设施黄瓜不同种植模式及其土壤修复机理的研究
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摘要
随着设施蔬菜生产的不断发展,设施土壤连作障碍的问题日益严重,已成为设施蔬菜生产可持续发展的主要制约因素之一,因此解决设施蔬菜连作障碍的问题迫在眉睫。间套混作、轮作以及植物源土壤修复剂的开发应用正是解决这一问题的有效途径和措施。
本研究选择设施蔬菜中栽培面积较大、且不耐连作的黄瓜作物为研究对象,以化学生态学理论--化感作用为导向,以分子生物学研究方法--DGGE等技术为手段,以间作作物(半生作物)-土壤-主作物三者之间的相互关系为主线,就不同间作模式对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响,不同作物根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响,不同作物根茬对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响,不同作物根系分泌物GC-MS分析及对黄瓜种子萌发和枯萎病菌的化感效应,不同作物根茬腐解物GC-MS分析及对黄瓜种子、幼苗和枯萎病菌的化感效应,小麦根系分泌物和根茬腐解物的复配剂对黄瓜连作土壤的修复作用等六个方面进行了一系列研究工作,试图弄清间作物(伴生作物)-土壤-主作物之间的密切关系,探讨连作土壤的修复机理,取得了一定进展,主要结果如下:
1、不同间作模式对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响
本试验采用了小麦、大豆、燕麦为伴生作物与黄瓜间作,研究其对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响。结果表明:三种间作处理使土壤容重显著降低,土壤总孔隙度显著提高;整个生育期内各处理均显著降低了土壤盐分积累,生育后期黄瓜-小麦处理的EC值下降幅度最大,比对照下降38.96%;处理黄瓜-小麦和黄瓜-大豆的有机质含量显著高于对照;各处理明显改善了土壤微生物的区系组成,使细菌和放线菌数量增加,土传病菌数量降低,黄瓜-小麦间作使尖孢镰刀菌数量平均下降69.44%;各处理明显促进了黄瓜的生长和产量的提高,黄瓜-小麦间作的综合效果最好,达到了缓解设施土壤连作障碍的目的。
2、不同作物根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响
选用10×15cm的较大营养钵,装黄瓜连作土500g,采用直播法,播种时分别用3个浓度的小麦、大豆、燕麦三种作物根系分泌物溶液浇灌,研究了三种作物根系分泌物及不同浓度对土壤环境及黄瓜幼苗生长的作用机理。试验结果表明,浇灌不同浓度的三种作物根系分泌物均明显降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度;浇灌根系分泌物降低了pH值,增加了土壤EC值,但对pH值降低幅度不大;浇灌不同浓度的三种作物根系分泌物均明显增加了土壤有机质和矿质养分含量,明显改善了土壤微生物的区系,较高浓度的小麦根系分泌物有利于增加土壤中细菌种群和数量,减少了土壤中真菌种群和数量;100%浓度的小麦根系分泌物显著促进黄瓜幼苗植株生长。
3、不同作物根茬对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响
通过盆栽试验,将小麦、大豆、燕麦三种作物根茬按0.5%、1%和2%用量(注:燕麦根茬只设0.5%的用量)施入已连续栽培6茬黄瓜的土壤中,研究了不同作物根茬及不同的用量对减轻黄瓜连作障碍的作用机理。试验结果表明,添加三种作物根茬均显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度,添加小麦和大豆根茬的处理土壤容重均随根茬用量的增加而降低;添加作物根茬对pH影响不同,2%的小麦根茬添加量对pH值提高最大,添加三种作物根茬均使土壤EC值明显降低;添加三种作物根茬大部分处理都增加了土壤有机质和矿质养分含量,明显改善了土壤微生物的区系,较高用量小麦根茬有利于增加土壤中细菌种群和数量,减少了土壤中真菌种群和数量;2%的小麦根茬显著促进黄瓜植株生长,产量比对照提高了34.23%。
4、不同作物根系分泌物GC-MS分析及对黄瓜种子萌发和枯萎病菌的化感效应
本试验研究了小麦、大豆、燕麦三种作物根系分泌物对黄瓜种子萌发及枯萎病菌的化感效应。三种作物根系分泌物对黄瓜种子萌发产生不同的化感作用。从发芽率看:小麦根系分泌物在高浓度下表现促进效应,在低浓度下表现抑制效应;大豆也表现同样规律;燕麦却表现相反的规律。较高浓度的小麦根系分泌物对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应较为显著,对黄瓜枯萎病菌也有明显抑制效应。GC-MS分析结果表明:小麦根系分泌物的CH2Cl2提取物主要包括烃类、胺类、酯类、酰胺、酮等物质,这些物质的含量有很大不同,其中2,3-Dimethoxyamphetamine(2,3-二甲氧基苯丙胺)含量最高,达到了23.70%,其次是3-Ethoxyamphetamine(3-乙氧基苯丙胺),含量达到了13.16%,其它的物质含量都很低,这些物质中胺类和酰胺还鲜见文献报道。
5、不同作物根茬腐解物GC-MS分析及对黄瓜种子、幼苗及枯萎病菌的化感效应
本试验采用GC-MS分析法鉴定了小麦、大豆、燕麦三种作物根茬腐解物主要成分。结果表明:小麦根茬腐解物的CH2Cl2提取物主要包括酚类、胺类、醇类、酰胺、醛、酯等物质,其中3-Ethoxyamphetamine(3-乙氧基苯丙胺)含量最高,达到了34.34%,其次是1,3-Dioxolane-4-methanol(1,3-二氧戊烷-4-甲醇)和3-Methoxyamphetamine(3-甲氧基苯丙胺),含量分别达到了27.53%和26.28%,其它的物质含量都很低,这些物质中胺类和酰胺还鲜见文献报道。
