隧道结构稳定性及其流固耦合损伤研究
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摘要
地下工程从开始发展,就伴随着安全稳定性研究,赋予复杂地质环境中的隧道工程,在各种条件变化等干扰因素影响下,隧道围岩始终处于动态平衡变化中,使隧道开挖、运营与失稳密切相联,各种危害隧道安全的灾害时有发生,给国家经济发展及人民生命财产安全带来巨大的损失,产生严重的社会影响。在隧道围岩与周围环境相互作用中,渗流场和应力场是隧道围岩体物理地质力学环境的重要组成部分,两场之间存在高度非线性的复杂耦合作用。近年来,对岩体饱和渗流场与应力场耦合理论的研究虽然取得了很丰富的成果,但这些成果主要限于分析宏观裂隙中应力应变状态,涉及岩体损伤破裂过程中新裂纹的萌生、扩展和贯通过程中渗透率的演化及其与应力的耦合作用模型较少;对裂纹扩展过程中的渗透性演化及其力学机制等,还没有完全弄清楚。为此,本文开展了考虑损伤效应的渗流应力耦合作用研究,以加深对岩体围岩变形机理、破坏情况和强度特征的认识,为隧道选线布置、开挖及结构支护设计提供科学技术支持,增强隧道灾害的预测预报和防灾减灾的应对能力,对保证工程安全和节省投资具有重大意义。
本文主要取得以下研究成果:
(1)针对隧道开挖产生原岩应力的变化,对隧道结构受力特征进行了研究。基于相关统计及试验资料,分析了隧道围岩与支护结构承担的荷载分布规律,隧道围岩是造成荷载的主要来源,又主要承担一定的荷载,具有一定自承稳定性能力,提出从耦合角度剖析隧道结构稳定性的必要性。
(2)通过对隧道围岩渗流理论的研究,建立了自适应渗流模型,模型根据渗流介质的渗透特性自动选择相应渗流规律描述相应介质内的流体渗流,可以方便地描述因渗流速度改变或因压力梯度改变而引起的流态变化;结合岩石渗透率理论模型,考察了温度、压力等外界环境影响因素对岩石孔隙率、渗透率等物理特性的影响。
(3)采用统计理论研究岩石损伤变形破裂过程。针对岩石屈服或破坏后仍具有一定承载能力的特点,对损伤进行修正,建立了更能够反映实际的岩石统计损伤修正本构方程。损伤修正系数c_n、统计分布参数共同影响岩石损伤的等效弹性模量变化和本构方程曲线的形态,反应了岩体内部裂纹的萌生、发展、贯通过程及裂纹间相互作用引起的力学效应。模型参数采用数学拟合联合复合遗传算法求解,所得方程曲线更接近实测曲线,具有明显的优越性。
(4)应用连续性方程、线动量平衡方程、岩石损伤等效弹性模量方程及相应的物性方程,在合理的基本假设基础上,对饱和状态下渗流场和应力场控制方程分别进行了推导,建立了考虑损伤效应的渗流应力耦合模型。在耦合方程组推导过程中,针对岩体损伤效应,考虑了岩体渗流状态的变化及岩石孔隙率、渗透率变化。
(5)结合隧道围岩的初始条件及边界条件,研究了考虑损伤效应的渗流应力耦合模型有限差分求解方法,对求解过程进行了程序设计,以FLAC3D有限差分软件为平台,进行了软件二次开发,程序计算过程简洁、便于实现。
(6)针对考虑损伤效应的渗固耦合模型初始地质参数确定问题提出了模式搜索分层运算方法(HPS),算法在分层优化方法中引入模式搜索,实施模式分层运算,改变求解机制,提高解的精度和稳定性,以清江水布垭工程地下洞室初始地质参数确定为例,进行了实例研究。
(7)基于建立的耦合模型,应用所开发的程序对四川跷碛水电站洞室位移变形监测工程实例实施数值模拟计算,进行程序检测验证,并把开发的程序应用于武汉伏虎山地段地铁隧道实际工程研究中,辅助隧道设计和施工。
The study of structural security and stability started with the underground projects. Around the complexity geological environment, tunnel surrounding rock always lies in a dynamic equilibrium for some natural conditions changing. That some tunnel disasters instability occurring frequently along with excavation and operation bring great loss to the country's economic development and people's lives and property. At the saturation state, the seepage-stress coupling theory, one of the most important coupling contents, was studied and obtained great richly achievement under the interaction between tunnel rock and its environment factors. However, as most results being limited to analysis the macro-cracks in the stress-strain state of rock, there were several shortages such as the new breakdown crack, expansion and penetration process, the permeability evolution process and the damage-permeability coupling process etc. At the same time, the permeability evolution mechanical mechanism is not clear in the breakdown crack process. So there are some things to do in coupling area. In this paper, the seepage-stress coupling damage behavior of tunnel surrounding rock is studied which can understand the surrounding rock mass deformation mechanism, provide scientific and technical support for tunnel alignment layout and excavation, enhance prediction capabilities of the tunnel disaster response and disaster prevention, ensure safety and save investment significant.
