深部巷道围岩破裂演化过程及其控制机理研究与应用
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摘要
随着煤炭开采向深部发展,解决深部特殊环境下的巷道稳定问题及减少开采中的灾变事故成为当前面临的主要任务。针对深部工程的复杂性,现有的深部巷道围岩非线性破坏机理相关研究尚不成熟,缺乏对围岩破坏过程的应力、变形等非线性演化规律相关研究。
本文结合国家自然科学基金重点项目子课题“深部采动覆岩移动规律与巷道稳定性控制研究”(50490273)与面上项目“深部巷道围岩变形、破坏全过程及其稳定控制机理”(50674083),以平煤集团四矿千米埋深的巷道为工程背景,采用大尺度三维模拟试验、原位测试和数值模拟,对深部巷道围岩破坏过程中的应力、变形演化规律和破坏机制进行了探讨,同时对支护结构作用和承载结构形成机理进行了分析,在此基础上,提出了深部高应力巷道破裂岩体的过程控制机理与技术。主要研究内容及结论如下:
(1)研制了大尺度三维地下综合模型试验台(1.02m×1.02m×1.02m),并通过设计的单元应变计获得了深部巷道开挖后围岩应力重分布规律及变形情况。模拟结果发现,开挖过程中应力大小有一个非线性的变化过程。
(2)三维模拟试验研究发现深部高应力巷道普遍处于破裂状态,且在一定条件下出现与浅部巷道破坏机理显著不同的特点,即巷道围岩出现新的分区破裂特征。试验结果表明,高应力巷道围岩开挖卸载过程中,围岩应力急剧调整且出现主应力轴轮换现象,并发现-0 .2<μ_σ<0.1时出现了局部剪切带,而μ_σ→-1时则出现了明显的分区破裂现象。
(3)采用能量分析方法获得了分区破裂产生的条件,并对压剪和拉剪两种情况下裂缝的发展进行了分析,提出分区破裂是压剪和拉剪破坏共同作用的结果。认为主应力大小的变化是裂缝扩展的主要原因,主应力方向的变化决定了形成环形裂缝的可能,高地应力则是形成分区破裂的前提条件。
(4)物理模拟发现:现有的支护形式无法阻止高地应力的释放和围岩的破坏,其支护作用机理主要体现为改善围岩应力状态、遏制碎胀变形的发展、降低围岩破碎程度和提高破裂岩体力学性能等。同时,数值模拟试验结果表明,及时有效将围岩变形控制在“软化变形”阶段,使围岩破裂过程中粘聚力下降不超过50%;或采取加固措施能将破裂围岩残余强度提高到原来的30%以上,将能有效减小变形量,并有利于围岩的二次稳定。
(5)根据深部巷道破裂演化过程中的应力、变形规律及分区破裂特征,研究了深部巷道“应力状态恢复改善、围岩强度固结修复、分步联合整体抵抗”的过程控制机理及适应深部巷道变形特征的“三锚”耦合动态叠加支护技术,以实现对围岩应力的释放和变形破坏的控制。
(6)根据研究结论,对平顶山四矿埋深1100m巷道设计了“三锚”+ U型钢的支护方案,并进行了原位实测分析和工程应用。实测结果表明,应力变化规律和模拟研究结论基本一致,且通过锚杆受力分析发现受剪切滑移面的严重影响,锚杆中出现了极高的弯曲和剪切应力,使其极易断裂。另外,试验巷道变形监测结果表明,“三锚”耦合动态迭加支护有效地控制千米埋深巷道的变形和稳定,验证了论文研究结论的实用性和可靠性。
It has become the primary mission in deep underground mining to solve the stabilization of roadway excavated in deep special conditions and to reduce the disasters. Due to the complexity of deep underground engineering and the nonlinearity of fractured rock mass, the existing research findings concerning the failure mechanism of surrounding rock of deep roadways are still imperfect. They seldom concern the investigation of nonlinear evolution of stress and deformation of the surrounding rock during its failure process.
Under the financial support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50490273 and 50674083) and taking a deep roadway whose embedded depth is over 1000 m in the Fourth Colliery of Pingdingshan Group Company of Coal Industry as engineering background, this dissertation investigated the evolution law of stress and deformation of the surrounding rock and the rock failure mechanism, and analyzed the support effect and the forming mechanism of rock bearing structure. On that basis, it pup forward the mechanism and technology of controlling fractured rock mass around deep high stress roadways.
