陆地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估
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摘要
生态系统服务是指通过生态系统及其中的物种提供的有助于维持和实现人类生活的所有条件和过程。它不仅为人类提供了食品、医药和其它生产生活原料,更重要的是维持了人类赖以生存的生命支持系统,维持了生命物质的生物地球化学循环与水文循环,维持生物物种与遗传多样性,净化环境,维持大气化学的平衡与稳定等。然而,由于人口的增长,技术的进步与经济高速发展,人类活动导致了全球性的生态系统退化,并对生态系统服务造成了重大影响。生态系统服务功能及其价值评估是实现生态系统科学经营管理和自然资源可持续利用的重要基础,目前已经成为生态学和生态经济学研究领域的前沿热点问题。
本研究以生态系统生态学、生态经济学、自然资源经济学、环境科学等多学科的基本原理为基础,结合国内外最新的生态系统服务理论与方法等研究成果,系统地分析生态系统服务功能的研究进展与趋势,并探讨了生态系统服务功能及其与可持续发展研究的关系,对陆地生态系统服务及其价值评估、退化环境价值核算的理论、方法及其应用进行了探索性地研究。主要研究结果包括以下5个方面。
(1)综述了国内外学者关于生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究进展,全面概括地分析了陆地生态系统服务的完整内涵及其形成机制以及生态系统服务与人类福利的关系,总结了生态系统服务及其价值评估的基础理论。
(2)基于陆地生态系统结构、功能和生态过程,按照科学性、系统性、独立性、敏感性、可操作性等多项原则,运用层次分析法构建了一套符合我国国情的陆地生态系统服务功能评估指标体系框架。指标体系框架分供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务等4个方面28个项目和56个指标。确定了各服务指标的权重和重要性参数,并对陆地系统服务功能指标进行了综合评估。陆地生态系统服务综合层指标权重排序评估结果从高到低依次是支持服务〉供给服务〉调节服务〉文化服务。归纳总结了生态系统服务价值评估的理论和方法,在生态系统功能、生态过程、服务、服务价值与各种评估方法之间建立了对应关系;依据评估指标筛选原则,按照指标筛选方法,确立了服务价值评估方法选择程序;针对陆地生态系统各项服务指标的特点以及价值评估方法的适用范围,构建了陆地生态系统服务价值的评估方法体系。
(3)依据陆地生态系统服务价值评估指标体系和方法体系,选择生态系统产品价值、固碳制氧价值、营养物质循环价值、防护效益价值、水土保持价值、维持生物多样性价值以及旅游价值等7个核心服务价值指标首次对我国荒漠生态系统服务价值进行了评估。评估结果显示:尽管我国荒漠区植物稀疏、自然条件恶劣,但其总的生态系统服务价值仍达到2284.39×108元/a。荒漠生态系统服务价值的评估为荒漠生态系统及其生物多样性保护提供了科学依据。
Ecosystem services are the conditions and processing through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life. They not only supply to human with the production of ecosystem goods, such as food , forage , timber , biomass fuels , natural fiber , and pharmaceuticals. Ecosystems also perform fundamental life support services, which include the purification of air and water, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, regulation of climate, regeneration of soil fertility, and production and maintenance of biodiversity, mitigation of floods, droughts, the erosive forces of wind and rain. As the human population has grown and the power of technology has expanded, the scope and nature of this modification has changed drastically. Many ecosystems and their services are dominated directly by humanity. Economic valuation of ecosystem services is the base of scientific managing ecosystem and sustainable using natural resources. Today, ecosystem services and how to assess their values have become the researching hot spots in the fields of ecology and eco-economics.
In this paper, using multidiscipline theories and methodologies, including ecosystem ecology, eco-economics, natural resources economics, environment science, the advances in ecosystem services characteristics, their economic valuation and their relations to sustainable development are literaturally surveyed and discussed,the theories and methods and their applications on valuation of terrestrial ecosystem services and accounting of environment degradation are outlined. The main research works are as following:
(1) The advances in ecosystem services and their valuation and their relations to human well-being and development are literaturally reviewed;The concepts, contents and their driving force of terrestrial ecosystem services are analysized;The basis theories of ecosystem services and their valuation are summarized.
(2) Based on the definitions and relationships among components, functions, processes and services of terrestrial ecosystem,guided by the scientific principle, systematic principles, independence, relevance, comparability, and so on. A framework of index system that suits China conditions for identifying, classifying and valuating ecosystem services is developed The index system has 4 levels, 28 items and 56 indicators. Using the methods of APH (Analytic Hierarchy Process), the weights of indexes were calculated, and the indexes were standardized by contrast value of indexes with theoretic indicator system. Here, terrestrial ecosystem services are grouped into four primary categories: production services, regulation services, cultural services and support services. The indexes system can provide scientific support for valuation of terrestrial ecosystem services in China.
(3) The study reviews valuing methods for terrestrial ecosystem services, and then establishes relationships among processes, functions, services, values and valuing methods. Methods selecting procedures are established according the relationship between service indexes and valuing methods. The study presents systematically a set of evaluation methods for terrestrial ecosystem services including woody productions, holding water sources, flood control, protection of surface soil, maintenance of nutrient, preventing sediment, sequestration of carbon dioxide, release of oxygen, absorption of sulfur dioxide, interception of dust and purification of atmospheric pollution.
