复杂通道中油滴的运动规律与颗粒周围剪切力场研究
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摘要
重力式分离器结构简单、操作方便、运行稳定以及维护费用低,是分离器应用比较广泛原因。一股重力式分离器的体积庞大,且效率不高。从其发展趋势来看,通过引入各种聚结填料和合理设计,使分离器向高效性方向发展。本文采用理论分析和数值模拟计算相结合方式,进行了油滴在复杂通道内运动规律和颗粒周围剪切力场研究。
首先,针对复杂通道中低雷诺数油滴运动时扰动衰减慢特点,应用低雷诺数流理论,对油滴运动因受边界、环境流动影响以及油滴为流体球,进行了油滴运动阻力修正;并建立适用于重力式分离器内复杂通道中油滴的运动方程和颗粒周围剪切力场边界积分方程和油滴剪切控制方程。
其次,应用Fluent软件结合自编程序UDF,对水相采用层流模型,油相采用离散相模型,在对低雷诺数油滴所受到的阻力进行了修正基础上,进行了平板、斜板和波纹折板间油滴运动规律数值模拟计算。结果表明:
传统的无界Stokes拟球形油滴其运动规律不同于油滴在另一种与其互不相容的有限空间液体中的运动行为,对于液-液体系,油滴作为流体球,存在减阻正面影响的作用较弱;边界影响、Poiseuille环境流作用下的油滴运动轨迹与无界Stokes油滴相比存在着明显差别,对油滴上浮时间存在延缓效应,其边界的影响作用较大,Poiseuille环境流作用次之;在协同作用下,与传统的Stokes油滴相比较,油滴上浮时间在平板内延缓了17.211%,斜板逆流形式下延缓了18.753%,波纹折板内延缓了20.304%。所以,低雷诺数扰动衰减慢作用随着流道复杂程度增加其影响更加显著。
再次,Stokes油滴在平板、斜板、波纹折板间随着流场流速的增加和油滴粒径的减小都会使上浮效率显著地下降。①平板时,垂直方向油滴终端上浮速度与流场的速度大小无关,而与油滴粒径有关;水平方向上油滴迁移速度与油滴粒径无关,迁移速度同步于板间的Poiseuille流场速度,符合零阻力条件;平板间Stokes油滴独立浮升、迁移运动能力强,油滴碰撞对油滴几何参数、初始位置、油滴物性、流场的速度梯度有很大的依赖性,对此建立了油滴碰撞的数学模型,为油滴间的碰撞提供判断依据,来弥补迄今为止几乎没有可用数据来比较油滴碰撞条件的关系式,其计算结果与Matlab数值计算及Fluent软件模拟计算结果相吻合。②斜板时,在错流、并流和逆流的三种流动形式中,Stokes油滴垂直于板方向的上浮速度相同,与流动形式无关;如受低雷诺数协同作用,油滴的上浮速度则不同,与流动形式有关;油滴在板长方向上迁移速度的影响关系不同于水平平板,与粒径大小有关,不再耦合于板间的Poiseuille流场速度,存在运动阻力;斜板逆流形式下,油滴粒径越大,其迁移速度则小,而并流形式下,油滴粒径越大,其迁移速度则大;油滴运动位移、浮升时间随斜板倾角α增大而增长,在层膜能上浮条件,应尽可能减小斜板倾角α;逆流时油滴上浮到上板所需要板长比并流、错流时较短,所以采用逆流形式比错流、并流有优势。③与平板相比波纹折板间油滴浮升时间、水平位移更短些,作为聚结填料比平板存在着很大优势;但波纹折板折角、流场速度较大时,流场易湍急、不稳定,对油滴运动的影响关系变得复杂,对油滴存在旋卷现象,其轨迹线随旋涡上下波动、转圈,不能“自拔”,甚至产生倒流,所以,在应用波纹折板时一定兼顾流场速度、折板折角方能发挥其良好作用。采用多相相混合模型,对引入平板、波纹折板二种聚结填料的油水分离器内部的流场进行了数值模拟计算,通过对速度场、聚结填料对称面及前后浓度的等高线分析,验证了波纹折板聚结填料比平板具有较好的油水分离特性。
最后,通过量纲分析指出,影响油滴变形的无量纲数很多,理论和实验对油滴变形破碎很难进行定量描述,采用VOF进行了油滴在剪切场中变形的二维数值模拟分析:油滴的粘度、表面张力对变形起到抑制作用,油滴粒径越大,越易变形、破碎。流场速度梯度越大,油滴就易变形破碎;所以,通过引入聚结填料,在提高工作效率同时,实际上增加了分散相油滴在剪力作用下会发生变形、破碎的风险。而油滴与流场间相对速度较大时,会加剧油水乳化。所以,对于旋流器,必然存在油水进一步乳化现象。
本文研究工作已取得阶段性进展,但由于研究过程中对实际问题进行了简化,所得到结果的应用范围有限,在定量方面尚存在有不足,还需大量的实验研究进一步验证。