The main efforts and conclusions results gained can be expressed as follows.
1. The stress characteristics of tunnel structure is studied because tunnel excavation would produce rock stress changes. Based on statistics and experiment information, the load distribution rule of tunnel rock and support structure has been analyzed. That tunnel rock is the main source of load and also endures certain load. It has a certain self-stability function in different rocks. So the study on tunnel surrounding rock stability must be explored from some coupling factors.
2. On the basis of seepage laws in the tunnel rock, the self-adaptive seepage model (SSM) was established. The SSM can automatically select the appropriate seepage function which descript the different fluid traits in rock according to the seepage medium permeability, and also express the different fluid modes for the seepage speed or the load change. According to the rock permeability theory model, the main physical rock characteristics is studied at the external environment factors.
3. The rock damage statistics theory is used on the deformation and crack process. In order to express that yielded and cracked rock has still received a certain load, the tradition statistical damage modification was amended and a new statistics seepage model function was established, which can influence the real rock state. That the amending damage variable parameter and statistics distribution parameters decided the damage equivalent elastic modulus and the curve figure of statistics seepage model function simulate the micro-crack evolution process and some micro-cracks' load effect each other in rock. In new model, variable parameters were calculated by mathematics curve combining with Compositely Genetic Algorithm (CGA). Numerical example shows that the result is efficient and reliable.
4. Based on some reasonable assumption, the seepage field and stress field equations have been derived through continuity equation, momentum conservation equation, rock statistical damage amending equation and some substantial equations. Then the seepage-stress coupling damage behavior model is established in saturation state.
5. According to some initial and boundary conditions of tunnel surrounding rock, the finite difference method is explored in seepage-stress coupling damage behavior model.
6. Hierarchical pattern search is provided to solve some initial geological stress parameters in seepage-stress coupling damage behavior model. The new optimization method enhanced some computing strategies through combing with pattern search method and hierarchical optimization. The fact engineering example shows that the hierarchical pattern search method is high accuracy and validity in the cavern displacement parameter inversion of Qingjiang Shuibuya porject.
7. Based on the finite difference software FLAC3D, the seepage-stress coupling damage behavior model procedure is designed. This procedure is proven by cavern displacement in Sichuan Qiaoqi hydropower project and used in Wuhan Fuhu mountain subway tunnel project.
本文主要取得以下研究成果:
(1)针对隧道开挖产生原岩应力的变化,对隧道结构受力特征进行了研究。基于相关统计及试验资料,分析了隧道围岩与支护结构承担的荷载分布规律,隧道围岩是造成荷载的主要来源,又主要承担一定的荷载,具有一定自承稳定性能力,提出从耦合角度剖析隧道结构稳定性的必要性。
(2)通过对隧道围岩渗流理论的研究,建立了自适应渗流模型,模型根据渗流介质的渗透特性自动选择相应渗流规律描述相应介质内的流体渗流,可以方便地描述因渗流速度改变或因压力梯度改变而引起的流态变化;结合岩石渗透率理论模型,考察了温度、压力等外界环境影响因素对岩石孔隙率、渗透率等物理特性的影响。
(3)采用统计理论研究岩石损伤变形破裂过程。针对岩石屈服或破坏后仍具有一定承载能力的特点,对损伤进行修正,建立了更能够反映实际的岩石统计损伤修正本构方程。损伤修正系数c_n、统计分布参数共同影响岩石损伤的等效弹性模量变化和本构方程曲线的形态,反应了岩体内部裂纹的萌生、发展、贯通过程及裂纹间相互作用引起的力学效应。模型参数采用数学拟合联合复合遗传算法求解,所得方程曲线更接近实测曲线,具有明显的优越性。
(4)应用连续性方程、线动量平衡方程、岩石损伤等效弹性模量方程及相应的物性方程,在合理的基本假设基础上,对饱和状态下渗流场和应力场控制方程分别进行了推导,建立了考虑损伤效应的渗流应力耦合模型。在耦合方程组推导过程中,针对岩体损伤效应,考虑了岩体渗流状态的变化及岩石孔隙率、渗透率变化。
(5)结合隧道围岩的初始条件及边界条件,研究了考虑损伤效应的渗流应力耦合模型有限差分求解方法,对求解过程进行了程序设计,以FLAC3D有限差分软件为平台,进行了软件二次开发,程序计算过程简洁、便于实现。
(6)针对考虑损伤效应的渗固耦合模型初始地质参数确定问题提出了模式搜索分层运算方法(HPS),算法在分层优化方法中引入模式搜索,实施模式分层运算,改变求解机制,提高解的精度和稳定性,以清江水布垭工程地下洞室初始地质参数确定为例,进行了实例研究。
(7)基于建立的耦合模型,应用所开发的程序对四川跷碛水电站洞室位移变形监测工程实例实施数值模拟计算,进行程序检测验证,并把开发的程序应用于武汉伏虎山地段地铁隧道实际工程研究中,辅助隧道设计和施工。