The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The stress redistribution law and deformation of surrounding rock of deep roadway during the process of excavation are obtained by physical modeling with a large scale three-dimension test bed (1.02m×1.02m×1.02m)for underground engineering and self-designed unit strain detectors.
(2) The physical simulation results show that the surrounding rock of deep roadway is generally in fractured condition and presents the characteristic of zonal disintegration which is notably different from that in shallow roadway. The stresses alternate rapidly and the direction of principal stresses exchange during the excavating of high-stress roadway. The local shear band occurs when -0 .2<μ_σ<0.1, and the zonal disintegration appears whenμ_σ→-1.
(3) The criterion of zonal disintegration is obtained with energy analysis method, and the mechanisms of crack propagation are analyzed under the conditions of press shearing and tensile shearing. It is proposed that the zonal disintegration is caused by the coaction of press shearing and tensile shearing. The quantitative variation of principal stresses is the primary cause of crack propagation, and the directional variation of principal stresses is likely to be the basic reason of the annular fracture. The high ground pressure is prerequisite of the zonal disintegration.
(4) It is concluded from physical simulation that because the current support patterns can not stop the high stress releasing and fracturing of rock around deep roadway, the support functions are to improve the stress state of surrounding rock, to restrain dilatant deformation, to decrease the degree of crushing and improve the mechanical properties of fractured rock. The numerical simulation results show that if the deformation of surrounding rock is effectively restrained at the“softening deformation”stage to reduce the cohesion degradation (less than 50%), or if the residual strength of fractured rock is increased by over 30% under the action of supporting, the deformation of the surrounding rock will be decreased effectively.
(5) According to the characteristics of stress and deformation of rock around deep roadway in the process of fracturing, the process control mechanism of deep roadway, that is“to improve stress state, to reinforce surrounding rock strength, and to resist successively and jointly”, and the so-called“three bolting”coupled dynamic support technique are developed to dynamically control the stress release and deformation of surrounding rock.
(6) Based on the above mentioned research findings, the support scheme with“three bolting”and U-shape steel set is designed and applied to a roadway embedded 1100m underground in Pingdingshan Fourth Colliery. The in situ measurement of stress and deformation of surrounding rock and bolt indicates that the stress evolution accords well with the simulation result. The shearing slip in surrounding rock results in the very high bending and shearing stress in bolt. The deformation of the deep roadway is effectively controlled by the“three bolting”coupled dynamic support, which validated the practicability and reliability of the research findings of this dissertation.
本文结合国家自然科学基金重点项目子课题“深部采动覆岩移动规律与巷道稳定性控制研究”(50490273)与面上项目“深部巷道围岩变形、破坏全过程及其稳定控制机理”(50674083),以平煤集团四矿千米埋深的巷道为工程背景,采用大尺度三维模拟试验、原位测试和数值模拟,对深部巷道围岩破坏过程中的应力、变形演化规律和破坏机制进行了探讨,同时对支护结构作用和承载结构形成机理进行了分析,在此基础上,提出了深部高应力巷道破裂岩体的过程控制机理与技术。主要研究内容及结论如下:
(1)研制了大尺度三维地下综合模型试验台(1.02m×1.02m×1.02m),并通过设计的单元应变计获得了深部巷道开挖后围岩应力重分布规律及变形情况。模拟结果发现,开挖过程中应力大小有一个非线性的变化过程。
(2)三维模拟试验研究发现深部高应力巷道普遍处于破裂状态,且在一定条件下出现与浅部巷道破坏机理显著不同的特点,即巷道围岩出现新的分区破裂特征。试验结果表明,高应力巷道围岩开挖卸载过程中,围岩应力急剧调整且出现主应力轴轮换现象,并发现-0 .2<μ_σ<0.1时出现了局部剪切带,而μ_σ→-1时则出现了明显的分区破裂现象。
(3)采用能量分析方法获得了分区破裂产生的条件,并对压剪和拉剪两种情况下裂缝的发展进行了分析,提出分区破裂是压剪和拉剪破坏共同作用的结果。认为主应力大小的变化是裂缝扩展的主要原因,主应力方向的变化决定了形成环形裂缝的可能,高地应力则是形成分区破裂的前提条件。
(4)物理模拟发现:现有的支护形式无法阻止高地应力的释放和围岩的破坏,其支护作用机理主要体现为改善围岩应力状态、遏制碎胀变形的发展、降低围岩破碎程度和提高破裂岩体力学性能等。同时,数值模拟试验结果表明,及时有效将围岩变形控制在“软化变形”阶段,使围岩破裂过程中粘聚力下降不超过50%;或采取加固措施能将破裂围岩残余强度提高到原来的30%以上,将能有效减小变形量,并有利于围岩的二次稳定。
(5)根据深部巷道破裂演化过程中的应力、变形规律及分区破裂特征,研究了深部巷道“应力状态恢复改善、围岩强度固结修复、分步联合整体抵抗”的过程控制机理及适应深部巷道变形特征的“三锚”耦合动态叠加支护技术,以实现对围岩应力的释放和变形破坏的控制。
(6)根据研究结论,对平顶山四矿埋深1100m巷道设计了“三锚”+ U型钢的支护方案,并进行了原位实测分析和工程应用。实测结果表明,应力变化规律和模拟研究结论基本一致,且通过锚杆受力分析发现受剪切滑移面的严重影响,锚杆中出现了极高的弯曲和剪切应力,使其极易断裂。另外,试验巷道变形监测结果表明,“三锚”耦合动态迭加支护有效地控制千米埋深巷道的变形和稳定,验证了论文研究结论的实用性和可靠性。