三种作物根茬腐解物对黄瓜种子萌发产生不同的化感作用。小麦根茬腐解物对黄瓜种子发芽率有明显促进作用,相对高浓度下促进作用大,低浓度下促进作用小,大豆根茬腐解物对黄瓜种子发芽率也有明显促进作用,而且随着浓度降低,促进作用增大,燕麦根茬腐解物高浓度下显著抑制黄瓜种子发芽,浓度越高,抑制作用越强。三种作物根茬腐解物对枯萎病菌菌落生长也有显著影响。
6、小麦根系分泌物和根茬腐解物的复配剂对黄瓜连作土壤的修复作用
本试验在该土壤修复剂的研制中,引入化学生态学理论(化感作用)的概念,根据作物间相生相克的关系,首次选用伴生性较好的小麦作物,大量提取其根系分泌物及其根茬腐解物等化感成分作为土壤修复剂的主要成分,运用先进的分子生物学技术和方法进行科学复配。试验结果表明,小麦根系分泌物及其根茬腐解物不同的复配比例,对土壤的修复作用不同,处理STP2表现最好,该复配剂能够有效改善根际土壤微生物群落结构多样性,改善土壤的理化性状,提高土壤养分的利用率,黄瓜枯萎病病情指数降低了78.21%,降低了土壤EC值47.73%,同时提高土壤有机质含量,增加了土壤含水量,促进了黄瓜生长,表现了修复连作土壤较好效果。
With the continuous development of vegetable production, the problem of continuously cropping obstacles is more and more serious, and it has become one of the major factors of restricting sustainable development.Thus, it is imminent to solve the problem of continuous cropping obstacles . It is exactly effective ways and measures for Mixed intercropping, crop rotation and the development and application of soil remediation agents to solve this problem.
In this study, the cucumber crop was selected to be as the research object, which was larger to be cultivated and even intolerance to continuous cropping obstacles in protected vegetables; Chemical Ecology theory - Allelopathy was as guidance, the methods of molecular biology techniques-DGGE was as a means, the inter-relationship between inter-cropping crops (companion crop) - soil - the main crops was as the main line, six items of studies had been carried out, such as the impacts for different inter-cropping patterns on cucumber growth and soil environments, the impacts for different crop root exudates on cucumber seedling growth and soil environment, the impacts for different crop stubbles on cucumber growth and soil environments, the allelopathic effects for different crop root exudates on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and the GC-MS analysis of different crop root exudates, the allelopathic effects for the decomposition material of different crop stubbles on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and the GC-MS analysis of the decomposition material of different crop stubbles, the repairing effects for the complex mixture of wheat root exudates and stubble decomposition material on continuously cropping soils and so on, to try to clarify the close relationship between the inter-crop (companion crop ) - soil - the main crop, and to explore the mechanism of repairing soil, some progresses had been made, the main results were as follows:
