多沙河流水库自适应控制运用研究与应用
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摘要
多沙河流常具有水少沙多、水沙分布不均匀等特点。在多沙河流上修建水库既要充分发挥水库的效益,又要妥善解决泥沙日益淤积所导致的库容不断减少的问题,较少沙河流更为复杂。如何合理运用或调度多沙河流水库不仅对工程有重要意义,而且在科学上也是一个难题。
本文将自适应控制的原理引入多沙河流水库运用中,建立了多沙水库自适应控制运用模式。该模式以水沙数学模型确定不同时刻水库的状态,考虑该状态下水库的综合效益,构造多沙水库自适应控制器,根据入库水沙条件实时调整水库的运用方式,使水库运用一直处于较优的状态。
在多沙河流水库自适应控制运用中,应用了随机理论,并通过时间序列法生成随机水文数据,根据生成的水沙资料预测不同条件下不同流量洪水发生的概率,以调整水库的运用方案,反映水库运用方式对来水来沙的适应性。此外,模型中还运用了多种可体现自适应运用理念的处理方法,包括:采用模糊集方法将汛期划分为汛期前期、主汛期和汛期后期;采用模糊聚类分析方法进行入库水沙量大小的分析;采用多目标优化方法初步确定临界敞泄流量和含沙量;采用逐步抬高正常蓄水位的方法以减少水库的淤积;根据不同时段水库剩余库容的大小实时调整水库的临界敞泄流量和含沙量。
将自适应控制运用模式分别应用于亭口水库的单库优化运用和亭口水库与反调节水库的联合运用。其结果表明:自适应控制模式对来水来沙条件变化具有较好的适应性,能随外界条件的改变随时调整运用参数,能使水库在满足供水要求或提供较大供水量的同时,保持足够的剩余库容。
此外,本文还定量分析了多沙河流水流运动方程中动量修正系数和水流挟沙力随水深的变化规律,同时将聚类统计分析方法引入到水流挟沙力公式的检验中,对水流挟沙力公式进行评价,将结果用于多沙水库的水沙数学模型中,并完成了验证计算。
Sediment-laden rivers are generally characterized by less runoff and high sediment supply, concentrated water discharge, transversal section with main channel and floodplain, etc. So, reservoirs built on these rivers are required to not only well display their benefits but also appropriately deal with the sediment accumulation problems, whose operations are more complex than those on low sediment concentration rivers. It is significant to identify an appropriate operation method for the reservoirs on high sediment concentrated rivers.
By introducing the adaptive control theory, the concept of adaptive operation of reservoir is proposed, and the corresponding adaptive operation model is constructed. Based on the constructed water and sediment mathematic models, the adaptive operation model can identify the real-time state of the reservoir and construct the adaptive controller considering the reservoir’s water supply, flood protection, electric power generation and other benefits under the concerned state, and adjust the water level and discharge in real time according to the incoming water and sediment conditions, which can make the reservoir operation be in a optimized state all the while.
In the adaptive operation model, stochastic hydrology data are created by time series method, which are used to identify the happening probabilities of floods with different discharge under different conditions. And the operation program is adjusted according to the probabilities, which reflecting the model’s adaptability to the changing water and sediment conditions. Besides, several processing methods are used in the model, including: fuzzy sets are used to classify the flood season into prophase, main phase and anaphase; fuzzy cluster is used to analyze the incoming water and sediment magnitude; multi-objective optimization is used to initially identify the critical ungated flow and sediment content; the method of gradually raising normal pool level is used to decrease sediment accumulation; and the residual storage capacities of the reservoir in different periods of time are referenced to adjust the critical ungated flow and sediment content in real time. By synthetically using these methods, the difficulties occurring in the application of the model are overcome, and the efficiency and operability of the model are greatly improved.
The adaptive operation model is individually applied to single operation of Tingkou reservoir on Heihe River in Shaanxi province and multiple reservoirs operation. The application results indicate that the adaptive operation model can well respond to the changing water and sediment conditions, its parameters can be adjusted in real time with the changes of the input variables, and the reservoir can supply abundant water with a large residual capacity conserved. Through comparing with the conventional multi-objective optimization method of reservoir operation, the adaptive model is found to supply more water with a larger residual capacity, and obviously be superior to the conventional method. The results and analysis prove the rationality of the adaptive operation and the feasibility and validity of the adaptive operation model.
