efficiency, structural safety, health and comfort. Therefore, they not only can contribute to human in saving energy source and protecting zoology, but also can provide superior living environment to improving people living comfort, which can be popularized in the course of residence industrialization, especially in the integration of urban-rural areas.
Energy efficiency in residence buildings is an important part in today's energy boom of architecture, and energy efficiency of the light-frame wood residence is the basic premise to promote to application. In this research energy efficiency was evaluated based on field testing for the light-frame wood residence in Beijing, including energy consume, wall insulation performance, and regulation performance of temperature and humidity; insulation performance of wood frame walls was studied under the conditions of steady-state performance using heat flow meter and hot-box test method, which were fabricated used domestic materials; through numerical calculation, heat transfer regularity of the temperature distribution in the wall was observed.
The main results of the dissertation are summarized as follows:
1 Energy-efficiency effect in light-frame wood residence is significant, and the regulation performance of temperature and humidity is well in living space.
(1)Electricity consumption in wood structure and brick-concrete structure used for residence heating respectively was 120kWh/(m2·a) and 324 kWh/(m2·a). Light-frame wood residence save energy 63% than brick-concrete structure, and save energy 48% than Harbin’s insulation composite brick-concrete structure, also save energy10% than its same frame structure.
(2)The average effective heat transfer coefficient of light-frame wood wall was 0.217 W/(m2·K), its lower 52% than current standard limit of energy-efficiency 65% in our country.
(3)In residence 1- light-frame wood house, the indoor temperature was 5.7℃～31.0℃, and the average relative humidity was 33%～75% on the first floor; the indoor temperature was 6.7℃～34.6℃, and the average relative humidity was 31%～66% on the second floor. In residence 2- glued laminated timber house, the indoor temperature was 0.8℃～37.2℃, and the average relative humidity was 59%～76% on the second floor. In residence 3- glued laminated timber house, the indoor temperature was -2.4℃～19.8℃, and the average relative humidity was 40%～44% on the second floor. The insulation performance of light-frame wood house was better than glued laminated timber house in un-heating conditions in winter; the variation of relative humidity of glued laminated timber house was the most stable in un-refrigeration conditions.
(4)Temperature inner light-frame was higher than indoor and outdoor temperature in March to October. But higher than outdoor temperature about 11℃and lower than indoor temperature about 3℃in November to January, and along the wall from outside to inside, temperature showed an increasing trend. The wall has an excellent thermal insulation in winter and summer, which was helpful for homogeneous distribution of indoor air temperature. The variation regularity of relative humidity was contrary to temperature, and the relative humidity of inner wall was below than it’s of inside and outside.
(5)In the hottest and the coldest month, indoor temperature change rate of all residence was less 0.5, and the minimum amplitude of the indoor relative humidity was 11%, the maximum was 35%. According the distribution of delay time of the indoor temperature and relative humidity, the regulation performance of temperature and humidity was well in light-frame wood residence; delay time of relative humidity was longer in glued laminated timber house in summer, and the amplitude was small.
2 The insulation performance of the light-frame wood walls is excellent, which are manufactured by the plantation wood, therefore this kind of wall can be actively promoted to application.
(1)Heat transfer coefficient of No.1, No.2, No.3, and No.6 was 0.489～0.529W/(m2·K), others were less 0.4 W/(m2·K). The insulation properties of the experimental structure walls were qualified to the technical code for wood construction and partitions with timber frame- work used in reinforced concrete frame. Especially heat transfer coefficient of the walls of No.12 and No.13, when they were used in more cold areas, the energy-saving effect was significant.
(2)Data were more reliable when hot box-heat flow meter was used to test the insulation performance. Effective heat transfer coefficient should be used to describe the insulation performance of light-frame wood wall.
(3)The resistance could be increasing at least 2 times, if the cavity between the wood stud was filled with Rockwool. Plywood could be effective to reduce heat transfer coefficient 6%; expandable polystyrene(EPS) could reduce its 26%; extrude polystyrene (XPS) could reduce its 36%; 45×140mm dimension wood stud could reduce wall heat transfer coefficient 6%～32% than 45×90mm dimension wood stud, and the resistance to heat was more enhanced.
3 Numerical calculation can be used to accurately describe temperature distribution of internal interface in the light-frame wood wall.
(1)Temperature distribution of internal interface could be calculated used numerical method. The results were agreed approximately with experiment value, so the numerical value could estimate heat transfer visually and effectively.
(2)The wall insulation effect as the components was determined by cavity fill with Rockwool and cladding outside with extruded polystyrene board and expandable polystyrene board. Timber as a framework material had resistance effect to temperature fluctuations outside.
(3)Temperature distribution of could be calculated in each compound interface of light-frame wood wall by numerical method. This can provide information helpful for the energy-efficient design, because the long-term properties of the wall structure could be predicted by architect in varieties of climatic conditions.
引文
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