It has become the primary mission in deep underground mining to solve the stabilization of roadway excavated in deep special conditions and to reduce the disasters. Due to the complexity of deep underground engineering and the nonlinearity of fractured rock mass, the existing research findings concerning the failure mechanism of surrounding rock of deep roadways are still imperfect. They seldom concern the investigation of nonlinear evolution of stress and deformation of the surrounding rock during its failure process.
Under the financial support of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50490273 and 50674083) and taking a deep roadway whose embedded depth is over 1000 m in the Fourth Colliery of Pingdingshan Group Company of Coal Industry as engineering background, this dissertation investigated the evolution law of stress and deformation of the surrounding rock and the rock failure mechanism, and analyzed the support effect and the forming mechanism of rock bearing structure. On that basis, it pup forward the mechanism and technology of controlling fractured rock mass around deep high stress roadways.
The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The stress redistribution law and deformation of surrounding rock of deep roadway during the process of excavation are obtained by physical modeling with a large scale three-dimension test bed (1.02m×1.02m×1.02m)for underground engineering and self-designed unit strain detectors.
(2) The physical simulation results show that the surrounding rock of deep roadway is generally in fractured condition and presents the characteristic of zonal disintegration which is notably different from that in shallow roadway. The stresses alternate rapidly and the direction of principal stresses exchange during the excavating of high-stress roadway. The local shear band occurs when -0 .2<μ_σ<0.1, and the zonal disintegration appears whenμ_σ→-1.
(3) The criterion of zonal disintegration is obtained with energy analysis method, and the mechanisms of crack propagation are analyzed under the conditions of press shearing and tensile shearing. It is proposed that the zonal disintegration is caused by the coaction of press shearing and tensile shearing. The quantitative variation of principal stresses is the primary cause of crack propagation, and the directional variation of principal stresses is likely to be the basic reason of the annular fracture. The high ground pressure is prerequisite of the zonal disintegration.
(4) It is concluded from physical simulation that because the current support patterns can not stop the high stress releasing and fracturing of rock around deep roadway, the support functions are to improve the stress state of surrounding rock, to restrain dilatant deformation, to decrease the degree of crushing and improve the mechanical properties of fractured rock. The numerical simulation results show that if the deformation of surrounding rock is effectively restrained at the“softening deformation”stage to reduce the cohesion degradation (less than 50%), or if the residual strength of fractured rock is increased by over 30% under the action of supporting, the deformation of the surrounding rock will be decreased effectively.
(5) According to the characteristics of stress and deformation of rock around deep roadway in the process of fracturing, the process control mechanism of deep roadway, that is“to improve stress state, to reinforce surrounding rock strength, and to resist successively and jointly”, and the so-called“three bolting”coupled dynamic support technique are developed to dynamically control the stress release and deformation of surrounding rock.
(6) Based on the above mentioned research findings, the support scheme with“three bolting”and U-shape steel set is designed and applied to a roadway embedded 1100m underground in Pingdingshan Fourth Colliery. The in situ measurement of stress and deformation of surrounding rock and bolt indicates that the stress evolution accords well with the simulation result. The shearing slip in surrounding rock results in the very high bending and shearing stress in bolt. The deformation of the deep roadway is effectively controlled by the“three bolting”coupled dynamic support, which validated the practicability and reliability of the research findings of this dissertation.
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