Furthermore, the water and sediment characteristics of high sediment concentrated rivers are analyzed, and the describing approaches about the momentum correction coefficient and transverse velocity distribution for the rivers are proposed. Then the water and sediment mathematic models for high sediment concentrated rivers are constructed, which provides good supports for the studies on the operation model of reservoirs on sediment-laden rivers.
本文将自适应控制的原理引入多沙河流水库运用中,建立了多沙水库自适应控制运用模式。该模式以水沙数学模型确定不同时刻水库的状态,考虑该状态下水库的综合效益,构造多沙水库自适应控制器,根据入库水沙条件实时调整水库的运用方式,使水库运用一直处于较优的状态。
在多沙河流水库自适应控制运用中,应用了随机理论,并通过时间序列法生成随机水文数据,根据生成的水沙资料预测不同条件下不同流量洪水发生的概率,以调整水库的运用方案,反映水库运用方式对来水来沙的适应性。此外,模型中还运用了多种可体现自适应运用理念的处理方法,包括:采用模糊集方法将汛期划分为汛期前期、主汛期和汛期后期;采用模糊聚类分析方法进行入库水沙量大小的分析;采用多目标优化方法初步确定临界敞泄流量和含沙量;采用逐步抬高正常蓄水位的方法以减少水库的淤积;根据不同时段水库剩余库容的大小实时调整水库的临界敞泄流量和含沙量。
将自适应控制运用模式分别应用于亭口水库的单库优化运用和亭口水库与反调节水库的联合运用。其结果表明:自适应控制模式对来水来沙条件变化具有较好的适应性,能随外界条件的改变随时调整运用参数,能使水库在满足供水要求或提供较大供水量的同时,保持足够的剩余库容。
此外,本文还定量分析了多沙河流水流运动方程中动量修正系数和水流挟沙力随水深的变化规律,同时将聚类统计分析方法引入到水流挟沙力公式的检验中,对水流挟沙力公式进行评价,将结果用于多沙水库的水沙数学模型中,并完成了验证计算。
Sediment-laden rivers are generally characterized by less runoff and high sediment supply, concentrated water discharge, transversal section with main channel and floodplain, etc. So, reservoirs built on these rivers are required to not only well display their benefits but also appropriately deal with the sediment accumulation problems, whose operations are more complex than those on low sediment concentration rivers. It is significant to identify an appropriate operation method for the reservoirs on high sediment concentrated rivers.
By introducing the adaptive control theory, the concept of adaptive operation of reservoir is proposed, and the corresponding adaptive operation model is constructed. Based on the constructed water and sediment mathematic models, the adaptive operation model can identify the real-time state of the reservoir and construct the adaptive controller considering the reservoir’s water supply, flood protection, electric power generation and other benefits under the concerned state, and adjust the water level and discharge in real time according to the incoming water and sediment conditions, which can make the reservoir operation be in a optimized state all the while.
In the adaptive operation model, stochastic hydrology data are created by time series method, which are used to identify the happening probabilities of floods with different discharge under different conditions. And the operation program is adjusted according to the probabilities, which reflecting the model’s adaptability to the changing water and sediment conditions. Besides, several processing methods are used in the model, including: fuzzy sets are used to classify the flood season into prophase, main phase and anaphase; fuzzy cluster is used to analyze the incoming water and sediment magnitude; multi-objective optimization is used to initially identify the critical ungated flow and sediment content; the method of gradually raising normal pool level is used to decrease sediment accumulation; and the residual storage capacities of the reservoir in different periods of time are referenced to adjust the critical ungated flow and sediment content in real time. By synthetically using these methods, the difficulties occurring in the application of the model are overcome, and the efficiency and operability of the model are greatly improved.
The adaptive operation model is individually applied to single operation of Tingkou reservoir on Heihe River in Shaanxi province and multiple reservoirs operation. The application results indicate that the adaptive operation model can well respond to the changing water and sediment conditions, its parameters can be adjusted in real time with the changes of the input variables, and the reservoir can supply abundant water with a large residual capacity conserved. Through comparing with the conventional multi-objective optimization method of reservoir operation, the adaptive model is found to supply more water with a larger residual capacity, and obviously be superior to the conventional method. The results and analysis prove the rationality of the adaptive operation and the feasibility and validity of the adaptive operation model.
Furthermore, the water and sediment characteristics of high sediment concentrated rivers are analyzed, and the describing approaches about the momentum correction coefficient and transverse velocity distribution for the rivers are proposed. Then the water and sediment mathematic models for high sediment concentrated rivers are constructed, which provides good supports for the studies on the operation model of reservoirs on sediment-laden rivers.
引文
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