石灰立窑代焦型煤的研制及其干燥与燃烧特性的研究
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摘要
石灰立窑型煤代焦,可有效地缓解焦煤资源的紧缺和焦炭供需的矛盾,显著提高石灰生产的经济性,同时还可起到一定的节能与环保功效,是一项应用价值高、市场前景广的新课题。
论文以研制满足氧化铝工业机械混料式石灰立窑生产要求的代焦型煤为研究目标展开。首先全面系统地阐述了型煤的特点、成型方法、粘结机理、应用情况及发展趋势,解释了型煤代焦的原因并进行了可行性分析。
然后在确定石灰立窑代焦型煤具体考核指标的前提下,以低阶无烟煤为原料,并掺配少量烟煤,筛选出一种以镁基固化剂、镁基活化剂、生物质纤维和减水剂组成的复合粘结剂,采用L27(3~(13))的正交试验和多指标综合加权评分法,通过极差分析、方差分析确定代焦型煤复合粘结剂配方及与之匹配的关键成型工艺参数,并对粘结剂的粘结机理及防水性能进行了分析。试验结果表明,石灰立窑代焦型煤复合粘结剂的最优组合为4%的镁基固化剂、0.6%的镁基活化剂、1%的生物质纤维和0.12%的减水剂;相应的关键成型工艺参数为:成型压力20kN,成型水分17%,煤料粒度组成为0.5mm以下粒级含量58%、0.5～1mm粒级含量为14%、1～2mm粒级含量17%、2～3mm粒级含量11%;烟煤的掺配量为无烟煤的10%;生物质纤维对型煤的抗跌强度具有明显的增强作用;代焦型煤在低干燥强度下具有较好的防水性能。
实验测试了代焦型煤的孔隙率,研究了代焦型煤的热对流干燥特性以及型煤含水率与其冷态强度的关系,并分析了型煤热对流干燥的传热传质机理。研究结果表明,代焦型煤的孔隙率ε为16.23%;其热对流干燥过程经历了升速干燥期、恒速干燥期和降速干燥期三个阶段,其中以降速干燥期为主;型煤干燥过程中存在蒸发界面内移的现象;代焦型煤的冷态机械强度随其含水率的降低先升高后下降,存在一个极大值,代焦型煤干燥的最佳含水率为2.32%;代焦型煤干燥过程传热与传质相互耦合,在升速干燥与恒速干燥阶段,为外部条件控制过程,而在降速干燥阶段则为内部条件控制过程。
基于Whitaker的体积平均理论,运用Darcy定律,从质量守恒和能量守恒的角度,建立了代焦型煤热对流干燥过程的数学模型,并以残余饱和度S_(ir)为判据将型煤干燥过程分为干区和湿区两个区域,干、湿区模型通过动态蒸发界面耦合。湿区模型以含湿饱和度S和温度T、干区模型以蒸汽压力P_g和温度T为基本状态参数。采用全隐式有限数值差分法对控制方程、边界条件和蒸发界面动态边界进行离散,将非线性方程组逐步线性化处理后采用迭代法进行数值求解。采用VB6.0编制计算程序,得到了代焦型煤热对流干燥过程中型煤含水率MC和温度T的变化曲线,计算结果与试验结果基本一致。然后利用该模型数值模拟具体分析了型煤尺寸、干燥介质温度、对流传热系数及传质系数等因素对代焦型煤干燥过程的影响。
采用热重分析法对代焦型煤的热解和燃烧特性进行了实验研究,并将代焦型煤与无烟块煤和焦炭进行对比分析。研究结果表明,代焦型煤的着火性能、稳燃性能及综合燃烧特性优于焦炭和无烟块煤,而释热强度和燃尽性能介于焦炭和无烟块煤之间;代焦型煤燃烧属于一级反应模型,代焦型煤的平均活化能比焦炭小很多,而略高于无烟块煤;煅烧温度对单颗粒型煤燃烧速率的影响较小,在一定范围内减小型煤尺寸和改善通风条件有利于提高其燃烧速率,相同条件下,代焦型煤的燃烧速率低于焦炭而高于无烟煤块煤;代焦型煤比无烟煤块煤更适合作为石灰立窑的替代燃料。
综合研究结果表明,代焦型煤在冷、热态机械强度以及燃烧特性方面均能满足机械混料式石灰立窑生产的要求,但也需相应地对石灰立窑进行一些必要的技术改造或变动。论文研究结果对石灰立窑型煤代焦具有重要的理论意义和指导价值。
Developing a type of briquette as a coke substitute used in the lime shaft furnace is a new project with high application value and wide market prospect,which can alleviate effectively the lack of the coking coal resource and the contradiction between supply and requirement of coke.It will improve the economical benefit for lime production,obtain significant energy saving and protect environment efficiently.