(4) It is first time to estimate desert ecosystem services value by using method indexes the above-mentioned. The results showed that the total value of annual desert ecosystem services in China was about $2284.39×108/a, among which, the percentage of production took up 37.28 %, that of carbon sequestration and oxygen releasing accounted for 33.26 %, nutrition laying 0.89 %, erosion control and sediment retention 7.09 %, water and soil conservation 9.48%,biodiversity function maintenance10.56 %, and recreation and culture 1.44%.
本研究以生态系统生态学、生态经济学、自然资源经济学、环境科学等多学科的基本原理为基础,结合国内外最新的生态系统服务理论与方法等研究成果,系统地分析生态系统服务功能的研究进展与趋势,并探讨了生态系统服务功能及其与可持续发展研究的关系,对陆地生态系统服务及其价值评估、退化环境价值核算的理论、方法及其应用进行了探索性地研究。主要研究结果包括以下5个方面。
(1)综述了国内外学者关于生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究进展,全面概括地分析了陆地生态系统服务的完整内涵及其形成机制以及生态系统服务与人类福利的关系,总结了生态系统服务及其价值评估的基础理论。
(2)基于陆地生态系统结构、功能和生态过程,按照科学性、系统性、独立性、敏感性、可操作性等多项原则,运用层次分析法构建了一套符合我国国情的陆地生态系统服务功能评估指标体系框架。指标体系框架分供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务等4个方面28个项目和56个指标。确定了各服务指标的权重和重要性参数,并对陆地系统服务功能指标进行了综合评估。陆地生态系统服务综合层指标权重排序评估结果从高到低依次是支持服务〉供给服务〉调节服务〉文化服务。归纳总结了生态系统服务价值评估的理论和方法,在生态系统功能、生态过程、服务、服务价值与各种评估方法之间建立了对应关系;依据评估指标筛选原则,按照指标筛选方法,确立了服务价值评估方法选择程序;针对陆地生态系统各项服务指标的特点以及价值评估方法的适用范围,构建了陆地生态系统服务价值的评估方法体系。
(3)依据陆地生态系统服务价值评估指标体系和方法体系,选择生态系统产品价值、固碳制氧价值、营养物质循环价值、防护效益价值、水土保持价值、维持生物多样性价值以及旅游价值等7个核心服务价值指标首次对我国荒漠生态系统服务价值进行了评估。评估结果显示:尽管我国荒漠区植物稀疏、自然条件恶劣,但其总的生态系统服务价值仍达到2284.39×108元/a。荒漠生态系统服务价值的评估为荒漠生态系统及其生物多样性保护提供了科学依据。
Ecosystem services are the conditions and processing through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life. They not only supply to human with the production of ecosystem goods, such as food , forage , timber , biomass fuels , natural fiber , and pharmaceuticals. Ecosystems also perform fundamental life support services, which include the purification of air and water, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, regulation of climate, regeneration of soil fertility, and production and maintenance of biodiversity, mitigation of floods, droughts, the erosive forces of wind and rain. As the human population has grown and the power of technology has expanded, the scope and nature of this modification has changed drastically. Many ecosystems and their services are dominated directly by humanity. Economic valuation of ecosystem services is the base of scientific managing ecosystem and sustainable using natural resources. Today, ecosystem services and how to assess their values have become the researching hot spots in the fields of ecology and eco-economics.
In this paper, using multidiscipline theories and methodologies, including ecosystem ecology, eco-economics, natural resources economics, environment science, the advances in ecosystem services characteristics, their economic valuation and their relations to sustainable development are literaturally surveyed and discussed,the theories and methods and their applications on valuation of terrestrial ecosystem services and accounting of environment degradation are outlined. The main research works are as following:
(1) The advances in ecosystem services and their valuation and their relations to human well-being and development are literaturally reviewed;The concepts, contents and their driving force of terrestrial ecosystem services are analysized;The basis theories of ecosystem services and their valuation are summarized.
(2) Based on the definitions and relationships among components, functions, processes and services of terrestrial ecosystem,guided by the scientific principle, systematic principles, independence, relevance, comparability, and so on. A framework of index system that suits China conditions for identifying, classifying and valuating ecosystem services is developed The index system has 4 levels, 28 items and 56 indicators. Using the methods of APH (Analytic Hierarchy Process), the weights of indexes were calculated, and the indexes were standardized by contrast value of indexes with theoretic indicator system. Here, terrestrial ecosystem services are grouped into four primary categories: production services, regulation services, cultural services and support services. The indexes system can provide scientific support for valuation of terrestrial ecosystem services in China.
(3) The study reviews valuing methods for terrestrial ecosystem services, and then establishes relationships among processes, functions, services, values and valuing methods. Methods selecting procedures are established according the relationship between service indexes and valuing methods. The study presents systematically a set of evaluation methods for terrestrial ecosystem services including woody productions, holding water sources, flood control, protection of surface soil, maintenance of nutrient, preventing sediment, sequestration of carbon dioxide, release of oxygen, absorption of sulfur dioxide, interception of dust and purification of atmospheric pollution.
(4) It is first time to estimate desert ecosystem services value by using method indexes the above-mentioned. The results showed that the total value of annual desert ecosystem services in China was about $2284.39×108/a, among which, the percentage of production took up 37.28 %, that of carbon sequestration and oxygen releasing accounted for 33.26 %, nutrition laying 0.89 %, erosion control and sediment retention 7.09 %, water and soil conservation 9.48%,biodiversity function maintenance10.56 %, and recreation and culture 1.44%.
引文
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