As the motion phenomenon of oil droplets is very complicated in complicated channels, experimental methods are limited and measurement is very difficult, in order to find the law of oil droplets motion in complicated channels, the way of combining theoretical analysis and simulated computation is used in this study. The law of oil droplets motion and the shearing field around the droplets in complicated channels is presented in this paper.
First, aiming at slow weakening disturbance of oil droplets in complicated channels under the condition of low Reynolds number, the theory of low Reynolds number is adopted. As the motion of oil droplet is affected by boundary, environment and viewing oil droplet as fluid sphere, the motion resistance is corrected. Moreover, the boundary integral equation is set up which can be used in shearing field of complicated channels in gravity separator.
Second, simulated computation of law of oil droplets motion in flat board, inclined board and corrugated board. is done by way of Fluent software and UDF, based on corrected motion resistance. In this simulated computation, water phase is looked on as laminar flow model, while oil phase is looked on as discrete phase modal. The result shows that:
The law of traditional Stokes oil droplet motion is different from that while the oil droplet is in another immiscible liquid in limited space. For liquid-liquid system, oil drop is fluid sphere, which has little positive influences; compared with traditional limitless Stokes, oil droplet trajectory is greatly different by the action of boundary and Poiseuille environmental flows. It has a postponed effect on oil droplets up-floating time, and the impact of its border is major, while Poiseuille flow environment takes the second place; compared to the traditional Stokes oil droplet, the time of oil droplet up-floating in the flat board delay 17.211% because of the synergy, inclined board in counter flow delay 18.753% , corrugated board delay 20.304%. Therefore, synergy impact is more significant when the flow channel is more complex.