This article involved in the development of the briquette as a coke substitute for mechanical mixer lime shaft furnaces of alumina production industry.In the first part,the characteristics,briquetting methods,adhesive mechanism,application and development trend of briquette were presented in detail,the reason of substituting coke with briquette and its feasibility was analyzed.
Subsequently,the evaluation indexes for the lime-shaft-furnace briquette used as a substitute for coke was confirmed by contrasting the coke and lump anthracite.The low rank anthracite was selected as the material of the briquette,and a little soft coal was added into it.A compound binder including the magnesium-base curing agent,magnesium-base activator,biomass fiber and water reducing agent was chosen.An orthogonal experiment with L27(3~(13)) orthogonal table was carried out.Due to 6 evaluation indexes adopted,a multi-index integrated evaluation method based on weighting factor was used to turn the multiple indexes into one.The optimal component of the compound binder and corresponded key briquetting parameters were obtained with the range analysis and variance analysis in the orthogonal experiment.Then the adhesive mechanism and waterproof performance of the compound binder were qualitatively analyzed.The experimental results showed that the optimal component was 4%of magnesium-base curing agent,1%of biomass fiber,1%of magnesium-base activator,0.12%of water reducing agent,and the key briquetting parameters were 20kN briquetting pressure,17%of briquetting water,and 58%of the anthracite size less than 0.5mm,14%between 0.5mm and 1.0mm,17%between 1.0mm and 2.0mm size and 11%between 2.0mm and 3.0mm size. The mixture ratio of bituminous coal was 10%.The biomass fiber could obviously enhance the cold impact resistance index of briquette.Under a little drying condition,the briquette as a coke substitute has a better waterproof performance.
The porosity of the briquette as a coke substitute was measured,and the drying characteristics and the correlation between water content and cold mechanical strength of briquette were tested experimentally.Then,the heat and mass transfer mechanism for the wet briquette convective drying was qualitatively analyzed.The results showed that the porosity of the briquette as a coke substitute was 16.23%,and the convective drying process experienced three stages which include the acceleration,constant and deceleration. The deceleration drying stage was dominated among the three stages.During the whole drying process,the evaporation interface in the briquette moved inward.The cold mechanical strength of the briquette as a coke substitute increased,and then decreased with the decrease of water content,so there was a maximum value.The best water content of the briquette was 2.32%.During the heat convective drying process of briquette,the heat transfer was intercoupled with mass transfer.It was dominated by the external drying conditions during the acceleration and constant drying stages and dominated by the inner conditions during the deceleration drying stage.
Based on the Whitaker volume average theory and the Darcy law,the mathematics model for the heat convective drying of briquette as a coke substitute was established from the conservation of mass and energy.The wet and dry regions appearing in the drying process are distinguished with the criterion of irreducible saturation S_(ir).The wet and dry region models are coupled at a moving boundary of evaporation front.The two state-variables: saturation S and temperature T were basic parameters in the wet region model,while pressure of vapor P_g and temperature T in the dry region model.With fully implicit finite difference discretization of governing equations,coupling with boundary conditions and dynamic evaporation boundary condition,a non-linear equation group was obtained,which was numerically solved by using an iteration method.VB6.0 was used for program compile and run.The curves of the water content MC and temperature T changing with time during the drying process were obtained.The results were basically identical with experimental results.Then,with this mathematical model,the effect of factors such as the drying medium temperature,briquette size,convective coefficients of mass transfer and heat transfer etc. was simulated and their influences rule was analyzed.
The pyrogenation and combustion characteristics of the briquette as a coke substitute were studied by using the thermo gravimetric analysis method.The briquette as a coke substitute was compared with the coke and lump anthracite coal.The results showed that the briquette was characterized by the best igniting capability,stabilized combustion capability and integrated combustion performance,while the intermediate heat released and burnout performance.The combustion reaction of the briquette as a coke substitute belonged to the one order reaction,and the average activation energy was very smaller than that of coke and was slightly higher than that of lump anthracite coal.The combustion rate of single briquette was slightly influenced by the furnace temperature,while was obviously influenced by the size of briquette and air-supply condition.Under the same conditions,the combustion rate of briquette was lower than that of coke,while was higher than that of lump anthracite coal.Experimental results showed that the briquette as a coke substitute could be more suitable for the alternative fuel of the lime shaft furnace than the lump anthracite coal.
With all results integrated,it showed that the briquette as a coke substitute could meet the production demand of the mechanical mixer lime shaft furnace on the cold and hot mechanical strength and combustion characteristics,but some necessary technical innovations or modifications must be made for the lime shaft furnace.The research in this dissertation has the theoretical significance and guiding value for substituting coke with briquette in the lime shaft furnace.