1. The impacts for different inter-cropping patterns on cucumber growth and soil environment.
In this study, wheat, soybeans, oats were selected to intercrop with cucumber, to explore the effects for different inter-cropping patterns on cucumber growth and soil environment. The results showed that: the three inter-cropping patterns decreased significantly soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil; each treatment significantly reduced the accumulation of soil salinity within the entire growth period, the treatment of wheat-cucumber had the biggest drop of the EC in later growth period, dropped 38.96% compared to the control; the organic matter contents of cucumber-wheat and cucumber-soybean were significantly higher than control; the treatments significantly improved the composition of microbial flora, increased the number of bacteria and actinomycetes, reduced the number of soil-borne pathogens; the treatment of cucumber-wheat dropped the number of Fusarium oxysporum by an average of 69.44%; each treatment significantly promoted the growth of cucumber and improved production, the treatment of cucumber-wheat had the best combined effects on mitigation to continuously cropping soil., reached for the purpose of easing the continuously cropping soils.
2. The impacts for different crop root exudates on cucumber seedling growth and soil environments.
The10×15cm nutrition bowls larger were selected to use for loading the 500g soil of continuously cropping cucumber, the broadcast method was selected to use for sowing the seeds of cucumber. three concentrations of wheat, soybean and oat root exudates were irrigated into the soil of continuously cropping cucumber, , the effects were studied for the root exudates of three crops and different concentrations on the soil environments and the growth of cucumber seedlings. Our results showed that the root exudates of three crops decreased significantly soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil; each treatment significantly reduced the accumulation of soil salinity within the entire growth period, the treatment of wheat-cucumber had the biggest drop of the EC in later growth period ; the organic matter contents of cucumber-wheat and cucumber-soybean were significantly higher than control; the treatments significantly improved the composition of microbial flora, increased the number of bacteria and actinomycetes, reduced the number of soil-borne pathogens; wheat root exudates on high concentrations were in favor of increasing the number of bacterial species and decreasing of fungal species in the soil;100% concentration of wheat root exudates significantly promoted the growth of cucumber seedlings.
3. The impacts for different crop stubbles on cucumber growth and soil nvironments.
By pot experiments, the crop stubbles of wheat, soybean and oat had been applied the soil of continuously cropping cucumber by the amounts of 0.5%, 1% and 2% (Note: oat stubble only by 0.5% of consumption) , we studied the effect of different crop stubbles and different amounts of stubbles on the soil of continuously cropping cucumber. The results showed that the three crop stubbles decreased significantly soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil; each treatment significantly reduced the accumulation of soil salinity within the entire growth period, the treatment of 2% of wheat stubble had the biggest drop of the pH in later growth period ; the organic matter contents of most of the treatments were significantly higher than control; the three crop stubbles of significantly improved the composition of microbial flora, increased the number of bacteria and actinomycetes, reduced the number of soil-borne pathogens; the treatment of 2% of wheat stubble significantly promoted the growth of cucumber and improved production, the output was increased 34.23 percent compared to the control.
4. The allelopathic effects for different crop root exudates on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and the GC-MS analysis of different crop root exudates.
In this test, we studied the allelopathic effects for different crop root exudates on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and made the GC-MS analysis of different crop root exudates.The results showed that the three types of root exudates had different allelopathic effects on cucumber seed germination. High concentrations of root exudates from wheat promoted cucumber seed germination, whereas low concentrations inhibited it. A similar pattern was observed among exudates from soybean, but the opposite trend was observed using exudates from oat roots. The three types of root exudates also had different effects on cucumber seedling growth. The integrated allelopathy index (RI) showed that most root exudates promoted seedling growth. Only the 100% concentration of oat root exudates inhibited seedling growth. Compared with the other treatments and the control, the 50% concentration of wheat root exudates showed the strongest growth promotion effect (RI = 3.333), followed by the 100% concentration of wheat root exudates (RI = 2.488). Our results showed that higher concentrations of wheat root exudates positively affected cucumber seed germination and seedling growth.
GC-MS analysis showed that the CH2Cl2 extracts of wheat root exudates mainly included hydrocarbons, amines, esters, amides, ketones and other substances, these substances had very different content levels, one of 2,3-Dimethoxyamphetamine (2 , 3 - dimethoxy-amphetamine) was the highest, reaching 23.70 percent, followed by 3-Ethoxyamphetamine (3 - ethoxy-amphetamine), the content reached 13.16%, other substances were very low in root exudates.The amine and amide of these substances also reported in the literature uncommon.