Third,The up-floating efficiency will drop sharply while the velocity is increased or the size is decreased in flat board, inclined board and corrugated board.①For flat board , vertical velocity of the oil droplet terminal has nothing with the velocity of the flow field ; but relates to the size of oil droplet. The migration velocity of oil droplet in horizontal direction has nothing to do with the size of oil droplet, while the migration velocity is synchronous with the change of Poiseuille flow between the boards, and in line with the conditions of zero resistance; Stokes oil droplets between the boards have a strong independent up-floating and migration movement. As oil droplets collision depend much on geometric parameters, the initial location, physical properties of oil droplets and the velocity gradient of the flow field , a mathematical model of the oil droplets collision is set up according to this. This modal provides a judgement for the oil droplets collision. And the calculated results are in line with the simulation results by Fluent software.②For inclined board , the vertical velocity of the oil droplets is the same whether in flat board, inclined board or corrugated board, and it has nothing to do with flow pattern; However, if the oil droplets are affected by synergy under the condition of low Reynolds number, the velocity of the oil droplets is different and there is something to do with flow patterns; The effects on migration velocity of oil droplets along the direction of the board are different from flat board. The migration velocity of oil droplets has somthing to do with the size of oil droplets, however does not couple with the velocity of Poiseuille flow between the boards, and there is a motion resistance; The migration velocity of oil droplets is lower if the oil droplets are larger in counter flow in inclined board. While in parallel flow, the situation is on the contrary; Both the motion displacement and up-floating time of oil droplets increase while the angle of the inclined board increases, The up-floating time of oil-droplets in counter flow is shorter than in cross flow and in parallel flow, so adopting counter flow pattern has more advantages than cross flow pattern or parallel flow pattern;③As one kind of coalescing internals, the flat board has shorter up-floating time and horizontal displacement , so it has more advantages; However, flow field is often torrential and unstable when the angle of inclined board and velocity of the flow field are great. And then the effects on oil droplets become more complicated which can result in volution, fluctuated trajectory, can not free self or even result in back flow, the angle of inclined board and velocity of the flow field should be considered delicately in order to have a good use of corrugated board. Through the simulation of the separator which are inserted with the flat board and corrugated board and the simulation of velocity field, the contour line of symmetric plane concentration in coalescing internal and the contour line of the board concentration both of the head and the tail, by way of multiphase mix modal, the conclusion that separate efficiency of corrugated board is much better than the flat board has a further verification.
