中国农村小额信贷发展问题研究
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摘要
小额信贷作为服务穷人的金融,解决了长期以来正规金融机构不能为贫困人口提供有效信贷服务的问题。中国自上世纪90年代开始小额信贷试点至今,虽然小额信贷业务作为金融创新的成果,在缓解贫困和增加农户收入方面发挥过显著效果,但农村小额信贷高风险、高成本的特点,以及利率管制、资金来源缺乏、政府职能定位不清、法律地位不明确等等一系列问题,都制约着中国小额信贷的发展,目前中国农村小额信贷发展的主要问题就是不具有可持续性。因此,改善小额信贷这一农村金融改革的薄弱环节,实现小额信贷可持续发展,不仅有利于推动农村金融市场的发展、促进不发达地区经济发展、帮助贫困人口脱贫,而且对促进中国新农村建设、构建和谐社会具有重要意义。
本研究将小额信贷纳入农村金融市场体系的框架,利用系统分析、实证与规范分析相结合、数理和计量分析相结合、专家调查等研究方法,以介绍小额信贷可持续发展的理论基础为出发点,从洲际角度研究国际小额信贷的发展现状,总结出孟加拉乡村银行、印尼人民银行、柬埔寨ACLEDA银行的发展经验和对中国小额信贷发展的启示,并在深入考察中国小额信贷的发展历程及现状基础上,从政策环境、法律环境、经济环境及社会文化环境方面分析了小额信贷发展的外部环境,从运行机构、产品要素、运行流程方面阐述了小额信贷的运行机制,并且构建了小额信贷机构可持续经营能力综合评价模型,从人力资源管理和信贷文化建设两个方面论述了小额信贷机构可持续经营能力的培育,最后得出本研究的结论并提出相应的对策建议。
本研究主要结论为:小额信贷在中国虽然已经走过了14年的发展历程,但仍处于发展的起步阶段,不但没有实现真正意义上的可持续发展,而且实现可持续发展的形势严峻。目前虽然已经形成了包括农村信用社、邮政储蓄银行、村镇银行、商业性小额信贷公司、非政府组织小额信贷等多层次格局的小额信贷机构,但由于这些机构都不同程度存在着制约他们可持续发展的因素。因此,改善小额信贷的外部环境,完善小额信贷的运行机制,培育小额信贷机构可持续经营能力,都将对实现中国农村小额信贷的发展具有重要作用。
本研究的主要创新点:
1、本研究建立了小额信贷机构可持续经营能力的综合评价模型。该模型以层次分析法为基础,运用聚类分析原理设计指标权重的基础上,改变通常对指标评价权重进行简单平均的方法,对加权结果进行归一化处理,得到综合权重。此外,在综合分析模型建立中,本研究按层次分析法排序的结果建立了每一层次的模型,分别计算出了小额信贷机构不同评价内容的具体得分,便于其寻找可持续经营能力低下的原因。
2、本研究依据中国农村小额信贷机构的现状,有针对性地建立了小额信贷机构人力资源管理体系。从小额信贷经理的招募与甄选、培训、绩效评价、薪酬体系方面系统具体的阐述了如何进行有效的进行小额信贷机构的人力资源管理,并运用层次分析法建立小额信贷经理的绩效评价体系。
Microfinance resolve the problem that formal financial institutions could not provide an effective credit services to the poverty-stricken population in long-term as the poor financial services. There have been 14 years since the 1990s started a pilot Microfinance in China. Microfinance has played a significant effect in alleviating poverty and increase farmers' income as a financial innovation results. However, high-risk and high-cost of microfinance , lower interest rates, funding sources, the unclear microfinance functions of the government and so on, which constraints the sustainable development of the rural microfinance in China. The sustainable development of the rural microfinance is conducive not only to improve the rural financial market and promoting economic development in poverty-stricken areas and help poor people out of poverty, but also for new rural construction and be of great significance to building a harmonious society in China.
In this research, Microfinance has been got into the rural financial market system. It use of systems analysis, empirical analysis and norms of the integration of mathematical analysis and measurement, experts investigating the research methods to introduce the theoretical foundation of microfinance sustainable development as the starting point, and from the perspective of international microfinance development , summed up village banks in Bangladesh, the People's Bank of Indonesia, Cambodia ACLEDA Bank which can give experience and enlightenments of microfinance, And in-depth study of China microfinance course of development and on the basis of the status quo, From the policy environments,and legal environments, economic environments and social and cultural environments for microfinance development. From the operation, elements of products, processes running on microfinance aspects of the operation mechanism, and build a comprehensive evaluation model of sustainable microfinance institution's operating capacity. It is from the human resources management and credit culture to build on two aspects of the microfinance institutions operating capacity of sustainable development. Finally it comes to the conclusions of this research and proposals to the microfinance development.
Main conclusions of this paper are as follows: Microfinance in China has developed for 14 years, but still in the initial stage of microfinance development. It do not realize the true sustainable development and the situation of sustainable development is stern.Although MFI has been formed, including rural credit cooperatives, postal savings banks, rural banks, commercial microfinance companies, NGO microfinance and other multi-level pattern of microfinance institutions, there are still different levels constraints of their sustainable development. Therefore, to improve the external environments, and the operation mechanism, and cultivate sustainable microfinance institutions operating capacity, the goverment of China will have to achieve the sustainable development of microfinance and play an important role.
Main innovations of this paper are as follows:
1. The research has established a comprehensive evaluation model of the microfinance institutions' sustainable operating capacity. The model to level analysis is based on use of cluster analysis principles of design specifications on the basis of weight, change is usually the target weight for a simple evaluation of the average method, and the results were weighted to the one treatment, the right to be re-integrated. In addition, comprehensive analysis model, this research by AHP to sort the results of each level of a model, calculate a different evaluation of microfinance institutions as scores of concrete, sustainable business for its ability to find lower reasons.