5. The allelopathic effects for the decomposition material of different crop stubbles on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and the GC-MS analysis of the decomposition material of different crop stubbles.
In this test, we studied the allelopathic effects for different crop root exudates on cucumber seed germination ,seedling growth and the Fusarium and made the GC-MS analysis of different crop root exudates.The results showed that the three decomposition materials of crop stubbles had different allelopathic effects on cucumber seed germination and seedling growth. Decomposition of wheat stubble significantly increased cucumber seed germination rate, Whether in high or low concentrations, decomposition materials of wheat promoted cucumber seed germination, high concentrations of decomposition materials of wheat promoted greatly, low concentration promoted the role of small. soybean stubble decomposition significantly improved cucumber.seed germination rate, and along with lower concentration, promoted role increased; oat stubble decomposition significantly inhibited germination of cucumber seeds in high concentration, the higher the concentration, the stronger the inhibition. Three decompositions of crop stubbles had significant impacts on the growth of Fusarium colonies.GC-MS analysis showed that the CH2Cl2 extracts of wheat stubble decomposition mainly included phenols, amines, alcohols, amides, aldehydes, esters and other substances, these substances had very different content levels, one of 3-Ethoxyamphetamine (3 - ethoxy-amphetamine) was the highest, reaching 34.34 percent, followed by 1,3-Dioxolane-4-methanol (1,3 - dioxo-pentane -4 - methanol) and 3-Methoxyamphetamine (3 - methoxy-amphetamine), the contents reached 27.53% and 26.28%, other substances were very low, the amine and amide of these substances also reported in the literature uncommon.
6. The repairing effects for the complex mixture of wheat root exudates and stubble decomposition material on continuously cropping soils.
In this study, we first selected wheat crop in accordance with chemical ecology theory (allelopathy), and substantially extracted the root exudates and stubble decomposition of wheat crop as the main components of soil remediation agent, used advanced molecular biology techniques and methods to make scientific complex. The results showed that the different mixtures had different restorations of role on the soil, the treatment of STP2 was best, the mixture could effectively improve the community structure of rhizosphere microbial diversity, improve soil physical and chemical properties, improve the utilization of soil nutrients, dropped cucumber blight disease index by 78.21 percent, reduced the value of soil EC by 47.73%, at the same time,it could improve soil organic matter content, increase soil moisture, and promote the growth of the cucumber.