The study of structural security and stability started with the underground projects. Around the complexity geological environment, tunnel surrounding rock always lies in a dynamic equilibrium for some natural conditions changing. That some tunnel disasters instability occurring frequently along with excavation and operation bring great loss to the country's economic development and people's lives and property. At the saturation state, the seepage-stress coupling theory, one of the most important coupling contents, was studied and obtained great richly achievement under the interaction between tunnel rock and its environment factors. However, as most results being limited to analysis the macro-cracks in the stress-strain state of rock, there were several shortages such as the new breakdown crack, expansion and penetration process, the permeability evolution process and the damage-permeability coupling process etc. At the same time, the permeability evolution mechanical mechanism is not clear in the breakdown crack process. So there are some things to do in coupling area. In this paper, the seepage-stress coupling damage behavior of tunnel surrounding rock is studied which can understand the surrounding rock mass deformation mechanism, provide scientific and technical support for tunnel alignment layout and excavation, enhance prediction capabilities of the tunnel disaster response and disaster prevention, ensure safety and save investment significant.
The main efforts and conclusions results gained can be expressed as follows.
1. The stress characteristics of tunnel structure is studied because tunnel excavation would produce rock stress changes. Based on statistics and experiment information, the load distribution rule of tunnel rock and support structure has been analyzed. That tunnel rock is the main source of load and also endures certain load. It has a certain self-stability function in different rocks. So the study on tunnel surrounding rock stability must be explored from some coupling factors.
2. On the basis of seepage laws in the tunnel rock, the self-adaptive seepage model (SSM) was established. The SSM can automatically select the appropriate seepage function which descript the different fluid traits in rock according to the seepage medium permeability, and also express the different fluid modes for the seepage speed or the load change. According to the rock permeability theory model, the main physical rock characteristics is studied at the external environment factors.
3. The rock damage statistics theory is used on the deformation and crack process. In order to express that yielded and cracked rock has still received a certain load, the tradition statistical damage modification was amended and a new statistics seepage model function was established, which can influence the real rock state. That the amending damage variable parameter and statistics distribution parameters decided the damage equivalent elastic modulus and the curve figure of statistics seepage model function simulate the micro-crack evolution process and some micro-cracks' load effect each other in rock. In new model, variable parameters were calculated by mathematics curve combining with Compositely Genetic Algorithm (CGA). Numerical example shows that the result is efficient and reliable.
4. Based on some reasonable assumption, the seepage field and stress field equations have been derived through continuity equation, momentum conservation equation, rock statistical damage amending equation and some substantial equations. Then the seepage-stress coupling damage behavior model is established in saturation state.
5. According to some initial and boundary conditions of tunnel surrounding rock, the finite difference method is explored in seepage-stress coupling damage behavior model.
6. Hierarchical pattern search is provided to solve some initial geological stress parameters in seepage-stress coupling damage behavior model. The new optimization method enhanced some computing strategies through combing with pattern search method and hierarchical optimization. The fact engineering example shows that the hierarchical pattern search method is high accuracy and validity in the cavern displacement parameter inversion of Qingjiang Shuibuya porject.
7. Based on the finite difference software FLAC3D, the seepage-stress coupling damage behavior model procedure is designed. This procedure is proven by cavern displacement in Sichuan Qiaoqi hydropower project and used in Wuhan Fuhu mountain subway tunnel project.
引文
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