急倾斜煤层开采岩层破坏机理及地表移动理论研究
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摘要
急倾斜煤层开采岩层破坏机理和地表移动理论研究,是矿山开采沉陷理论研究的重要组成部分。由于煤层倾角大于45°,岩层受切向作用力大于法向作用力,急倾斜煤层开采岩层变形破坏机理、岩层移动机制、地表移动规律与水平煤层开采有显著的不同。在以往的研究中,无论是对位移场的几何描述,还是对变形场的力学描述,均没有提出较好的岩层移动理论模型。急倾斜煤层开采沉陷理论研究在岩层破坏机理、岩层移动机制及地表移动计算等方面存在不足,从而使急倾斜煤层开采岩层及地表移动研究落后于水平及缓倾斜煤层开采岩层及地表移动研究。
本文针对急倾斜煤层开采的地质采矿特点和岩层受力破坏特征,通过建立急倾斜煤层开采顶底板岩层力学模型、岩层移动理论模型,在理论上对急倾斜煤层开采岩层破坏机理及岩层移动机制进行了深入研究,建立了急倾斜煤层开采岩层弯曲变形和滑移变形共同作用的上覆岩层移动模式,提出了将开采空间转化为滑移空间利用概率积分法进行计算的急倾斜煤层开采地表移动预计方法。利用离散元数值模拟计算模型,研究了煤层倾角、煤层开采厚度、采空区阶段垂高、煤层群开采顺序等因素对岩层受力、变形、破坏的影响。作为应用实例,研究了建筑物下急倾斜煤层群开采设计理论。
本文主要进行了以下研究工作。
(1)在急倾斜煤层开采岩层破坏机理研究中,考虑了岩层受切向力的作用,建立了急倾斜煤层开采岩层梁-柱理论模型。把采空区顶板岩层视为具有一定支撑形式的梁,则急倾斜煤层开采岩层所受的切向力可以视为梁的轴向作用力,而法向力可以视为梁的横向作用力。与不考虑轴向力作用的梁理论计算结果相比,考虑轴向力作用时岩层挠度大,顶板岩层破坏范围偏向采空区上山方向,更符合急倾斜煤层开采岩层变形破坏的实际。
(2)在理论上研究了急倾斜煤层开采底板岩层的变形破坏问题。随着煤层倾角增大,切向力的作用越来越大,底板岩层不可避免地要发生变形破坏。本文建立了急倾斜煤层开采底板岩层力学模型,研究了开采深度、采空区倾斜长度和岩层厚度等因素对底板岩层稳定性的影响,对实际生产中维护急倾斜采空区底板稳定具有重要意义。
(3)提出了急倾斜煤层开采岩层弯曲变形和滑移变形共同作用的岩层移动机制,建立了急倾斜开采岩层楔形破坏区理论模型。在楔形破坏区内,岩层以弯曲变形引起的拉张破坏为主,在楔形破坏区的上方,岩层以滑移变形引起的剪切破坏为主。急倾斜煤层采空区上覆岩层楔形破坏区的存在是形成地表非对称下沉盆地的主要原因。
(4)在急倾斜煤层开采岩层楔形破坏区理论模型的基础上,提出了将开采空间转化为滑移空间利用概率积分法计算急倾斜煤层开采地表移动变形的新方法。该计算方法能够反映急倾斜煤层开采岩层移动机制,具有应用简便、计算参数易于确定等特点,较好地解决了急倾斜煤层开采地表移动预计问题。
(5)为解决建筑物下急倾斜煤层开采问题,提高建筑物下急倾斜煤层开采的采煤效率,提出了利用采区边界煤柱和采空区边界三角煤柱联合控制地表沉陷的开采设计方法,并成功应用于工程实践。采区边界煤柱控制走向方向的上覆岩层破坏范围,采空区边界三角煤柱控制倾斜方向的上覆岩层滑移变形,最终达到控制地表沉陷的目的。
Study of strata failure mechanism and surface subsidence theory in steeplyinclined coal seam mining,is the important component of mining subsidence theory. For the coal seam dip angle is larger than 45°,the effect of forces along the plane of rock strata is bigger than the effect of forces perpendicular to the plane,so the strata failure mechanism and strata movement pattern are distinctly different from horizontally or gently inclined coal seam mining.In the past research,no matter what strata movement geometrically described or stress deformation mechanically described,no suitable theoretical models were put forward to study strata movement model for steeply- inclined coal seam mining.So compared to the study of strata movement of gently-inclined coal seam mining,the theoretical research of strata and surface movement in steeply-inclined coal seam mining is insufficient in the aspect of strata failure mechanism,strata movement pattern and surface subsidence prediction.