论文以研制满足氧化铝工业机械混料式石灰立窑生产要求的代焦型煤为研究目标展开。首先全面系统地阐述了型煤的特点、成型方法、粘结机理、应用情况及发展趋势,解释了型煤代焦的原因并进行了可行性分析。
然后在确定石灰立窑代焦型煤具体考核指标的前提下,以低阶无烟煤为原料,并掺配少量烟煤,筛选出一种以镁基固化剂、镁基活化剂、生物质纤维和减水剂组成的复合粘结剂,采用L27(3~(13))的正交试验和多指标综合加权评分法,通过极差分析、方差分析确定代焦型煤复合粘结剂配方及与之匹配的关键成型工艺参数,并对粘结剂的粘结机理及防水性能进行了分析。试验结果表明,石灰立窑代焦型煤复合粘结剂的最优组合为4%的镁基固化剂、0.6%的镁基活化剂、1%的生物质纤维和0.12%的减水剂;相应的关键成型工艺参数为:成型压力20kN,成型水分17%,煤料粒度组成为0.5mm以下粒级含量58%、0.5～1mm粒级含量为14%、1～2mm粒级含量17%、2～3mm粒级含量11%;烟煤的掺配量为无烟煤的10%;生物质纤维对型煤的抗跌强度具有明显的增强作用;代焦型煤在低干燥强度下具有较好的防水性能。
实验测试了代焦型煤的孔隙率,研究了代焦型煤的热对流干燥特性以及型煤含水率与其冷态强度的关系,并分析了型煤热对流干燥的传热传质机理。研究结果表明,代焦型煤的孔隙率ε为16.23%;其热对流干燥过程经历了升速干燥期、恒速干燥期和降速干燥期三个阶段,其中以降速干燥期为主;型煤干燥过程中存在蒸发界面内移的现象;代焦型煤的冷态机械强度随其含水率的降低先升高后下降,存在一个极大值,代焦型煤干燥的最佳含水率为2.32%;代焦型煤干燥过程传热与传质相互耦合,在升速干燥与恒速干燥阶段,为外部条件控制过程,而在降速干燥阶段则为内部条件控制过程。
基于Whitaker的体积平均理论,运用Darcy定律,从质量守恒和能量守恒的角度,建立了代焦型煤热对流干燥过程的数学模型,并以残余饱和度S_(ir)为判据将型煤干燥过程分为干区和湿区两个区域,干、湿区模型通过动态蒸发界面耦合。湿区模型以含湿饱和度S和温度T、干区模型以蒸汽压力P_g和温度T为基本状态参数。采用全隐式有限数值差分法对控制方程、边界条件和蒸发界面动态边界进行离散,将非线性方程组逐步线性化处理后采用迭代法进行数值求解。采用VB6.0编制计算程序,得到了代焦型煤热对流干燥过程中型煤含水率MC和温度T的变化曲线,计算结果与试验结果基本一致。然后利用该模型数值模拟具体分析了型煤尺寸、干燥介质温度、对流传热系数及传质系数等因素对代焦型煤干燥过程的影响。
采用热重分析法对代焦型煤的热解和燃烧特性进行了实验研究,并将代焦型煤与无烟块煤和焦炭进行对比分析。研究结果表明,代焦型煤的着火性能、稳燃性能及综合燃烧特性优于焦炭和无烟块煤,而释热强度和燃尽性能介于焦炭和无烟块煤之间;代焦型煤燃烧属于一级反应模型,代焦型煤的平均活化能比焦炭小很多,而略高于无烟块煤;煅烧温度对单颗粒型煤燃烧速率的影响较小,在一定范围内减小型煤尺寸和改善通风条件有利于提高其燃烧速率,相同条件下,代焦型煤的燃烧速率低于焦炭而高于无烟煤块煤;代焦型煤比无烟煤块煤更适合作为石灰立窑的替代燃料。
综合研究结果表明,代焦型煤在冷、热态机械强度以及燃烧特性方面均能满足机械混料式石灰立窑生产的要求,但也需相应地对石灰立窑进行一些必要的技术改造或变动。论文研究结果对石灰立窑型煤代焦具有重要的理论意义和指导价值。
Developing a type of briquette as a coke substitute used in the lime shaft furnace is a new project with high application value and wide market prospect,which can alleviate effectively the lack of the coking coal resource and the contradiction between supply and requirement of coke.It will improve the economical benefit for lime production,obtain significant energy saving and protect environment efficiently.