本研究选择设施蔬菜中栽培面积较大、且不耐连作的黄瓜作物为研究对象,以化学生态学理论--化感作用为导向,以分子生物学研究方法--DGGE等技术为手段,以间作作物(半生作物)-土壤-主作物三者之间的相互关系为主线,就不同间作模式对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响,不同作物根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响,不同作物根茬对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响,不同作物根系分泌物GC-MS分析及对黄瓜种子萌发和枯萎病菌的化感效应,不同作物根茬腐解物GC-MS分析及对黄瓜种子、幼苗和枯萎病菌的化感效应,小麦根系分泌物和根茬腐解物的复配剂对黄瓜连作土壤的修复作用等六个方面进行了一系列研究工作,试图弄清间作物(伴生作物)-土壤-主作物之间的密切关系,探讨连作土壤的修复机理,取得了一定进展,主要结果如下:
1、不同间作模式对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响
本试验采用了小麦、大豆、燕麦为伴生作物与黄瓜间作,研究其对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响。结果表明:三种间作处理使土壤容重显著降低,土壤总孔隙度显著提高;整个生育期内各处理均显著降低了土壤盐分积累,生育后期黄瓜-小麦处理的EC值下降幅度最大,比对照下降38.96%;处理黄瓜-小麦和黄瓜-大豆的有机质含量显著高于对照;各处理明显改善了土壤微生物的区系组成,使细菌和放线菌数量增加,土传病菌数量降低,黄瓜-小麦间作使尖孢镰刀菌数量平均下降69.44%;各处理明显促进了黄瓜的生长和产量的提高,黄瓜-小麦间作的综合效果最好,达到了缓解设施土壤连作障碍的目的。
2、不同作物根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响
选用10×15cm的较大营养钵,装黄瓜连作土500g,采用直播法,播种时分别用3个浓度的小麦、大豆、燕麦三种作物根系分泌物溶液浇灌,研究了三种作物根系分泌物及不同浓度对土壤环境及黄瓜幼苗生长的作用机理。试验结果表明,浇灌不同浓度的三种作物根系分泌物均明显降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度;浇灌根系分泌物降低了pH值,增加了土壤EC值,但对pH值降低幅度不大;浇灌不同浓度的三种作物根系分泌物均明显增加了土壤有机质和矿质养分含量,明显改善了土壤微生物的区系,较高浓度的小麦根系分泌物有利于增加土壤中细菌种群和数量,减少了土壤中真菌种群和数量;100%浓度的小麦根系分泌物显著促进黄瓜幼苗植株生长。
3、不同作物根茬对黄瓜生长发育及土壤环境的影响
通过盆栽试验,将小麦、大豆、燕麦三种作物根茬按0.5%、1%和2%用量(注:燕麦根茬只设0.5%的用量)施入已连续栽培6茬黄瓜的土壤中,研究了不同作物根茬及不同的用量对减轻黄瓜连作障碍的作用机理。试验结果表明,添加三种作物根茬均显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度,添加小麦和大豆根茬的处理土壤容重均随根茬用量的增加而降低;添加作物根茬对pH影响不同,2%的小麦根茬添加量对pH值提高最大,添加三种作物根茬均使土壤EC值明显降低;添加三种作物根茬大部分处理都增加了土壤有机质和矿质养分含量,明显改善了土壤微生物的区系,较高用量小麦根茬有利于增加土壤中细菌种群和数量,减少了土壤中真菌种群和数量;2%的小麦根茬显著促进黄瓜植株生长,产量比对照提高了34.23%。
4、不同作物根系分泌物GC-MS分析及对黄瓜种子萌发和枯萎病菌的化感效应
本试验研究了小麦、大豆、燕麦三种作物根系分泌物对黄瓜种子萌发及枯萎病菌的化感效应。三种作物根系分泌物对黄瓜种子萌发产生不同的化感作用。从发芽率看:小麦根系分泌物在高浓度下表现促进效应,在低浓度下表现抑制效应;大豆也表现同样规律;燕麦却表现相反的规律。较高浓度的小麦根系分泌物对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应较为显著,对黄瓜枯萎病菌也有明显抑制效应。GC-MS分析结果表明:小麦根系分泌物的CH2Cl2提取物主要包括烃类、胺类、酯类、酰胺、酮等物质,这些物质的含量有很大不同,其中2,3-Dimethoxyamphetamine(2,3-二甲氧基苯丙胺)含量最高,达到了23.70%,其次是3-Ethoxyamphetamine(3-乙氧基苯丙胺),含量达到了13.16%,其它的物质含量都很低,这些物质中胺类和酰胺还鲜见文献报道。
5、不同作物根茬腐解物GC-MS分析及对黄瓜种子、幼苗及枯萎病菌的化感效应
本试验采用GC-MS分析法鉴定了小麦、大豆、燕麦三种作物根茬腐解物主要成分。结果表明:小麦根茬腐解物的CH2Cl2提取物主要包括酚类、胺类、醇类、酰胺、醛、酯等物质,其中3-Ethoxyamphetamine(3-乙氧基苯丙胺)含量最高,达到了34.34%,其次是1,3-Dioxolane-4-methanol(1,3-二氧戊烷-4-甲醇)和3-Methoxyamphetamine(3-甲氧基苯丙胺),含量分别达到了27.53%和26.28%,其它的物质含量都很低,这些物质中胺类和酰胺还鲜见文献报道。
三种作物根茬腐解物对黄瓜种子萌发产生不同的化感作用。小麦根茬腐解物对黄瓜种子发芽率有明显促进作用,相对高浓度下促进作用大,低浓度下促进作用小,大豆根茬腐解物对黄瓜种子发芽率也有明显促进作用,而且随着浓度降低,促进作用增大,燕麦根茬腐解物高浓度下显著抑制黄瓜种子发芽,浓度越高,抑制作用越强。三种作物根茬腐解物对枯萎病菌菌落生长也有显著影响。
6、小麦根系分泌物和根茬腐解物的复配剂对黄瓜连作土壤的修复作用
本试验在该土壤修复剂的研制中,引入化学生态学理论(化感作用)的概念,根据作物间相生相克的关系,首次选用伴生性较好的小麦作物,大量提取其根系分泌物及其根茬腐解物等化感成分作为土壤修复剂的主要成分,运用先进的分子生物学技术和方法进行科学复配。试验结果表明,小麦根系分泌物及其根茬腐解物不同的复配比例,对土壤的修复作用不同,处理STP2表现最好,该复配剂能够有效改善根际土壤微生物群落结构多样性,改善土壤的理化性状,提高土壤养分的利用率,黄瓜枯萎病病情指数降低了78.21%,降低了土壤EC值47.73%,同时提高土壤有机质含量,增加了土壤含水量,促进了黄瓜生长,表现了修复连作土壤较好效果。
With the continuous development of vegetable production, the problem of continuously cropping obstacles is more and more serious, and it has become one of the major factors of restricting sustainable development.Thus, it is imminent to solve the problem of continuous cropping obstacles . It is exactly effective ways and measures for Mixed intercropping, crop rotation and the development and application of soil remediation agents to solve this problem.