Finally, as the dimensional analysis has pointed out that the deformation and crush of oil droplets are difficult to give an quantitative description, however, by way of VOF the two-dimension simulation of oil droplets deformation in shear field is feasible. The results are as follows:The viscosity of oil and surface tension inhibit the deformation of oil droplets, however, oil droplets are easier to deform and crush if the diameter is bigger. Oil droplets are easier to deform and crush if the velocity gradient is greater. So, by way of bringing in many kinds of coalescent pack, the efficiency is increased while at the same time the risk of deformation and crush of oil droplets in shear field is increased too. The emulsification of oil and water is increased when there is a larger relative velocity, so there must be emulsification of oil and water in hydrocyclone.
We have achieved some progress in this study. However, because of the simplification of practical problems during the process of setting up modal and simulation, the application category of the results is limited. Deficiency still exists at the aspect of quantification, and so, a lot of further experimental research need to be developed.
首先,针对复杂通道中低雷诺数油滴运动时扰动衰减慢特点,应用低雷诺数流理论,对油滴运动因受边界、环境流动影响以及油滴为流体球,进行了油滴运动阻力修正;并建立适用于重力式分离器内复杂通道中油滴的运动方程和颗粒周围剪切力场边界积分方程和油滴剪切控制方程。
其次,应用Fluent软件结合自编程序UDF,对水相采用层流模型,油相采用离散相模型,在对低雷诺数油滴所受到的阻力进行了修正基础上,进行了平板、斜板和波纹折板间油滴运动规律数值模拟计算。结果表明:
传统的无界Stokes拟球形油滴其运动规律不同于油滴在另一种与其互不相容的有限空间液体中的运动行为,对于液-液体系,油滴作为流体球,存在减阻正面影响的作用较弱;边界影响、Poiseuille环境流作用下的油滴运动轨迹与无界Stokes油滴相比存在着明显差别,对油滴上浮时间存在延缓效应,其边界的影响作用较大,Poiseuille环境流作用次之;在协同作用下,与传统的Stokes油滴相比较,油滴上浮时间在平板内延缓了17.211%,斜板逆流形式下延缓了18.753%,波纹折板内延缓了20.304%。所以,低雷诺数扰动衰减慢作用随着流道复杂程度增加其影响更加显著。
再次,Stokes油滴在平板、斜板、波纹折板间随着流场流速的增加和油滴粒径的减小都会使上浮效率显著地下降。①平板时,垂直方向油滴终端上浮速度与流场的速度大小无关,而与油滴粒径有关;水平方向上油滴迁移速度与油滴粒径无关,迁移速度同步于板间的Poiseuille流场速度,符合零阻力条件;平板间Stokes油滴独立浮升、迁移运动能力强,油滴碰撞对油滴几何参数、初始位置、油滴物性、流场的速度梯度有很大的依赖性,对此建立了油滴碰撞的数学模型,为油滴间的碰撞提供判断依据,来弥补迄今为止几乎没有可用数据来比较油滴碰撞条件的关系式,其计算结果与Matlab数值计算及Fluent软件模拟计算结果相吻合。②斜板时,在错流、并流和逆流的三种流动形式中,Stokes油滴垂直于板方向的上浮速度相同,与流动形式无关;如受低雷诺数协同作用,油滴的上浮速度则不同,与流动形式有关;油滴在板长方向上迁移速度的影响关系不同于水平平板,与粒径大小有关,不再耦合于板间的Poiseuille流场速度,存在运动阻力;斜板逆流形式下,油滴粒径越大,其迁移速度则小,而并流形式下,油滴粒径越大,其迁移速度则大;油滴运动位移、浮升时间随斜板倾角α增大而增长,在层膜能上浮条件,应尽可能减小斜板倾角α;逆流时油滴上浮到上板所需要板长比并流、错流时较短,所以采用逆流形式比错流、并流有优势。③与平板相比波纹折板间油滴浮升时间、水平位移更短些,作为聚结填料比平板存在着很大优势;但波纹折板折角、流场速度较大时,流场易湍急、不稳定,对油滴运动的影响关系变得复杂,对油滴存在旋卷现象,其轨迹线随旋涡上下波动、转圈,不能“自拔”,甚至产生倒流,所以,在应用波纹折板时一定兼顾流场速度、折板折角方能发挥其良好作用。采用多相相混合模型,对引入平板、波纹折板二种聚结填料的油水分离器内部的流场进行了数值模拟计算,通过对速度场、聚结填料对称面及前后浓度的等高线分析,验证了波纹折板聚结填料比平板具有较好的油水分离特性。
最后,通过量纲分析指出,影响油滴变形的无量纲数很多,理论和实验对油滴变形破碎很难进行定量描述,采用VOF进行了油滴在剪切场中变形的二维数值模拟分析:油滴的粘度、表面张力对变形起到抑制作用,油滴粒径越大,越易变形、破碎。流场速度梯度越大,油滴就易变形破碎;所以,通过引入聚结填料,在提高工作效率同时,实际上增加了分散相油滴在剪力作用下会发生变形、破碎的风险。而油滴与流场间相对速度较大时,会加剧油水乳化。所以,对于旋流器,必然存在油水进一步乳化现象。
本文研究工作已取得阶段性进展,但由于研究过程中对实际问题进行了简化,所得到结果的应用范围有限,在定量方面尚存在有不足,还需大量的实验研究进一步验证。
As the motion phenomenon of oil droplets is very complicated in complicated channels, experimental methods are limited and measurement is very difficult, in order to find the law of oil droplets motion in complicated channels, the way of combining theoretical analysis and simulated computation is used in this study. The law of oil droplets motion and the shearing field around the droplets in complicated channels is presented in this paper.
First, aiming at slow weakening disturbance of oil droplets in complicated channels under the condition of low Reynolds number, the theory of low Reynolds number is adopted. As the motion of oil droplet is affected by boundary, environment and viewing oil droplet as fluid sphere, the motion resistance is corrected. Moreover, the boundary integral equation is set up which can be used in shearing field of complicated channels in gravity separator.