This article involved in the development of the briquette as a coke substitute for mechanical mixer lime shaft furnaces of alumina production industry.In the first part,the characteristics,briquetting methods,adhesive mechanism,application and development trend of briquette were presented in detail,the reason of substituting coke with briquette and its feasibility was analyzed.
Subsequently,the evaluation indexes for the lime-shaft-furnace briquette used as a substitute for coke was confirmed by contrasting the coke and lump anthracite.The low rank anthracite was selected as the material of the briquette,and a little soft coal was added into it.A compound binder including the magnesium-base curing agent,magnesium-base activator,biomass fiber and water reducing agent was chosen.An orthogonal experiment with L27(3~(13)) orthogonal table was carried out.Due to 6 evaluation indexes adopted,a multi-index integrated evaluation method based on weighting factor was used to turn the multiple indexes into one.The optimal component of the compound binder and corresponded key briquetting parameters were obtained with the range analysis and variance analysis in the orthogonal experiment.Then the adhesive mechanism and waterproof performance of the compound binder were qualitatively analyzed.The experimental results showed that the optimal component was 4%of magnesium-base curing agent,1%of biomass fiber,1%of magnesium-base activator,0.12%of water reducing agent,and the key briquetting parameters were 20kN briquetting pressure,17%of briquetting water,and 58%of the anthracite size less than 0.5mm,14%between 0.5mm and 1.0mm,17%between 1.0mm and 2.0mm size and 11%between 2.0mm and 3.0mm size. The mixture ratio of bituminous coal was 10%.The biomass fiber could obviously enhance the cold impact resistance index of briquette.Under a little drying condition,the briquette as a coke substitute has a better waterproof performance.
The porosity of the briquette as a coke substitute was measured,and the drying characteristics and the correlation between water content and cold mechanical strength of briquette were tested experimentally.Then,the heat and mass transfer mechanism for the wet briquette convective drying was qualitatively analyzed.The results showed that the porosity of the briquette as a coke substitute was 16.23%,and the convective drying process experienced three stages which include the acceleration,constant and deceleration. The deceleration drying stage was dominated among the three stages.During the whole drying process,the evaporation interface in the briquette moved inward.The cold mechanical strength of the briquette as a coke substitute increased,and then decreased with the decrease of water content,so there was a maximum value.The best water content of the briquette was 2.32%.During the heat convective drying process of briquette,the heat transfer was intercoupled with mass transfer.It was dominated by the external drying conditions during the acceleration and constant drying stages and dominated by the inner conditions during the deceleration drying stage.
Based on the Whitaker volume average theory and the Darcy law,the mathematics model for the heat convective drying of briquette as a coke substitute was established from the conservation of mass and energy.The wet and dry regions appearing in the drying process are distinguished with the criterion of irreducible saturation S_(ir).The wet and dry region models are coupled at a moving boundary of evaporation front.The two state-variables: saturation S and temperature T were basic parameters in the wet region model,while pressure of vapor P_g and temperature T in the dry region model.With fully implicit finite difference discretization of governing equations,coupling with boundary conditions and dynamic evaporation boundary condition,a non-linear equation group was obtained,which was numerically solved by using an iteration method.VB6.0 was used for program compile and run.The curves of the water content MC and temperature T changing with time during the drying process were obtained.The results were basically identical with experimental results.Then,with this mathematical model,the effect of factors such as the drying medium temperature,briquette size,convective coefficients of mass transfer and heat transfer etc. was simulated and their influences rule was analyzed.
The pyrogenation and combustion characteristics of the briquette as a coke substitute were studied by using the thermo gravimetric analysis method.The briquette as a coke substitute was compared with the coke and lump anthracite coal.The results showed that the briquette was characterized by the best igniting capability,stabilized combustion capability and integrated combustion performance,while the intermediate heat released and burnout performance.The combustion reaction of the briquette as a coke substitute belonged to the one order reaction,and the average activation energy was very smaller than that of coke and was slightly higher than that of lump anthracite coal.The combustion rate of single briquette was slightly influenced by the furnace temperature,while was obviously influenced by the size of briquette and air-supply condition.Under the same conditions,the combustion rate of briquette was lower than that of coke,while was higher than that of lump anthracite coal.Experimental results showed that the briquette as a coke substitute could be more suitable for the alternative fuel of the lime shaft furnace than the lump anthracite coal.
With all results integrated,it showed that the briquette as a coke substitute could meet the production demand of the mechanical mixer lime shaft furnace on the cold and hot mechanical strength and combustion characteristics,but some necessary technical innovations or modifications must be made for the lime shaft furnace.The research in this dissertation has the theoretical significance and guiding value for substituting coke with briquette in the lime shaft furnace.
引文
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