2. The research has established a human resources management system of microfinance institutions based on the status of microfinance institutions in the rural areas in China. From the recruitment and selection, training, performance evaluation and salary systems of microfinance manager in specific systems and how to carry out human resources management of microfinance institutions effectively, application-level analysis and establish microfinance manager's performance evaluation system..
本研究将小额信贷纳入农村金融市场体系的框架,利用系统分析、实证与规范分析相结合、数理和计量分析相结合、专家调查等研究方法,以介绍小额信贷可持续发展的理论基础为出发点,从洲际角度研究国际小额信贷的发展现状,总结出孟加拉乡村银行、印尼人民银行、柬埔寨ACLEDA银行的发展经验和对中国小额信贷发展的启示,并在深入考察中国小额信贷的发展历程及现状基础上,从政策环境、法律环境、经济环境及社会文化环境方面分析了小额信贷发展的外部环境,从运行机构、产品要素、运行流程方面阐述了小额信贷的运行机制,并且构建了小额信贷机构可持续经营能力综合评价模型,从人力资源管理和信贷文化建设两个方面论述了小额信贷机构可持续经营能力的培育,最后得出本研究的结论并提出相应的对策建议。
本研究主要结论为:小额信贷在中国虽然已经走过了14年的发展历程,但仍处于发展的起步阶段,不但没有实现真正意义上的可持续发展,而且实现可持续发展的形势严峻。目前虽然已经形成了包括农村信用社、邮政储蓄银行、村镇银行、商业性小额信贷公司、非政府组织小额信贷等多层次格局的小额信贷机构,但由于这些机构都不同程度存在着制约他们可持续发展的因素。因此,改善小额信贷的外部环境,完善小额信贷的运行机制,培育小额信贷机构可持续经营能力,都将对实现中国农村小额信贷的发展具有重要作用。
本研究的主要创新点:
1、本研究建立了小额信贷机构可持续经营能力的综合评价模型。该模型以层次分析法为基础,运用聚类分析原理设计指标权重的基础上,改变通常对指标评价权重进行简单平均的方法,对加权结果进行归一化处理,得到综合权重。此外,在综合分析模型建立中,本研究按层次分析法排序的结果建立了每一层次的模型,分别计算出了小额信贷机构不同评价内容的具体得分,便于其寻找可持续经营能力低下的原因。
2、本研究依据中国农村小额信贷机构的现状,有针对性地建立了小额信贷机构人力资源管理体系。从小额信贷经理的招募与甄选、培训、绩效评价、薪酬体系方面系统具体的阐述了如何进行有效的进行小额信贷机构的人力资源管理,并运用层次分析法建立小额信贷经理的绩效评价体系。
Microfinance resolve the problem that formal financial institutions could not provide an effective credit services to the poverty-stricken population in long-term as the poor financial services. There have been 14 years since the 1990s started a pilot Microfinance in China. Microfinance has played a significant effect in alleviating poverty and increase farmers' income as a financial innovation results. However, high-risk and high-cost of microfinance , lower interest rates, funding sources, the unclear microfinance functions of the government and so on, which constraints the sustainable development of the rural microfinance in China. The sustainable development of the rural microfinance is conducive not only to improve the rural financial market and promoting economic development in poverty-stricken areas and help poor people out of poverty, but also for new rural construction and be of great significance to building a harmonious society in China.
In this research, Microfinance has been got into the rural financial market system. It use of systems analysis, empirical analysis and norms of the integration of mathematical analysis and measurement, experts investigating the research methods to introduce the theoretical foundation of microfinance sustainable development as the starting point, and from the perspective of international microfinance development , summed up village banks in Bangladesh, the People's Bank of Indonesia, Cambodia ACLEDA Bank which can give experience and enlightenments of microfinance, And in-depth study of China microfinance course of development and on the basis of the status quo, From the policy environments,and legal environments, economic environments and social and cultural environments for microfinance development. From the operation, elements of products, processes running on microfinance aspects of the operation mechanism, and build a comprehensive evaluation model of sustainable microfinance institution's operating capacity. It is from the human resources management and credit culture to build on two aspects of the microfinance institutions operating capacity of sustainable development. Finally it comes to the conclusions of this research and proposals to the microfinance development.
Main conclusions of this paper are as follows: Microfinance in China has developed for 14 years, but still in the initial stage of microfinance development. It do not realize the true sustainable development and the situation of sustainable development is stern.Although MFI has been formed, including rural credit cooperatives, postal savings banks, rural banks, commercial microfinance companies, NGO microfinance and other multi-level pattern of microfinance institutions, there are still different levels constraints of their sustainable development. Therefore, to improve the external environments, and the operation mechanism, and cultivate sustainable microfinance institutions operating capacity, the goverment of China will have to achieve the sustainable development of microfinance and play an important role.
Main innovations of this paper are as follows:
1. The research has established a comprehensive evaluation model of the microfinance institutions' sustainable operating capacity. The model to level analysis is based on use of cluster analysis principles of design specifications on the basis of weight, change is usually the target weight for a simple evaluation of the average method, and the results were weighted to the one treatment, the right to be re-integrated. In addition, comprehensive analysis model, this research by AHP to sort the results of each level of a model, calculate a different evaluation of microfinance institutions as scores of concrete, sustainable business for its ability to find lower reasons.
2. The research has established a human resources management system of microfinance institutions based on the status of microfinance institutions in the rural areas in China. From the recruitment and selection, training, performance evaluation and salary systems of microfinance manager in specific systems and how to carry out human resources management of microfinance institutions effectively, application-level analysis and establish microfinance manager's performance evaluation system..
引文
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