Second, simulated computation of law of oil droplets motion in flat board, inclined board and corrugated board. is done by way of Fluent software and UDF, based on corrected motion resistance. In this simulated computation, water phase is looked on as laminar flow model, while oil phase is looked on as discrete phase modal. The result shows that:
The law of traditional Stokes oil droplet motion is different from that while the oil droplet is in another immiscible liquid in limited space. For liquid-liquid system, oil drop is fluid sphere, which has little positive influences; compared with traditional limitless Stokes, oil droplet trajectory is greatly different by the action of boundary and Poiseuille environmental flows. It has a postponed effect on oil droplets up-floating time, and the impact of its border is major, while Poiseuille flow environment takes the second place; compared to the traditional Stokes oil droplet, the time of oil droplet up-floating in the flat board delay 17.211% because of the synergy, inclined board in counter flow delay 18.753% , corrugated board delay 20.304%. Therefore, synergy impact is more significant when the flow channel is more complex.
Third,The up-floating efficiency will drop sharply while the velocity is increased or the size is decreased in flat board, inclined board and corrugated board.①For flat board , vertical velocity of the oil droplet terminal has nothing with the velocity of the flow field ; but relates to the size of oil droplet. The migration velocity of oil droplet in horizontal direction has nothing to do with the size of oil droplet, while the migration velocity is synchronous with the change of Poiseuille flow between the boards, and in line with the conditions of zero resistance; Stokes oil droplets between the boards have a strong independent up-floating and migration movement. As oil droplets collision depend much on geometric parameters, the initial location, physical properties of oil droplets and the velocity gradient of the flow field , a mathematical model of the oil droplets collision is set up according to this. This modal provides a judgement for the oil droplets collision. And the calculated results are in line with the simulation results by Fluent software.②For inclined board , the vertical velocity of the oil droplets is the same whether in flat board, inclined board or corrugated board, and it has nothing to do with flow pattern; However, if the oil droplets are affected by synergy under the condition of low Reynolds number, the velocity of the oil droplets is different and there is something to do with flow patterns; The effects on migration velocity of oil droplets along the direction of the board are different from flat board. The migration velocity of oil droplets has somthing to do with the size of oil droplets, however does not couple with the velocity of Poiseuille flow between the boards, and there is a motion resistance; The migration velocity of oil droplets is lower if the oil droplets are larger in counter flow in inclined board. While in parallel flow, the situation is on the contrary; Both the motion displacement and up-floating time of oil droplets increase while the angle of the inclined board increases, The up-floating time of oil-droplets in counter flow is shorter than in cross flow and in parallel flow, so adopting counter flow pattern has more advantages than cross flow pattern or parallel flow pattern;③As one kind of coalescing internals, the flat board has shorter up-floating time and horizontal displacement , so it has more advantages; However, flow field is often torrential and unstable when the angle of inclined board and velocity of the flow field are great. And then the effects on oil droplets become more complicated which can result in volution, fluctuated trajectory, can not free self or even result in back flow, the angle of inclined board and velocity of the flow field should be considered delicately in order to have a good use of corrugated board. Through the simulation of the separator which are inserted with the flat board and corrugated board and the simulation of velocity field, the contour line of symmetric plane concentration in coalescing internal and the contour line of the board concentration both of the head and the tail, by way of multiphase mix modal, the conclusion that separate efficiency of corrugated board is much better than the flat board has a further verification.
Finally, as the dimensional analysis has pointed out that the deformation and crush of oil droplets are difficult to give an quantitative description, however, by way of VOF the two-dimension simulation of oil droplets deformation in shear field is feasible. The results are as follows:The viscosity of oil and surface tension inhibit the deformation of oil droplets, however, oil droplets are easier to deform and crush if the diameter is bigger. Oil droplets are easier to deform and crush if the velocity gradient is greater. So, by way of bringing in many kinds of coalescent pack, the efficiency is increased while at the same time the risk of deformation and crush of oil droplets in shear field is increased too. The emulsification of oil and water is increased when there is a larger relative velocity, so there must be emulsification of oil and water in hydrocyclone.
We have achieved some progress in this study. However, because of the simplification of practical problems during the process of setting up modal and simulation, the application category of the results is limited. Deficiency still exists at the aspect of quantification, and so, a lot of further experimental research need to be developed.
引文
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