Based on the geological and strata pressure-bring characteristic in steeply inclined coal seam mining,the mechanisms of rock strata and surface movement were theoretically studied intensively.An overburden movement model combined by strata bending deformation and slipping deformation was established for steeply-inclined coal seam mining.The paper used numerical simulation model of UDEC to study the influence of coal seam dip angle,mining height,level vertical height of goaf,and multi-seam mining sequence on the stress,deformation and strata movement.As an application example study,the paper also proposed a new mining design method for steeply-inclined coal multi-seam mining under buildings.
The paper mainly carried through the following studies:
(1) For the first time the effect of axial force was taken into account to study the strata deformation and failure in steeply-inclined coal seam mining,and the beam-pillar models were established.Because rock strata are simultaneity subjected to the transverse and axial forces,and that the axial force is bigger than the transverse force,so the axial force becomes mostly important factor to effect on the strata deformation and failure.Compared with the strata deflection value calculated by beam or lath models,the value calculated by beam-pillar models is bigger,and the location of the maximum deflection is partial to the upside of goaf.
(2) The underlying strata deformation and failure in steeply-inclined coal seam mining were studied in this paper.For the larger dip angle,the axial force acting on the underlying strata becomes bigger,and then it is more possible that the underlying strata destroyed.By the beam-pillar model this paper studied the influence of mining depth,goaf size and strata thickness on the stability of underlying strata,which was of great importance to analyze the underlying strata destroy in steeply-inclined coal mining.
(3) An overburden movement model combined by strata bending deformation and slipping deformation was firstly established for steeply-inclined coal seam mining, and a theoretical model of wedge-shaped failure region was put forward.In the extension of wedge-shaped failure region,the strata suffered tensile failure caused by bending deformation.And on top of the wedge-shaped failure region,the strata suffered shear failure caused by slipping deformation.The asymmetrical surface subsidence basin in steeply-inclined coal seam mining is generally caused by the existing of wedge-shaped failure region.
(4) On the basis of the theoretical model of wedge-shaped failure region,a new surface movement prediction method by transforming of original mining space to slipping space was put forward to solve the calculation problem of asymmetrical basin caused by steeply-inclined coal seam mining.
(5) In order to solve the problem of steeply-inclined coal seam mining under buildings,raise productive efficiency of coal mining enterprises,a new method of coal pillar arrangement with barrier pillars and goaf triangle pillars was presented to control surface subsidence.With barrier pillars to decrease the strata movement along the strike,and goaf triangle pillars to decrease the strata slipping along the dip, surface subsidence could be preferably controlled.
本文针对急倾斜煤层开采的地质采矿特点和岩层受力破坏特征,通过建立急倾斜煤层开采顶底板岩层力学模型、岩层移动理论模型,在理论上对急倾斜煤层开采岩层破坏机理及岩层移动机制进行了深入研究,建立了急倾斜煤层开采岩层弯曲变形和滑移变形共同作用的上覆岩层移动模式,提出了将开采空间转化为滑移空间利用概率积分法进行计算的急倾斜煤层开采地表移动预计方法。利用离散元数值模拟计算模型,研究了煤层倾角、煤层开采厚度、采空区阶段垂高、煤层群开采顺序等因素对岩层受力、变形、破坏的影响。作为应用实例,研究了建筑物下急倾斜煤层群开采设计理论。
本文主要进行了以下研究工作。
(1)在急倾斜煤层开采岩层破坏机理研究中,考虑了岩层受切向力的作用,建立了急倾斜煤层开采岩层梁-柱理论模型。把采空区顶板岩层视为具有一定支撑形式的梁,则急倾斜煤层开采岩层所受的切向力可以视为梁的轴向作用力,而法向力可以视为梁的横向作用力。与不考虑轴向力作用的梁理论计算结果相比,考虑轴向力作用时岩层挠度大,顶板岩层破坏范围偏向采空区上山方向,更符合急倾斜煤层开采岩层变形破坏的实际。
(2)在理论上研究了急倾斜煤层开采底板岩层的变形破坏问题。随着煤层倾角增大,切向力的作用越来越大,底板岩层不可避免地要发生变形破坏。本文建立了急倾斜煤层开采底板岩层力学模型,研究了开采深度、采空区倾斜长度和岩层厚度等因素对底板岩层稳定性的影响,对实际生产中维护急倾斜采空区底板稳定具有重要意义。
(3)提出了急倾斜煤层开采岩层弯曲变形和滑移变形共同作用的岩层移动机制,建立了急倾斜开采岩层楔形破坏区理论模型。在楔形破坏区内,岩层以弯曲变形引起的拉张破坏为主,在楔形破坏区的上方,岩层以滑移变形引起的剪切破坏为主。急倾斜煤层采空区上覆岩层楔形破坏区的存在是形成地表非对称下沉盆地的主要原因。
(4)在急倾斜煤层开采岩层楔形破坏区理论模型的基础上,提出了将开采空间转化为滑移空间利用概率积分法计算急倾斜煤层开采地表移动变形的新方法。该计算方法能够反映急倾斜煤层开采岩层移动机制,具有应用简便、计算参数易于确定等特点,较好地解决了急倾斜煤层开采地表移动预计问题。
(5)为解决建筑物下急倾斜煤层开采问题,提高建筑物下急倾斜煤层开采的采煤效率,提出了利用采区边界煤柱和采空区边界三角煤柱联合控制地表沉陷的开采设计方法,并成功应用于工程实践。采区边界煤柱控制走向方向的上覆岩层破坏范围,采空区边界三角煤柱控制倾斜方向的上覆岩层滑移变形,最终达到控制地表沉陷的目的。