In this study, the cucumber crop was selected to be as the research object, which was larger to be cultivated and even intolerance to continuous cropping obstacles in protected vegetables; Chemical Ecology theory - Allelopathy was as guidance, the methods of molecular biology techniques-DGGE was as a means, the inter-relationship between inter-cropping crops (companion crop) - soil - the main crops was as the main line, six items of studies had been carried out, such as the impacts for different inter-cropping patterns on cucumber growth and soil environments, the impacts for different crop root exudates on cucumber seedling growth and soil environment, the impacts for different crop stubbles on cucumber growth and soil environments, the allelopathic effects for different crop root exudates on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and the GC-MS analysis of different crop root exudates, the allelopathic effects for the decomposition material of different crop stubbles on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and the GC-MS analysis of the decomposition material of different crop stubbles, the repairing effects for the complex mixture of wheat root exudates and stubble decomposition material on continuously cropping soils and so on, to try to clarify the close relationship between the inter-crop (companion crop ) - soil - the main crop, and to explore the mechanism of repairing soil, some progresses had been made, the main results were as follows:
1. The impacts for different inter-cropping patterns on cucumber growth and soil environment.
In this study, wheat, soybeans, oats were selected to intercrop with cucumber, to explore the effects for different inter-cropping patterns on cucumber growth and soil environment. The results showed that: the three inter-cropping patterns decreased significantly soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil; each treatment significantly reduced the accumulation of soil salinity within the entire growth period, the treatment of wheat-cucumber had the biggest drop of the EC in later growth period, dropped 38.96% compared to the control; the organic matter contents of cucumber-wheat and cucumber-soybean were significantly higher than control; the treatments significantly improved the composition of microbial flora, increased the number of bacteria and actinomycetes, reduced the number of soil-borne pathogens; the treatment of cucumber-wheat dropped the number of Fusarium oxysporum by an average of 69.44%; each treatment significantly promoted the growth of cucumber and improved production, the treatment of cucumber-wheat had the best combined effects on mitigation to continuously cropping soil., reached for the purpose of easing the continuously cropping soils.
2. The impacts for different crop root exudates on cucumber seedling growth and soil environments.
The10×15cm nutrition bowls larger were selected to use for loading the 500g soil of continuously cropping cucumber, the broadcast method was selected to use for sowing the seeds of cucumber. three concentrations of wheat, soybean and oat root exudates were irrigated into the soil of continuously cropping cucumber, , the effects were studied for the root exudates of three crops and different concentrations on the soil environments and the growth of cucumber seedlings. Our results showed that the root exudates of three crops decreased significantly soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil; each treatment significantly reduced the accumulation of soil salinity within the entire growth period, the treatment of wheat-cucumber had the biggest drop of the EC in later growth period ; the organic matter contents of cucumber-wheat and cucumber-soybean were significantly higher than control; the treatments significantly improved the composition of microbial flora, increased the number of bacteria and actinomycetes, reduced the number of soil-borne pathogens; wheat root exudates on high concentrations were in favor of increasing the number of bacterial species and decreasing of fungal species in the soil;100% concentration of wheat root exudates significantly promoted the growth of cucumber seedlings.
3. The impacts for different crop stubbles on cucumber growth and soil nvironments.
By pot experiments, the crop stubbles of wheat, soybean and oat had been applied the soil of continuously cropping cucumber by the amounts of 0.5%, 1% and 2% (Note: oat stubble only by 0.5% of consumption) , we studied the effect of different crop stubbles and different amounts of stubbles on the soil of continuously cropping cucumber. The results showed that the three crop stubbles decreased significantly soil bulk density, and increased total porosity of soil; each treatment significantly reduced the accumulation of soil salinity within the entire growth period, the treatment of 2% of wheat stubble had the biggest drop of the pH in later growth period ; the organic matter contents of most of the treatments were significantly higher than control; the three crop stubbles of significantly improved the composition of microbial flora, increased the number of bacteria and actinomycetes, reduced the number of soil-borne pathogens; the treatment of 2% of wheat stubble significantly promoted the growth of cucumber and improved production, the output was increased 34.23 percent compared to the control.
4. The allelopathic effects for different crop root exudates on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and the GC-MS analysis of different crop root exudates.
In this test, we studied the allelopathic effects for different crop root exudates on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and made the GC-MS analysis of different crop root exudates.The results showed that the three types of root exudates had different allelopathic effects on cucumber seed germination. High concentrations of root exudates from wheat promoted cucumber seed germination, whereas low concentrations inhibited it. A similar pattern was observed among exudates from soybean, but the opposite trend was observed using exudates from oat roots. The three types of root exudates also had different effects on cucumber seedling growth. The integrated allelopathy index (RI) showed that most root exudates promoted seedling growth. Only the 100% concentration of oat root exudates inhibited seedling growth. Compared with the other treatments and the control, the 50% concentration of wheat root exudates showed the strongest growth promotion effect (RI = 3.333), followed by the 100% concentration of wheat root exudates (RI = 2.488). Our results showed that higher concentrations of wheat root exudates positively affected cucumber seed germination and seedling growth.
GC-MS analysis showed that the CH2Cl2 extracts of wheat root exudates mainly included hydrocarbons, amines, esters, amides, ketones and other substances, these substances had very different content levels, one of 2,3-Dimethoxyamphetamine (2 , 3 - dimethoxy-amphetamine) was the highest, reaching 23.70 percent, followed by 3-Ethoxyamphetamine (3 - ethoxy-amphetamine), the content reached 13.16%, other substances were very low in root exudates.The amine and amide of these substances also reported in the literature uncommon.
5. The allelopathic effects for the decomposition material of different crop stubbles on cucumber seed germination and the Fusarium and the GC-MS analysis of the decomposition material of different crop stubbles.
In this test, we studied the allelopathic effects for different crop root exudates on cucumber seed germination ,seedling growth and the Fusarium and made the GC-MS analysis of different crop root exudates.The results showed that the three decomposition materials of crop stubbles had different allelopathic effects on cucumber seed germination and seedling growth. Decomposition of wheat stubble significantly increased cucumber seed germination rate, Whether in high or low concentrations, decomposition materials of wheat promoted cucumber seed germination, high concentrations of decomposition materials of wheat promoted greatly, low concentration promoted the role of small. soybean stubble decomposition significantly improved cucumber.seed germination rate, and along with lower concentration, promoted role increased; oat stubble decomposition significantly inhibited germination of cucumber seeds in high concentration, the higher the concentration, the stronger the inhibition. Three decompositions of crop stubbles had significant impacts on the growth of Fusarium colonies.GC-MS analysis showed that the CH2Cl2 extracts of wheat stubble decomposition mainly included phenols, amines, alcohols, amides, aldehydes, esters and other substances, these substances had very different content levels, one of 3-Ethoxyamphetamine (3 - ethoxy-amphetamine) was the highest, reaching 34.34 percent, followed by 1,3-Dioxolane-4-methanol (1,3 - dioxo-pentane -4 - methanol) and 3-Methoxyamphetamine (3 - methoxy-amphetamine), the contents reached 27.53% and 26.28%, other substances were very low, the amine and amide of these substances also reported in the literature uncommon.
6. The repairing effects for the complex mixture of wheat root exudates and stubble decomposition material on continuously cropping soils.
In this study, we first selected wheat crop in accordance with chemical ecology theory (allelopathy), and substantially extracted the root exudates and stubble decomposition of wheat crop as the main components of soil remediation agent, used advanced molecular biology techniques and methods to make scientific complex. The results showed that the different mixtures had different restorations of role on the soil, the treatment of STP2 was best, the mixture could effectively improve the community structure of rhizosphere microbial diversity, improve soil physical and chemical properties, improve the utilization of soil nutrients, dropped cucumber blight disease index by 78.21 percent, reduced the value of soil EC by 47.73%, at the same time,it could improve soil organic matter content, increase soil moisture, and promote the growth of the cucumber.
引文
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