Study of strata failure mechanism and surface subsidence theory in steeplyinclined coal seam mining,is the important component of mining subsidence theory. For the coal seam dip angle is larger than 45°,the effect of forces along the plane of rock strata is bigger than the effect of forces perpendicular to the plane,so the strata failure mechanism and strata movement pattern are distinctly different from horizontally or gently inclined coal seam mining.In the past research,no matter what strata movement geometrically described or stress deformation mechanically described,no suitable theoretical models were put forward to study strata movement model for steeply- inclined coal seam mining.So compared to the study of strata movement of gently-inclined coal seam mining,the theoretical research of strata and surface movement in steeply-inclined coal seam mining is insufficient in the aspect of strata failure mechanism,strata movement pattern and surface subsidence prediction.
Based on the geological and strata pressure-bring characteristic in steeply inclined coal seam mining,the mechanisms of rock strata and surface movement were theoretically studied intensively.An overburden movement model combined by strata bending deformation and slipping deformation was established for steeply-inclined coal seam mining.The paper used numerical simulation model of UDEC to study the influence of coal seam dip angle,mining height,level vertical height of goaf,and multi-seam mining sequence on the stress,deformation and strata movement.As an application example study,the paper also proposed a new mining design method for steeply-inclined coal multi-seam mining under buildings.
The paper mainly carried through the following studies:
(1) For the first time the effect of axial force was taken into account to study the strata deformation and failure in steeply-inclined coal seam mining,and the beam-pillar models were established.Because rock strata are simultaneity subjected to the transverse and axial forces,and that the axial force is bigger than the transverse force,so the axial force becomes mostly important factor to effect on the strata deformation and failure.Compared with the strata deflection value calculated by beam or lath models,the value calculated by beam-pillar models is bigger,and the location of the maximum deflection is partial to the upside of goaf.
(2) The underlying strata deformation and failure in steeply-inclined coal seam mining were studied in this paper.For the larger dip angle,the axial force acting on the underlying strata becomes bigger,and then it is more possible that the underlying strata destroyed.By the beam-pillar model this paper studied the influence of mining depth,goaf size and strata thickness on the stability of underlying strata,which was of great importance to analyze the underlying strata destroy in steeply-inclined coal mining.
(3) An overburden movement model combined by strata bending deformation and slipping deformation was firstly established for steeply-inclined coal seam mining, and a theoretical model of wedge-shaped failure region was put forward.In the extension of wedge-shaped failure region,the strata suffered tensile failure caused by bending deformation.And on top of the wedge-shaped failure region,the strata suffered shear failure caused by slipping deformation.The asymmetrical surface subsidence basin in steeply-inclined coal seam mining is generally caused by the existing of wedge-shaped failure region.
(4) On the basis of the theoretical model of wedge-shaped failure region,a new surface movement prediction method by transforming of original mining space to slipping space was put forward to solve the calculation problem of asymmetrical basin caused by steeply-inclined coal seam mining.
(5) In order to solve the problem of steeply-inclined coal seam mining under buildings,raise productive efficiency of coal mining enterprises,a new method of coal pillar arrangement with barrier pillars and goaf triangle pillars was presented to control surface subsidence.With barrier pillars to decrease the strata movement along the strike,and goaf triangle pillars to decrease the strata slipping along the dip, surface subsidence could be preferably controlled.
引文
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